Adjuvants, type of adjuvants and mechanism of adjuvants

1. TOPIC
ADJUVANTS
Presenter/student
Sandesh paudel
Supervisor
Prof.dR. hombhadur basnet

2. Adjuvants
 Latin, “adjuvare,” meaning “to help”,
 Have ability to enhance and modulate immune response,
 Also, increases high degree of cellular immunity,
 Injected together with antigen.

3. Role of Adjuvants:
 Improve the immunogenicity of antigens/vaccines.
 Reduce the dose of antigen.
 Improve the efficacy of vaccines in immune-
compromised persons

4. Types of Adjuvants
1. Alum:(Aluminium potassium sulphate):
 makes slower release of antigen.
 Acts to increase antigen persistance.
 ↑ Local cytokines and chemokines.
 ↑ Cell recruitment (eosinophils, monocytes, macrophages)

5. Delay release of antigen.
Enhanced uptake by macrophages
2. Freund’s Adjuvants
A: Freund’s incomplete adjuvants:
 antigen emulsified in mineral
oil.
B: Freund’s complete adjuvants:
 Oil-in-water with inactivated
and dried mycobacteria
 Induction of co-stimulators in
macrophages

6. 3. Synthetic polyribonucleotides and bacterial
lipopolysaccharides(LPS)
 Stimulates APCs
 Induction of co-stimulators
 Stimulates non-specific lymphocytes proliferation

7. Mechanisms of Adjuvants
Precipitates the antigen Activates macrophage
increases size, enhance phagocytosis
prolongs persistence increases expression of B7 and MHC-ll
Stimulates local inflammation

8. Pattern recognition
receptor, receptors of
the innate immune
system

9. Adverse effects of Adjuvants
classified into
1.Local reactions:
 Local injection site pain,
inflammation, swelling,
and necrosis,
granulomas, ulcers and
generation of sterile
abscesses etc.
2. Systemic reactions:
 Induction of acquired
immunodeficiency,
immunosuppression,
eosinophilia, allergy,
organ specific toxicity
and immunotoxicity.

10. Okay!! That’s my time
By sandesh paudel