lac culti-hindi.docx

Final Report
National Agricultural Innovation Project
(Indian Council of Agricultural Research)
A Value Chain on Lac and Lac based Products for
Domestic and Export Markets
Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums
Namkum, Ranchi – 834 010 (Jharkhand)
2014

Printed on : June, 2014
Component : 2 (Production to Consumption System of Research)
Citation : Prasad, N. 2014. Final Report of NAIP sub-project on “A Value Chain on
Lac and Lac based Products for Domestic and Export Markets”. Indian
Institute of Natural Resins and Gums, Namkum, Ranchi 834 010.
Copyright : Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)
Disclaimer : Materials of this publication are collective research work of all consortia
partners.
Published by : Dr. R Ramani
Director
Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums, Namkum
Ranchi-834010 (Jharkhand)
Phone - 09934140899
E-mail- ramani_9@scientist.com
Website : http://ilri.ernet.in
Edited by : Dr. Niranjan Prasad
Compiled by : Er. Sanjay Kumar Pandey
Dr. Soumen Ghosal
Dr. Satish Chandra Sharma
Dr. Sanjay Srivastava
Hindi translation : Dr. Anjesh Kumar
Cover page
photographs
: Plantation of F. semialata (Left side)
Lac crop on ber (Right side)
Printed at
Speedo Print, Ranchi
Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums, Ranchi

Final Report of NAIP Sub Project on
A Value Chain on Lac and Lac Based Products for Domestic and Export Markets
i
Hkkjrh; izkd`frd jky ,oa xksan laLFkku
(Hkkjrh; d`f"k vuqla/kku ifj"kn)
(Indian Council of Agricultural Research)
ukedqe] jkWaph & 834 010
Namkum, Ranchi - 834 010
Foreword
The NAIP Sub-Project on A Value Chain on Lac and Lac Based Products for Domestic and Export
Markets was launched in April, 2009 with the objective of playing a key role in transforming lac value
chain with due emphasis on innovation in all aspects that contribute to the overall improvement of lac
production, processing and value addition scenario in the country. The specific objective of the sub-project
was to develop working model of sustainable lac value chain by involving stake holders from different
organizations including private and NGOs and facilitating their collaboration in a consortium mode. The
joint efforts of all the stake holders involved in this sub-project have resulted in promoting high yielding
kusmi lac cultivation on ber, lac cultivation on plantation basis on ber and Flemingia semialata, primary
processing of lac at village level, lac handicraft making, recovery of improved quality lac dye from effluent
of lac processing industry etc. My complements to Dr. Niranjan Prasad, CPI and his team consisting of
CCPIs, RAs and Office Assistant for the good work done in the project and bringing out this Final Report
of the Sub-project. I would like to thank Dr. N.S.L. Srivastava, CAC Chairman for his keen interest and able
guidance and members for their valuable suggestion during execution of this sub-project.
(R. Ramani)
Director & Consortium Leader
Ranchi
June, 2014
Ph.: 0651-2261156, EPBX: 0651-2260117, FAX: 0651-2260202, E-mail: iinrg@ilri.ernet.in
ISO-9001 Quality Evaluation Laboratory for Natural Resins and Gums

iii
Preface
The NAIP Sub-Project on A Value Chain on Lac and Lac Based Products for Domestic and Export
Markets covered all stake-holders, which included lac producers, who were involved in lac production;
processors, who added value to commodities, and consumers, who were looking for better quality products.
In this sub-project, the emphasis was on promoting high yielding kusmi lac cultivation on ber, lac cultivation
on plantation basis on ber and Flemingia semialata, primary processing of lac at village level, lac handicraft
making, recovery of improved quality lac dye from effluent of lac processing industry etc., so that all the
stake holders benefit leading to an overall improvement in their income and quality of life. Besides, issues
such as women empowerment, environment protection, institutional pluralism, linkages with markets and
sustainability were also addressed.
This Final Report documents sub-project implementation and highlights achievements. Valuable and
helpful suggestions from Dr. Rama Rao and Dr. B. Baboo, National Directors, NAIP; Dr. J.P. Mittal, Late
Dr. R.K. Goyal and Dr. R. Ezekiel, National Coordinators (Component -2); Dr. NSL Srivastava, Chairman,
CAC and CAC Members have been the source of inspiration for effective implementation. Constant
encouragement, support and guidance of Dr. B. Baboo and Dr. R. Ramani, Directors, IINRG have been
helpful in successful implementation of the sub-project. The sincere efforts of Consortia Partners, Co-
Consortia Principal Investigators, participating industries, NGOs and farmers in carrying out the project
works as planned are very much appreciated and thankfully acknowledged. The contribution to the sub-
project by my colleagues Dr. S. Ghosal, Dr. S.K. Giri, Er. S.K. Pandey, Dr. S. Srivastava, Dr. G. Pal and
Dr. S.C. Sharma is thankfully acknowledged. The financial management contribution by the Finance and
Accounts Section and administration and procurement support provided by Administration Section are
placed on the record with thanks. The support of Research Associates and Office Assistants in sub-project
implementation is also acknowledged.
(Niranjan Prasad)
Consortia Principal Investigator
Ranchi
June, 2014

v
CONTENTS
Foreword .................................................................................................................................................... i
Preface......................................................................................................................................................iii
dk;Zdkjh lkjka'k ..............................................................................................1
Executive Summary/ Key words............................................................................................................... 4
Part-I: General Information of Sub-project............................................................................................... 7
Part-II: Technical Details
Introduction............................................................................................................................................... 9
Overall Sub-project Objectives............................................................................................................... 10
Sub-project Technical Profile..................................................................................................................11
Baseline Analysis .................................................................................................................................... 14
Research Achievements........................................................................................................................... 25
Innovations.............................................................................................................................................. 54
Process/Product/Technology Developed ................................................................................................ 61
Patents (Filed/Granted) ........................................................................................................................... 62
Linkages and Collaborations................................................................................................................... 62
Status on Environmental and Social Safeguard Aspects......................................................................... 62
Constraints, if any and Remedial Measures Taken................................................................................ 64
Publications............................................................................................................................................. 65
Media Products Developed/Disseminated .............................................................................................. 67
Meetings/Seminars/Trainings/Kisan Mela, etc. organized ..................................................................... 67
Participation in Conference/ Meetings/Trainings/ Radio talks, etc......................................................... 69
Foreign Trainings/Visits.......................................................................................................................... 69
Performance Indicators ........................................................................................................................... 70
Employment Generation ......................................................................................................................... 71
Assets Generated..................................................................................................................................... 72
Awards and Recognitions........................................................................................................................ 73
Steps Undertaken for Post NAIP Sustainability...................................................................................... 74
Possible Future Line of Work ................................................................................................................. 74
Personnel................................................................................................................................................. 74
Governance, Management, Implementation and Coordination .............................................................. 76
Part-III: Budget and its Utilization.......................................................................................................... 80
Part-IV: Declaration................................................................................................................................ 84

List of abbreviation
AOAC Association of Official Agricultural Chemists
BRIAT Bioved Research Institute of Agriculture & Technology
CAC Consortium Advisory Committee
CCPI Consortium Co- Principal Investigator
CFTRI Central Food Technological Research Institute
CIC Consortium Implementation Committee
CL Consortium leader
CMU Consortium Monitoring Unit
CPI Consortium Principal Investigator
DoI Date of Inoculation
FYM Farm Yard Manure
F. semialata Flemingia semialata
GMP Good Manufacturing Practices
HDPE High Density Poly Ethylene
HYPR Half Yearly Progress Report
ICAR Indian Council of Agricultural Research
IINRG Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums
IRF Institute Research Farm
ISO International Organization for Standardization
ITK Indigenous Technological Knowledge
JASCOLAMPF Jharkhand State Co-operative Lac Marketing and Procurement Federation
LDPE Low Density Poly Ethylene
MoC Material of construction
NAIP National Agricultural Innovation project
NBJK Nav Bharat Jagriti Kendra
NGO Non Government Organization
OFT On Farm Training
PCO Public Call Office
PDU Product Demonstration Unit
PDS Public Distribution System
PHC Public Health Centre
PIU Project Implementation Unit
PP Poly Propylene
QEL Quality Evaluation Laboratory
RA Research Associate
SISO Small Industries Service Organization
TOT Transfer of Technology
WB West Bengal
Z. mauritiana Ziziphus mauritiana
vi

1
dk;Zdkjh lkjka'k
yk[k ewY; ds fofHkUu eqn~ns] yk[k dh de mRikndrk] b/kj&m/kj QSys yk[k ifjikydksa dk izca/ku] vi;kZIr vkSj
?kfV;k chguyk[k (yk[k cht)] mRikn dk de ewY;] yk[k izlaLdj.k m|ksx ds mRiknksa dk mi;ksx u gksuk ,oa yk[k
mRiknu rFkk izlaLdj.k esa izf'kf{kr ekuo lalk/ku dk vHkko ds fujkdj.k }kjk fVdkÅ yk[k ewY; Jà[kyk ds
fodkl ds fy, Hkk-Ï-u-ifj- dh mi&ifj;kstuk **?kjsyq ,oa fu;kZr cktkj ds fy, yk[k ,oa yk[k vk/kkfjr mRiknksa
dh ,d ewY; Jà[kyk** dk dk;kZUo;u fd;k x;kA yk[k ewY; Jà[kyk ds fofHkUu eqn~nksa ds lek/kku gsrq feydj dk;Z
djus ds fy, Hkk-izk-jk-xksa-la-] jk¡ph] loZJh rtuk 'ksysd izk- fy-] [kawVh] loZJh xqIrk cznlZ 'ksysd] cqaMq] jkaWph] czk;V]
bykgkckn ,oa ,u- ch- ts- ds-] [kwaVh dks dUlksZfV;e lk>hnkj cuk;k x;kA >kj[kaM ds jkaWph ftys ds ifj;kstuk
{ks= ds xzkeksa esa ifj;kstuk dh yk[k mRiknu xfrfof/k;ksa ds fdz;kUo;u ds fy, LoSfPNd lk>hnkj ds :Ik esa pkj
xSjljdkjh laxBuksa dh lgk;rk yh xbZA bl iz;kl esa jk-Ï-u-ifj- us vfuok;Z foÙkh; lgk;rk iznku dhA Qjojh
2009 ls ekpZ 2014 rd dh vof/k esa bl mi&ifj;kstuk ls izkIr Kku ,oa rduhdh miyfC/k;ka fuEuor gS%&
• vuqnku dh igyh izkfIr ds volj ij Hkk-izk-jk-xksa-la-]jkaWph esa ifj;kstuk 'kqHkkjaHk dk;Z'kkyk dk vk;kstu
fd;k x;k rFkk lHkh lk>snkjksa ds fy, dk;Z;kstuk rS;kj dh xbZA ifj;kstuk ds xfrfof/k;ksa ds dk;kZUo;u ds
fy, jkaWph ,oa [kwaVh ftyksa dh igpku dh xbZA izf'k{k.k ,oa izn'kZu ds fy, Hkk-izk-jk-xksa-la-] jkaWph ds vuqla/kku
iz{ks= esa ,d y?kq yk[k izlaLdj.k bdkbZ dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA
• igpku fd;s x, xzkeksa dk vk/kkjHkwr losZ fd;k x;k rFkk fjiksVZ tek dh xbZA
• csj ij dqleh yk[k dh [ksrh ds fy, :fp j[kus okys fdlkuksa dh igpku dh xbZ rFkk Hkk-izk-jk-xksa-la-] jkaWph
esa oSKkfud fof/k ls yk[k dh [ksrh dk izf'k{k.k fn;k x;kA csj ij dqleh yk[k dh [ksrh ds izkS|ksfxdh dks
muds csj ds o`{kksa ij mUgsa lkFk ysdj iznf'kZr fd;k x;k rFkk xq.koÙkkiw.kZ chguyk[k] midj.k@e'khu rFkk
dhVuk'kh miyC/k djk, x,A fdlkuksa dks Qly dh ifjiDork ds mijkUr mls dkVus fn;k x;k rFkk ckn
dh Qly ds fy, chgu yk[k (yk[k cht) ns fn;k x;kA bl izkS|ksfxdh dks vaxhdkj djus ds fy, izksRlkfgr
djus gsrq vkl&ikl ds xzkeksa ds fdlkuksa dks Qly fn[kk;k x;kA ifj.kke Lo:Ik jkaWph vkSj [kwaVh ftys ds
fdlkuksa us csj ij dqleh yk[k dh Qly mxkuk vkjEHk fd;k gSA bu ftyksa esa 2008&09 ds 875 Vu
dh rqyuk esa 2012&13 esa yk[k mRiknu c<+dj 4250 Vu gks x;kA
• ckxku vk/kkfjr yk[k dh [ksrh dks izksRlkfgr djus ds fy, ,u- ch- ts- d-s [kawVh dh lgk;rk ls bPNqd
fdlkuksa dh igpku dh xbZ rFkk Hkk-izk-jk-xksa-la-] jkaWph esa **yk[k ifjikyd mxkuk ,oa ckxku vk/kkfjr yk[k
dh [ksrh** dk izf'k{k.k fn;k x;kA vkjEHk esa ckxku rS;kj djus dh xfrfof/k;ksa ls izf'kf{kr fdlkuksa dks lkFk
ysdj ,Q- lsfe;kyrk ds rhu rFkk csj ds nks ckxku rS;kj fd;s x,A fdlkuksa dks ckxku rS;kj djus ds fy,
ikS/ks+s ,oa moZjd fn;s x,A pwafd ,Q- lsfe;kyrk ,oa csj dks tkuoj [kk tkrs g]Sa vr% ekWMy izn'kZu IykWV dks
ifj;kstuk ds [kpZ ls lqj{kk ?ksjk yxk fn;k x;kA
• ikWap ekWMy cxkuksa esa ls dsoy nkss] ,d ,Q- lsfe;kyrk dk vkSj ,d csj dk ckxku fVd ldk rFkk fdlkuksa
us mlesa yk[k Qly ysuk 'kq: dj fn;k gSA tkuojksa ls iz;kZIr lqj{kk ugha gksus rFkk fdlkuksa }kjk leqfpr
/;ku ugha nsus ds dkj.k vU; foQy gks x,A

2
• xzkeh.k Lrj ij yk[k ds izlaLdj.k dks izksRlkfgr djus ds fy, izf'k{k.k rFkk izn'kZu ds fy, Hk-izk-jk-xksa-la-
vuqla/kku iz{ks= esa y?kq Lrjh; yk[k izlaLdj.k bdkbZ LFkkfir dh xbZA yk[k dh oSKkfud [ksrh ,oa mi;ksx
ds mUur rjhds ds vUrxZr laLFkku ds fu;fer izf'k{k.k xfrfof/k;ksa esa y?kq Lrjh; yk[k izlaLdj.k bdkbZ
({kerk&100 fd-xzk-@fnu) ds ckjs esa ,d O;k[;ku lg izn'kZu dks 'kkfey fd;k x;kA LFkkfir bdkbZ ds
}kjk yxkrkj izf'k{k.k ds vUrxZr m|ferk fodkl dk;ZØe tkjh gSA o"kZ 2011&14 dh vof/k esa 3130
fdlkuksa@ykHkqdksa dks y?kq Lrjh; yk[k izlaLdj.k bdkbZ ij izf'k{k.k fn;k x;kA
• loZJh le`f¼ bUVjizkbZtst] ds'ko uxj] dqekjVksyh] jkaWph uked ,d okf.kfT;d bdkbZ esa IykfLVd m|ksx
esa mi;ksx gksus okys bDlVªwMj esa xeZ pkSjh ds Nkuus dk ijh{k.k fd;k x;kA ijh{k.k ds nkSjku fi?kys gq,
yk[k dh rjyrk dk fujh{k.k fd;k x;kA bDlVªwMj ds gkWij Hkkx (eq[k) esa yk[k ds eqyk;e gksus dh leL;k
ns[kh xbZ] ftlls pkSjh dk tkuk dqN nsj ds ckn cUn gks x;k ,oa Nuuk :d x;kA ,slh leL;k blfy,
vkbZ D;ksafd yk[k ds eqyk;e gksus dk rkieku 40&500 ls- rFkk nzo.kkad 700 ls- gS] tcfd IykfLVd dk
nzo.kkad 700 ls- gSA v/;;u ls fuLd"kZ fudyrk gS fd bDlVªwMj dk mi;ksx dj piM+k cukus fd fy, cSjsy
ds fMtkbu esa dqN lq/kkj dh t:jr gSA
• fojaftr yk[k ds lkFk eq[; leL;k ;g gS fd bldks j[kus ij xq.koÙkk [kjkc gksrh gSA bldh ?kqyu'khyrk
esa rsth ls àzkl gksrk gS rFkk ;g lkexzh tYnh gh mi;ksx ds yk;d ugha jgrh gSA fojaftr yk[k esa Dyksjhu
(1&3-5%) gksus ds dkj.k HkaMkj.k ds le; blesa fLFkjrk ugha jgrh gSA fojaftr yk[k ds fuekZ.k ds fy,
mUur fojaftr vfHkdkjd dh igpku dj bl leL;k ds fujkdj.k ds fy, v/;;u fd;s x,A bl v/;;u
ds vk/kkj ij gkbZMªkstu isjksDlkbM ,oa lksfM;e gkbiksDyksjkbM ds la;kstu dh mUur fojaftr vfHkdkjd
ds :Ik esa igpku dh xbZ gS] ftlls fojaftr yk[k dh xq.koÙkk esa lq/kkj gqvk vkSj HkaMkj.k vof/k esa Hkh
lq/kkj ns[kk x;kA mUur fojaftr vfHkdkjd dh izkS|ksfxdh dk loZJh rtuk 'ksysd] [kawVh esa izn'kZu fd;k
x;k vkSj vPNh xq.koÙkk ds fojaftr yk[k ds fy, bl izkS|ksfxdh dk loZJh xqIrk cznlZ ('ksysd)] cqaMq esa nks
ckj okf.kfT;d ijh{k.k fd;k x;kA
• yk[k jatd yky jax dk cgqr izfl¼ o iqjkuk lzksr gSA Åu o js'ke dh jaxkbZ] xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa lkSUn;Z
izlk/ku ds :Ik esa iSj dks jaxus rFkk vFkoZ osn lfgr izkphu lkfgR; esa dqN ijEijkxr vkS"kf/k;ksa esa iz;ksx tSls
dbZ rjg ds mi;ksx iqjkus le; ls Kkr gSaA ,UFkzkDohuksu ls mRiUu yk[k jatd dk jklk;fud uke ySdsbZd
vEy gSA bls vUrZjk"Vªh; O;kikj esa izkÏfrd yky 25 (lh vkbZ la[;k 75452) ds :Ik esa tkuk tkrk gSA
laLFkku us bl ifj;kstuk ds vUrxZr /kksou ty ds 'kq¼ Js.kh dk yk[k jatd fudkyus dh izkS|ksfxdh dks
loZJh xqIrk cznlZ ('ksysd)] cqaMq dks iznf'kZr ,oa gLrkarfjr fd;k gSA mUur rjhds dh vko';drk ds vuq:Ik
yk[k jatd la;a= esa :ikUrj.k@lq/kkj ds Ik'Pkkr~ izfr"Bku us mlls yk[k jatd cukuk vkjaHk fd;k gS rFkk
izfro"kZ vkSlru 200 fd-xzk- yk[k jatd rS;kj dj :- 2500@fd-xzk- ewY; dh izkfIr gks jghA bl rjg
loZJh xqIrk cznlZ ('ksysd)] cqaMq yk[k jatd dh fcØh ls izfr o"kZ :- 5 yk[k vftZr dj jgk gSA bl iz;kl
ls jatd dh xq.kork esa lq/kkj gqvk rFkk mRikn dks cktkj esa ilUn fd;k x;k o vklkuh ls fcØh gqbZA vPNh
xq.koÙkk ds yk[k jatd fudkyus dh bl izkS|ksfxdh dks loZJh xqIrk cznlZ ('ksysd)] cqaMq }kjk vaxhdkj dj
fy;k x;k gSA

3
• yk[k jky esa egRoiw.kZ ?kVd ds :Ik esa mifLFkr ,Y;wfjfVd vEy dh mifLFkfr 35% rd gksrh gS ,oa bls
okf.kfT;d egRo ds dbZ ifj"Ïr jlk;uksa tSls lqxa/kh ;kSfxdksa (vkblks,EczwVksykbM] flosVksu] bDtkyVksu]
,fEczVksykbM) dhV&fyax Qhjkseksu ;kSfxdksa] jkuh eD[kh Qhjkseksu] tqosukby] gkWjeksu ,ukykWXl bR;kfn ds
la'ys"k.k esa vkjaHkd lkexzh ds :Ik esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ,Y;wfjfVd vEy dh ekax lqxU/k ,oa vkS"kf/k
m|ksx esa yxkrkj c<+ jgh gSA mRÏ"B mRiknu (pkSjh ds otu dk 18%) ds lkFk ,Y;wfjfVd vEy dk
okf.kfT;d ijh{k.k ifj;kstuk ds dkWulksfVZ;e ds Hkkxhnkj m|ksxksa loZJh rtuk 'ksySd] [kawVh ,oa loZJh xqIrk
cznlZ cqaMq ds le{k lQyrkiwoZd iznf'kZr fd;k x;kA
• fofHkUu izdkj dh iSdsftax lkexzh (,p Mh ih bZ] ,y Mh ih bZ] ih ih] ,ywfefu;e ysfir ikWyhFkhu) dk mi;ksx
dj lkekU; fLFkfr;ksa essa HkaMkj.k v/;;u ds fy, iz;ksx fd;s x,A rqjUr rS;kj fd;k x;k yk[k jatd Ø;
fd;k x;k rFkk mldh vkjafHkd xq.koÙkk ekunaMksa dh eki dh xbZ yk[k jatd ds uewuksa dk fofHkUu iSdsftax
lkexzh tSls ,y Mh ih bZ (200 ,oa 400 xst)] ,p Mh ih bZ (200 xst)] ikWyhizksfiyhu (200 xst)]
,ywfeuh;e ¶ok;y ySfeusV ,oa dkxt ds cSx esa iSd fd;k x;k rFkk buds ewY;kadu ds fy, lkekU;
fLFkfr;ksa esa HkaMkj.k fd;k x;kA Hkk-izk-jk-xksa-la-] jkaWph ds xq.koÙkk ewY;kadu iz;ksx'kkyk esa ,d o"kZ rd rhu
eghus ds vUrjky ij jatd dh ek=k ,oa jax tSls xq.koÙkk ekudksa dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k x;kA izkIr ifj.kke ds
vuqlkj fofHkUu izdkj dh iSdsftax lkexzh esa j[ks yk[k jatd ds uewuksa esa dksbZ mYys[kuh; fHkUurk ugha ikbZ
xbZ bl rjg lcls lLrk iSdsftax lkexzh tSls ,y Mh ih bZ esa yk[k jatd ds HkaMkj.k dh vuq'kalk dh xbZA
• xzkeh.k Lrj ij yk[k gLrf'kYi fuekZ.k dks izksRlkfgr djus ds fy, ch vkj vkbZ , Vh] bykgkckn dks
ifj;kstuk ds dlksfVZ;e ikVZuj ds :Ik esa tksM+k x;kA ch vkj vkbZ , Vh] bykgkckn us ifj;kstuk {ks= ds
xzkeh.k ;qodksa dks yk[k gLrf'kYi fuekZ.k dk izf'k{k.k fn;k rFkk bu {ks=ksa esa pkj izf'k{k.k lg izn'kZu dsUnz
LFkkfir fd;kA ch vkj vkbZ , Vh] bykgkckn }kjk 20 yksxksa dks yk[k gLrf'kYi fuekZ.k dk izf'k{k.k nsdj
ekLVj Vsªuj cuk;k x;kA mUgsa ckn esa [kwaVh ([kwaVh ftyk) ,oa cukcq:] lks/kk ,oa drkjh ckxku (jkaWph ftyk)
esa izf'k{k.k&lg&mRiknu dsUnz esa ykHkqdksa dks izf'k{k.k dk dk;Z fn;k x;k rFkk muyksxksa ls 175 ykHkqdksa us
izf'k{k.k izkIr fd;kA
• 40 ykHkqdksa dks yk[k gLrf'kYi fuekZ.k ds fy, pkj LFkkfir izf'k{k.k&lg&mRiknu dsUnzksa esa dke ij
yxk;k x;k ,oa mUgksaus vizSy 2013 ls vxLr 2013 dh vof/k esa :- 4-86 yk[k ewY; ds gLrf'kYi
dk mRiknu fd;kA
dqy feykdj bl mi ifj;kstuk dks fofHkUu Js.kh ds lk>hnkjksa dks lkFk ysdj ,d lQy yk[k ewY; J`a[kyk
dk fuekZ.k dj dq'kyrk ls dk;kZfUor fd;k x;kA lEiw.kZ ewY; J`a[kyk dh vkfFkZdh dk v/;;u fd;k x;k rFkk
vk/kkjHkwr fjiksVZ rS;kj fd;k x;kA ifj;kstuk ds xfrfof/k;ksa ds ifj.kke Lo:Ik >kj[kaM ds jkaWph ,oa [kwaVh ftys esa
yk[k ds mRiknu esa o`f¼ gqbZA yk[k mRikndksa us vc ckxku vk/kkfjr yk[k dh l?ku [ksrh ds fy, yk[k ifjikyd
ckxku yxkuk vkjEHk dj fn;k gSA yk[k dk leFkZu ewY; ,oa vuqdwy ewY; (yk[k dh [ksrh o xzkeh.k Lrj ij yk[k
ds izkFkfed izlaLdj.k ds fy, vkStkj@e'khu dh ykxr gsrq vuqnku) yk[k ds mRiknu esa yxkrkj o`f¼ gsrq lgk;d
gksxkA mlh izdkj ewY;of¼Zr mRiknksa tSls fojaftr yk[k] ,Y;wfjfVd vEy] vkblks,EczsVksykbM ds mRiknu rFkk
fu;kZr ,oa yk[k m|ksx ds mRikn dh izkfIr ij T;knk tksj nsus dh t:jr gSA

4
Executive Summary
The NAIP sub- Project on “A value Chain on Lac and Lac based Products for Domestic and Export Markets”
was implemented to develop a sustainable lac value chain by addressing various issues in lac value chain,
encompassing low lac productivity, management of scattered lac hosts, inadequate and inferior quality of
broodlac (lac seed), low price of produce, non utilization of by product of lac processing industry and lack of
trained human resource in lac production and processing. To achieve this, a consortium of partners IINRG,
Ranchi; M/s Tajna Shellac Pvt. Ltd., Khunti; M/s Gupta Brothers Shellac, Bundu; BRIAT, Allahabad and
NBJK, Khunti was formed to work cohesively to address various issues in lac value chain. The support of
four NGOs as voluntary partners was also taken in implementation of lac production activities in villages
of project area in Ranchi and Khunti districts of Jharkhand. NAIP provided the necessary funding support
to the consortium in this endeavor. The technical achievement and lessons learned in the sub project during
February 2009 to March 2014 are briefly presented hereunder.
• Upon receiving the first grant, a project launch workshop was organized at IINRG, Ranchi and work
plans were developed for all partners. Ranchi and Khunti districts were identified for implementation
of project activities. A small scale lac processing unit was established in Research Farm of IINRG,
Ranchi for training and demonstration.
• A baseline survey was conducted in the targeted villages and report was submitted.
• Farmers interested in kusmi lac cultivation on ber were identified and trained on scientific method of
lac cultivation at IINRG, Ranchi. Technology of kusmi lac cultivation on ber was demonstrated on
their ber trees by involving them in lac demonstration activities and inputs like quality broodlac, tools/
machines and pesticides were provided. The farmers were allowed to harvest the crop an maturity and
use brood lac (lac seed) for taking subsequent lac crop. The demonstrations were shown to farmers
of near by villages for motivating them for adoption of technology. As a result farmers have started
taking kusmi lac crop on ber in Ranchi and Khunti districts. In these districts, lac production has
increased from 875 tons is 2008-09 to 4250 tons in 2012 –13.
• To promote lac cultivation on plantation basis, interested farmers were identified with the help of
NBJK, Khunti and trained on “Raising Lac Host Plantation and Lac Cultivation on Plantation Basis”
at IINRG, Ranchi. Initially three plantations of F. semialata and two of ber were raised involving
trained farmers in plantation raising activities. The farmers were provided inputs like seedlings and
fertilizer for raising plantation. As F. semialata and ber are prone to grazing, the model demonstration
plots were fenced with financial support from project. Out of five model plantations, only two – one
of F. semialata and one of ber could sustain and farmers have started taking lac crop. Others failed
due to inadequate attention by farmers in protecting the plot from grazing and providing proper care.
• To promote primary processing of lac at village level, a small scale lac processing unit was established
at IINRG Research Farm for training and demonstration. A lecture-cum-demonstration of Small Scale
Lac Processing Units (Capacity – 100 kg/day) was included in the regular training activity of the
institute under scientific lac cultivation and improved method of utilization. The installed units were
continuously used to impart training programme of the institute and entrepreneurship development.
About 3130 farmers/beneficiaries were imparted training on small scale lac processing unit during
2011-2014.
• Trial for hot filtration of seedlac was carried out in extruder used in plastic industry at a commercial
unit M/s Samriddhi Enterprise, Keshav Nagar, Kumartoli, Ranchi. During trial excess fluidity of
melted lac was observed. Problem of softening of lac was also encountered at hopper section (feeding

5
point) of extruder which resulted in non feeding of seedlac with passage of time and further filtration
was stopped. Problem may be due to reason that lac has softening temperature 40-500
C and melting
above 700
C, whereas plastic has only melting temperature above 700
C. The study suggested that
improvement in design of barrel is needed for filtration of lac for making shellac using extrude.
• The main drawback associated with bleached lac is its poor keeping quality. The solubility of the
material falls rapidly and the material soon becomes unfit for use. The poor storage stability of
bleached lac has been attributed to the combined chlorine (1-3.5%) usually present. To address these
problems further studies were conducted to identify improved bleaching agent for making bleached
lac. Based on the study, improved bleaching agent i.e. combination of hydrogen peroxide and sodium
hypo-chlorite was identified, which improved the quality of bleached lac and resulted in improvement
in its shelf life. The technology of improved bleaching agent was demonstrated at M/s Tajna Shellac,
Khunti and commercial trials of this technology for better quality of bleached lac were carried out two
times at M/s Gupta Brother (Shellac), Bundu of this technology.
• A very popular and old source of red dye is lac dye. It has several age old known applications like
dyeing of wool and silk, as skin cosmetic besides colouring of feet by villagers and certain traditional
medicinal uses reported in old literatures including in Atharva veda. The chemical name of lac dye,
an anthraquinone derivative is laccaic acid. It is known as Natural Red 25 (CI Number 75452) in
international trade. The institute has successfully demonstrated and transferred the technology of
recovering pure grade lac dye from wash water to M/s Gupta Brother’s (Shellac), Bundu under this
project. After modification/refinement in lac dye plant as per requirement of improved method, firm
started making lac dye using the modified lac dye plant and producing on an average 200 kg lac dye
per year and getting price of Rs. 2500/kg. Thus M/s Gupta Brothers (shellac), Bundu is earning Rs. 5
lakhs per year from sale of lac dye. The intervention improved dye quality and product was preferred
in the market and sold easily. The technology of recovery of lac dye of improved quality is now
adopted by M/s Gupta Brother’s (Shellac), Bundu.
• Aleuritic acid is a major constituent acid present to the extent of about 35% in the lac resin and can be
utilized as starting material for the synthesis of a number of fine chemicals of commercial importance
such as perfumery compounds ( isoambrettolide, civetone, exaltone, ambrettolide), Insect-sex
pheromone components, Queen-bee pheromone, Juvenile hormone analogues etc. is a continuous
growing demand of aleuritic acid in the fields of perfumery and pharmaceuticals. The commercial
trials of aleuritic acid with improved yield (18% of seedlac weight) were successfully demonstrated
to the industries of consortium partners of project namely M/s Tajna Shellac, Khunti and M/s Gupta
Brother, Bundu.
• Experiments were carried out for storage study of lac dye using different packaging materials (HDPE,
LDPE, PP, Aluminium coated polythene, Paper bags) and storage in ambient condition. Freshly
prepared lac dye was purchased and its initial quality parameters were measured. Lac dye samples
were than packed in different packaging materials viz LDPE (200 & 400 gauge), HDPE (200 gauge),
polypropylene (200 gauge), aluminium foil laminate and paper bag and stored in ambient conditions
for evaluation. The quality parameters i.e. dye content and color were determined at 3 months interval
for one year from Quality Evaluation Laboratory, IINRG, Ranchi. The results obtained indicated
no appreciable difference in quality parameters for lac dye samples stored in different packaging
material. Thus cheapest packaging material i.e. LDPE was recommended for storing lac dye.
• To promote lac handicraft making at village level, BRIAT, Allahabad was associated as consortium
partner in the project. BRIAT, Allahabad trained the rural youth from project area on lac handicraft
making and established four training-cum-production centres in these areas. 20 persons were trained

6
to become as Master trainers for making lac handicrafts by BRIAT, Allahabad. They were later
engaged in training beneficiaries at training-cum-production centre established at Khunti (in Khunti
district) and Banaburu, Sodha and Kataribagan (in Ranchi district) and they trained 175 beneficiaries.
• 40 trained beneficiaries were engaged for making lac handicrafts at four established training-cum-
production centers and they produced handicraft of value Rs. 4.86 lakhs during April, 2013 to August,
2013.
On the whole, the sub project was implemented in letter and spirit to build a successful lac value chain with
a range of interventions involving a variety of partners. Economics of the entire value chain was studied
and baseline report was prepared. Project interventions has resulted in enhanced production of lac in Ranchi
and Khunti districts of Jharkhand. Lac growers have now started raising lac host plantation for intensive lac
cultivation on plantation basis. Favourable policy intervention in terms of minimum support price for lac
and stalk pricing (subsidizing tool/machinery cost to the farmers for lac cultivation and primary processing
of lac at village level) will help in sustainable increase in lac production. Similarly, more emphasis is
needed on increasing the production & export of value added products i.e. bleached lac, aleuritic acid,
isoambrettolide and recovery of by product of lac industries.

7
Part-I: General Information of Sub-project
1. Title of the sub-project : A Value Chain on Lac and Lac based Products for
Domestic and Export Markets
2. Sub-project code : --
3. Component : 2 (Production to Consumption System of Research)
4. Date of sanction of sub-project : February 3, 2009
5. Date of completion : March 31, 2014
6. Date of first release of fund : March 12, 2009
7. Date of launch workshop of : April 30, 2009
the sub-project
8. Extension if granted : From June 30, 2011 to March 31, 2014
9. Total sanctioned amount for : 193.71 lakhs
the sub-project:
10. Total expenditure of : 112.53618 lakhs
the sub-project:
11. Consortium leader : Dr. R Ramani, Director, IINRG, Ranchi
Director
Namkum, Ranchi-834 010. Jharkhand.
Ph-09934140899
Email- ramani_9@scientist.com
List of consortium partners:
CPI-Consortia Principal Investigator; CCPI-Consortia Co-Principal Investigator
1. Dr. Niranjan Prasad
PS & Consortium Principal Investigator
IINRG, Namkum Ranchi-834010
2. Dr. S Srivastava
Consortium Co-Principal Investigator
3. Er. S K Pandey
4. Dr. S Ghosal

8
5. Dr. S C Sharma
12. Statement of budget released and utilization partner-wise (in Lakhs) :
Consortium Partner
Total budget
sanctioned
Fund released
(up to closing date)
Fund utilized
(up to closing date)
IINRG, Ranchi 137.51 208.58761 89.96480
M/s Tajna Shellac, Khunti 10.09 2.79771 1.53836
M/s Gupta Brothers (Shellac),
Bundu
9.55 6.01175 2.59625
NBJK, Khunti 11.13 10.23467 9.06008
BRIAT, Allahabad 25.43 11.64000 9.37669
Grand Total 193.71 239.27174 112.53618
13. Sub-project website address (URL): http://ilri.ernet.in/~iinrg/naip.html

9
1. Introduction
Part-II: Technical Details
Lac is a natural, renewable, bio-degradable, versatile and non-toxic resin produced by the colonies of
a tiny insect known as Kerria lacca (Kerr). These insects thrive on the tender branches of specific host
trees viz., palas (Butea monosperma), ber (Ziziyphus mauritiana), kusum (Schleichera oleosa), Ficus spp.
etc. It serves as an important source of income to more than one million tribal families in India as well as
foreign exchange earner for the country. Cultivated by poor, marginal and tribals in the sub-hilly tracts of
Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, Maharashtra, Assam and Orissa, lac is grown in
and outside of forest areas contributing 20-30% of the grower’s annual income. As a renewable source of
resin, dye, and wax, lac has a bright future. World demand of this natural resin of insect origin is increasing
due to enhanced awareness on use of safe, natural products for human contact and consumption.
India, producing 20-22 thousand tons of lac annually and having installed processing capacity of about
40,000 tons, leads in the world in production, processing and export of lac. About 80 per cent of the produce
is exported to more than 70 countries throughout the world. There was declining trend in lac production
during 2007-11 in India due to various reasons, widening the gap between demand and supply. There is
spurt in demand of lac in the country and substantial amount of raw lac (~ 7000 tons) was imported to
fulfil this demand in order to run the domestic lac processing units in the country. There is availability of
improved technologies that ensures sustained lac production and also vast untapped areas in the country
which are ecologically favourable for lac production. These areas possess the potential lac host plants
which, if exploited properly in scientific and systematic manner are liable to enhance the lac production to
fill this gap. Tapping the traditional production catchments having suitable climate for lac production and
their revival will have advantage of broodlac availability for other areas also.
The Ranchi and Khunti districts of Jharkhand had been a potential lac growing catchment with a good
number of lac host plants. Some of the strengths/advantages of the catchment with regards to lac value
chain are highlighted below:
 All conventional lac hosts viz. kusum, palas and ber trees are available in plenty.
 More than 50% of lac growers in the area have 50-500 numbers of lac host trees.
 The catchment is dominated by kusmi lac host tree species which is able to produce best quality of
lac in the world.
 The catchment is rainfed area and agricultural activity is meager and unable to provide economic
security to the farmers.
 About 20% of total income and 30% of agricultural income of lac growers come from lac.
 The catchment has 14 processing units with an installed processing capacity of approximately 4000
tons.
 The industries have facility to produce value added products from lac viz. shellac, bleached lac,
aleuritic acid and lac dye.
 The only Cooperative on lac i.e. Jharkhand State Co-operative Lac Marketing and Procurement
Federation (JASCOLAMPF) is in operation in the catchment.
 In the past lac production was able to provide livelihood for 3-4 months in a year to the lac growers
in this catchment area.

10
Nevertheless, the production in this catchment is slowly decreasing over the years due to unscientific
method of cultivation, lesser profitability, shortage of broodlac etc. The lac processors in the area were
compelled to import inferior quality raw lac from other countries like Indonesia and Thailand to run their
industries. Hence, there was need to improve the lac value chain comprising lac production, processing,
handling, storage, export and quality parameters with the objective of augmenting production, profitability
and income of lac growers and ultimately increasing export earnings for the country. The value chain
aimed to reduce deforestation to a large extent by increasing profitability from lac cultivation, thus helping
in conservation of natural resource of lac host plants and insects for commerce. The focal theme was
ecological approach for economic development.
Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums undertakes research and develops technology for increasing
lac production, its quality, processing and product development by assessing the technology intervention
requirements. As such there was no formal link between all stakeholders in the region and abroad. The
project aimed to develop formal links in the production to consumption system involving farmer, industry
and exporter.
2. Overall Sub-project Objectives
(i) Production:
 To promote cultivation of high yielding lac insects (kusmi) for continuous supply-chain
management.
(ii) Processing:
 To promote primary processing of lac at village level.
 To reducelosses duringprocessing,improvequality, develop suitable packagingfor lac (shellac)
and lac based products (bleached lac and aleuritic acid) for domestic and export markets.
(iii) By-products value addition:
 To recover and purify the byproduct of lac industry (lac dye from wash water) for economic
benefits.

11
3. Sub-project Technical Profile
(Indicate briefly objective-wise work plan, monitoring indicators, expected output and expected outcome)
Workplan and monitoring indicators
Sl.
No.
Objective Activities Expected Output
Expected
Outcomes
1. To promote
cultivation of
high yielding
lac insects
(kusmi) for
continuous
supply-chain
management.
Production
• Cultivation of high yielding lac
insect on existing host trees.
• Promotion of intensive lac
cultivation on plantation basis.
• Collecting indigenous
technological knowledge and
refinement of technologies.
• About 30%
increase in
adoption of
scientific lac
cultivation by
farmers. Presently
it is about 20%.
• Establishment of
lac host plantation
in production
catchment for
scientific and
sustained lac
cultivation. These
does not exist at
present.
• Enhanced lac
production of
up to 30 %.
• Enhanced
income of lac
cultivators up
to 20 %.
• Employment
generation in
forest and sub-
forest areas of
about 60 man-
days from ten
lac hosts in a
year.
2. To promote
primary
processing of
lac at village
level.
Processing
• Establishment of model small
scale lac processing unit for
training, demonstration and
entrepreneurship development.
• Imparting training on primary
lac processing to rural
entrepreneurs/lac grower.
• Establishment
of primary
processing units
for making
seedlac from
sticklac at village
level. Presently
everything is done
by industry.
• About 25 % of
lac produced
is likely to
be processed
in rural area
enhancing the
employment
and net returns
to the farmers.
• There is likely
increase in
the value of
products by
about 10 %
and hence net
return to lac
processing
industries.

12
Sl.
No.
Expected
Outcomes
To reduce
losses during
processing,
improve
quality,
develop
suitable
packaging for
lac (shellac)
and lac based
products
(bleached lac
and aleuritic
acid) for
domestic
and export
markets.
Shellac
• Assessment of yield of shellac
and economics of shellac
manufacturing in existing
process and machinery.
• Evaluation of quality parameters
of shellac.
• Modification in the pressure
system of existing shellac
manufacturing process.
• Study on alternate filtration
technique for shellac
manufacturing.
• Standardization of measures and
packaging materials to enhance
shelf life of shellac.
• Cost / economic analysis of
shellac manufacturing by
modified/ improved method.
• Development/ Documentation of
Good manufacturing processes.
• Improvement/
refinement in
present system
of shellac
manufacturing
for enhanced
recovery/ quality
of shellac.
Bleached Lac
• Assessment of quality
requirement of bleached lac for
different application areas in
Global market, price scenario,
present and potential areas.
of bleached lac.
• Improvement in manufacturing
process of bleached lac for
improving its quality.
packaging materials to enhance
keeping quality of bleached lac.
• Improvement/
refinement in
the process/
machinery for
improving quality
and quantity of
bleached lac and
enhancement in its
keeping quality.

13
Sl.
No.
Expected
Outcomes
Aleuritic Acid
• Assessment of quality
requirement of aleuritic acid for
different application areas in
Global market, price scenario,
present and potential areas.
of aleuritic acid produced in
India.
• Improvement in yield of
aleuritic acid and reduction
in duration of preparation of
aleuritic acid.
• Cost analysis of aleuritic acid.
• Development/ Documentation of
• Improvement/
refinement in
the process/
machinery for
improving quality
and quantity of
aleuritic acid.
To recover
and purify the
byproduct of
lac industry
(lac dye from
wash water)
for economic
benefits.
Lac Dye
• Assessment of production
potential of lac dye for possible
use in dyeing and food industry.
like dye contents, presence of
heavy metals.
• Improved Primary lac
processing ( lac washing)
technology and refinement in
plant for enhance recovery of
lac dye.
packing materials to enhance
shelf life of lac dye.
• Cost analysis, consumer
preference evaluation and
market testing of Natural lac
dye.
• Development/ documentation of
• Improvement/
renovation
in plant for
enhanced recovery
and improved
quality of lac dye
with higher dye
content.
• There is likely
increase in
the value of
products by
about 10 %
and hence net
return to lac
processing
industries.
• Establishment
formal linkage
among all
stockholders
for
maintaining
India’s
leadership and
competitive
edge in
International
market.

14
4. Background status of project based on baseline survey
(Baseline Analysis)
(Baseline data on the pre-project situation supported by tables, charts, photographs)
Ranchi and Khunti districts of Jharkhand were selected for the study as these are two leading lac producing
districts in the state. Considering the lac host viz. kusum, palas and ber trees availability and lac host holding
of lac growers one village in Ranchi district and four villages in Khunti district were selected purposively
for the present study. The total sample size of village and lac growers was 5 and 60 respectively. The
relevant information were collected from selected lac growers through a pre- tested questionnaire / schedule
by survey method for the year 2007-08 and 2008-09.
4.1 General profile
Access of facilities- Accesses to household needs were available in only four villages and the shops were
very small and provides very limited items. In case of flour mill, this facility was available in three villages
only. Basic health facilities viz. PHC and private clinic were not available in any of the surveyed villages.
The public distribution system (PDS) was available for 4 villages. Access to both agro centre and veterinary
clinic facilities were not available for all 5 villages. No cottage and small industries were found in the all
5 surveyed villages. Access to facility of Post Office was available for 3 villages within 2 km of area. The
access to facility of PCO was available for 1 village. Primary cooperative society, veterinary services and
financial facility were not available in any of the surveyed villages. The facilities which were not available
in the villages, people have to travel nearby town or city.
Educational institutions- Out of five villages surveyed, four villages have primary education facilities. The
other educational Institutes i.e. Secondary schools, Sr. Secondary schools, ITI, College were not available
in the surveyed villages. Students travel 2 to 12 km for education above primary level as these institutions
available in nearby area or town.
Transportation facilities - All the villages were not well connected by tar roads to approaching town and
district head quarters for marketing of their produce. Marketing depends upon the crop which the farmers
were cultivating. In case of lac, the harvesting and transportation was done by the farmers themselves.
Generally stick lac was marketed in small quantity (2 to 10 Kg) in nearby “haats”. Farmer used bicycle or
by walking approaches the haat. Broodlac was marketed in bulk quantity. The major means of transportation
for broodlac was truck or tempo, while bullock cart were seldom used. In the case of marketing of cereals
and vegetables, most of the farmers marketed their produce through middle man or wholesaler. Some of the
farmers marketed their produce by using tractors, tempos or truck as a means of transport. In case of cereals
and pulses, farmers market their produce either to the nearest local market or mandi located in the nearest
town or district which ever was nearest from the village.
Family size and type of family- Family size of the surveyed respondents varied from 2 to 14 members.
The farmers falling in group < 4, 5-9 and > 10 members were 40.0 percent, 53.3 per cent and 6.7 per cent
respectively. In case of type of family 58.3 per cent families lived as joint and 41.7 per cent families as
separate family.
4.2 Agriculture and economic profile
Leasing system - Leasing system of land was prevailing in the study area and the rent was half of the total
crop produce. This practice was followed in both the cases i.e. agricultural land and lac host plants.
Cropping pattern - There was wide variation in the cropping pattern depending on the climate, soil type
and water availability. In the surveyed villages, during kharif, crops like paddy, maize, madua, brinjal,

15
cluster bean, okra, gourds etc., were grown and that during rabi wheat, cauliflower, cabbage, chillies,
tomato, potato etc., were being cultivated. Lac was used as cash crop and two crop of each strain i.e.
rangeeni (baisakhi and katki) and kusmi (jethwi and aghani) are taken in a year.
Milk production- Jharkhand was poor state in production of milk. There were 52 per cent deficits of milk
in relation to demand in the state. In the villages surveyed, the production of milk was also poor and very
few farmers have milch animals and the whole produce was consumed in household requirements.
Irrigation - About 9 percent of the area in Jharkhand was irrigated. The state receives rainfall 1200-
1600mm/ annum at rainfall. Winter season precipitation was meager and highly variable. The state has an
average 130 rainy days in a year and on 75 days rainfall was below 2.5 mm. In 55 rainy days evaporation
level was more than 2.5 mm per day. In the villages surveyed there are no source of irrigation like canal and
tube-well. There were open dug wells but hardly used for irrigation purpose. Sometimes these wells were
used to give life saving irrigation to vegetable crops. Agriculture in these villages was mostly rain-fed.
Farm Equipments and Machinery- The mechanization level in the surveyed village was very poor. The
irrigation equipments (diesel engines) were available only in two villages. Wooden plough was used to a
maximum extent as compared to iron plough. Iron plough was mainly used in heavy textured soils and
wooden plough in light/ shallow soils.
Land Holding - Land holding of selected growers shows that 18.3 per cent have marginal holding (< 1 ha.)
with average size 0.68 ha, 41.67 have small holding (1-2 ha.) with average size 1.52 ha and 40.0 per cent
have large holding (> 2.0 ha) with average size 4.72 ha.
Family household incomes- With respect to information on different income source, there was wide
variation in income considering only agriculture occupation of all the farmers. Agriculture was the main
source of income for majority of the farmers. It ranged from less than Rs. 10.0 thousand to more than
30.0 thousands per annum. The income from animal husbandry and business was comparatively lesser in
comparison to agricultural income. Around 6.7 per cent farmers have total income less than Rs. 12,000,
68.3 per cent have total income Rs. 12,001 to 20,000, 18.3 per cent have total income Rs. 20,001to 30,000
and only 6.7 per cent farmers have total annual income more than Rs. 30,000. In the study area around 55.0
farmers have no income from lac because of complete lac crop failure in the previous years. Around 30.0
per cent farmers have annual income from lac was up to Rs. 5,000. Around 3.3 per cent farmers have annual
income from lac was more than Rs. 20,000. With respect to occupation, of the total 60 farmers surveyed, 17
were dependent only on agriculture while rest of the farmers have subsidiary source of income in addition
to agriculture. Agriculture also include lac cultivation. 38 farmers families were engaged in both agriculture
and animal husbandry. Families of 2 farmers were involved in all the three occupations i.e., agriculture +
animal husbandry + business and three in agriculture + business (Table 4.1).
Table 4.1 Occupation of the farmers
Type of occupation No. of farmers Farmers (%)
Agriculture 17 28.3
Agriculture + Animal Husbandry 38 63.4
Agriculture+Animal Husbandry+Business 2 3.3
Agriculture + Business 3 5.0
Agriculture + Service 0 0
Total 60 100

16
4.3 Lac profile
Tools in lac cultivation- Majority of lac growers dauli, pruning knife, axe for lac cultivation operations
(pruning and harvesting). Gatur sprayers were used by the farmers for spraying of insecticide and fungicide
and used on group basis (generally group of 5 families used one sprayer). The lac cultivation related
implements like tree prunner, phunki hook, scraping machine etc., were not in practice in the study area
(Table 4.2).
Table 4.2 Lac cultivation tools availability with farmers
Implements Lac growers (%) Average number
Tree prunner 0.00 0.00
Secateur 80.00 1.31
Dauli / pruning knife 91.66 2.03
Axe 66.67 1.11
Lac host holding- Regarding availability of lac host trees with farmers, palas (Butea monosperma) and
ber (Ziziphus mauritiana) trees were available with 100 per cent of the farmers, while kusum (Schleichera
oleosa) host trees were available with 66.67 per cent of farmers. Regarding availability of palas trees for
lac cultivation, 60.00 per cent lac growers have host holding less than 50 trees with average holding 16.5
trees. 26.67 per cent lac growers have host holding in the group 50-100 with average holding 66.25 trees
(Table 4.3). Around 13.33 per cent lac growers have host holding more than 100 with average size holding
222.20 trees.
Regarding availability of ber trees for lac cultivation, 63.33 per cent lac growers have host holding less
than 25 with average holding 12 trees. 26.67 per cent lac growers have host holding in the group 25-50 with
average holding 32.67 trees. 10.00 per cent lac growers have host holding more than 50 with average size
holding 102.30 trees. Regarding availability of kusum trees for lac cultivation 33.33 per cent lac growers
have no kusum trees for lac cultivation. 40.00 per cent lac growers have host holding up to 5 with average
holding 2.92 trees. 26.67 per cent lac growers have host holding in the group >5 with average holding 13.75
trees.
Table 4.3 Lac host holding according to different size of host holding
Host availability in
number
Percentage of lac growers in different groups
Palas (Butea
monosperma)
Ber (Ziziphus
mauritiana)
Kusum (Schleichera
oleosa)
<50 60.00 (16.50) 63.33 (12.00) 33.33 (00.00)
50-100 26.67 (66.25) 26.67 (32.67) 40.00 (2.92)
>100 13.33 (222.20) 10.00 (102.30) 26.67 (13.75)
Figures in parentheses are average number of host holding
Utilization of lac host trees- The utilization of host trees for lac cultivation in the study area were 4.34 per
cent for palas, 41.36 per cent for ber and 22.41 per cent for kusum. The utilization of host for rangeeni lac
cultivation in the area was very less. The utilization of palas host was very less due to continuous rangeeni
lac insect mortality in the area. Majority of ber and all kusum trees were used for kusmi lac cultivation. There
was greater scope for increasing lac production by utilizing more hosts for lac cultivation. The reasons for

17
low utilization of hosts were shortage of fund for purchase of broodlac, uncertainty in production, height of
hosts, scattered host plant, high cost of broodlac and difficulty in management of large scale hosts.
Lac production status –The rangeeni lac production on palas tree in the study area was meager due to
continuous rangeeni lac crop failure. Majority of production in the study area comes from ber and kusum.
Lac production from ber constitutes 81.20 per cent of total production while kusum constitutes 18.10 per
cent in total production. Farmers of the study area were more interested in production of broodlac as it was
more profitable than sticklac production. Per tree production of broodlac from palas, ber and kusum was
3.0, 14.3 and 24.76 kg. respectively.
Adoption of technologies- As regards to adoption of improved techniques in lac cultivation, majority of
lac growers had adopted improved lac cultivation techniques. More than 75 per cent farmers have adopted
pruning of lac hosts, selection of good quality broodlac, broodlac bundling and tagging on plant, spray of
insecticide and pesticide. About 50 per cent farmers have adopted coup farmers have adopted broodlac
treatment and use of synthetic net. In the study area no farmers has planted lac hosts for the purpose of lac
cultivation. Lac cultivation is done on naturally occurring host trees.
Cleaning, grading, processing and disposal- In case of lac crop, farmers try to sell the broodlac as such.
In case when it was not sold on proper time, they scrap the lac from its stick and sell in the local market.
Scraped lac was cleaned and graded as per the impurities getting added during harvesting and scraping.
Regarding processing no farmer was involved even in the processing that can be done at village level.
4.4 Key indicators and their baseline levels of sample respondents from project area
Lac production
As this project involves only lac and lac based value added products, the baseline levels of key indicators
with special reference to lac cultivation are given here for Ranchi-Khunti area.
Key indicators Unit
Baseline
status
Remarks
Lac production
Lac production in the target districts Tons
Ranchi 380 2008-09
Khunti 495 2008-09
Lac production in target villages Tons
Ranchi 8.9 Broodlac production
Khunti - Crop failure in previous year
Average broodlac production per tree Kg
Palas 3.00
Kusum 24.76
Ber 14.30
Utilization of host trees for lac cultivation %
Palas 4.34 Due to crop failure, there was shortage
of broodlac. Hence, less utilization

18
Kusum 22.41
Ber 41.36
Input-Output ratio of broodlac
Palas 0.47
Kusum 4.9
Ber 4.2
Adoption of lac cultivation techniques in target area
Adoption of coupe system % 50.0
Pruning of lac host % 83.0
Selection of good quality Broodlac % 80.0
Broodlac treatment % 8.33
Bundling of Broodlac and tagging on plant % 95.0
Phunki removal % 96.7
Spraying of insecticide % 75.0
Use of synthetic net % 5.0
Spray of fungicide % 75.0
Lac cultivation on plantation basis
Area under lac host plantations Ha Nil
Lac processing and by product recovery
Seedlac, and shellac are basic products of lac, whereas, bleached lac and aleuritic acid are value added
products from lac and lac dye is by-products of commercial importance. The baseline levels of key indicators
are given below for based on data collected from lac processing units in Ranchi and Khunti districts.
Key indicators Unit
Baseline
status
Remarks
Lac processing
Quantityofsticklacprocessed in Ranchi-
Khunti area in 2007-08
Tons
4,800
Primary lac processing at village level
Seedlac production Tons 0.00
Seedlac
Yield/recovery from sticklac % 50-60
Shellac
Yield/ recovery from seedlac % 80-83
Quality parameters

19
 Flow mm 40-50
 Life minutes 35-40
Bleached lac
Yield/ recovery from seedlac % 80
Quality parameters
 Flow mm 6-10
 Acid value - 80-85
 Colour Colour
index
1-5
Drying period at 300
C hours 24-36
Storage life month 6
Selling price (export quality) Rs./kg 225-250
Aleuritic acid
Yield/ recovery from seedlac % 12-14 No firm making pure aleuritic acid
Melting point 0
C 95-97
Purity % 98
Selling price Rs./kg 1000
Lac dye
Yield/ recovery from wash water (by
weight of sticklac)
% 0.1-0.15
Firm manufacturing lac dye for
dyeing of wool & silk.
Dye content % 20-50
Ash content % 2-3
Selling price Rs/kg (600-1000)
4.5 Rationale of the project and likely benefits, Diagram of existing value chain and
proposed value chain
Lac is the natural resin of insect origin and is commercially very important as a versatile raw material
for various purposes viz. paint & varnishes, cosmetic, adhesive, pharmaceutical, perfumes, food, leather,
electrical industries. Besides versatility, shellac possesses other merits i.e. it is natural, non-toxic and eco-
friendly. India, Indonesia and Thailand are the main areas in the world where lac is cultivated. About 75%
of Indian Lac comes from the States of Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh. Lac cultivation is one of the traditional
occupations of the tribal communities of this area. Even today more than 80 % of lac growers are tribal, and
most of the lac growing families in Jharkhand are among the poorest in the state. Many of the blocks where
lac is cultivated in significant scale are among the most backward in the state in terms of infrastructure,
poverty level, literacy levels etc.
One of the major problems of this sector in the recent past has been the instability in production and prices
of lac. Despite good unrealized demand for lac (both domestic as well as overseas), the lac production
growth had not been very healthy. Just 2-3 years back Jharkhand was the leading producer (> 55% of

20
national production) of the lac. However, recently, lac production has shown a declining trend in the state.
Experts in this field say that the Indian lac industry is totally dependent on the export market and the
uncertainty of production leading to the uncertainty of prices make foreign buyers wary to enter. Many of
the lac processing units are not able to sustain themselves in this situation. This has led to lack of interest
among the poor traditional lac growing tribal families to take up lac cultivation and the production has come
down drastically in the recent past.
Besides West Singhbhum, Gumla, Simdega, Latehar, Palamau and Garhwa districts, Ranchi and Khunti
districts of Jharkhand are the major lac producing areas. In these areas the principal host plants for the lac
cultivation are palas (Butea monosperma), kusum (Schleichera oleosa) and ber (Ziziphus mauritiana).
Most of these host plants are in the forest area and are scattered over large areas making farm activities
difficult and non-productive. Rapid deforestation in the lac catchment area due to various developmental
activities in village vicinity is also affecting lac production. Soil of the area is mainly lateritic, which is
low in soil organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus. Due to undulating topography, high runoff is the
characteristic feature of the area. These constraints have made the region agriculturally backward. On the
other hand, Jharkhand has 29.7% land under forest cover. So, also the region has considerable amount of
forest cover. Lac host like palas is distributed all through the region while kusum trees are concentrated
in certain pockets. Ber trees are mainly concentrated in the village areas. Considerable amount of income
can be generated if the resources are tapped properly. Farm income can be enhanced considerably, if high
value enterprise like lac is integrated to general agriculture. Such system can ensure production of food
grains for food in one hand and inflow of money in the other hand. Lac host like F. semialata and ber can
be suitably integrated in such system. Due to inadequate planning of lac cultivation or crop failure, seed
material (broodlac) becomes scarce as a result of which lac cultivation is discontinued. Lac cultivation
through coupe method can assure broodlac to the farmers throughout the year.
This scenario is coupled with the low level of penetration of the training, capacity building and extension
efforts on improved technology for lac production by the various promoting institutions engaged in this
sub-sector i.e. NGOs, resource institutions and the State Government agencies. One needs to appreciate
and understand that without intervention to stabilize the production, prices cannot be stabilizing. Simply
intervening in the market through procurement and other methods of price administration are not sufficient.
Thus, to bring in a stability to the entire sub-sector, stabilization of production through intervention in
technology availability with the community coupled with backward (brood lac producers) and forward
linkages (community based lac procurement agents) would be the key. This endeavor will require
convergence of efforts for resource institution (IINRG), grassroots action organization (NGOs/CBOs) and
the lac processing units.
This process of manufacturing shellac involves Filter press, Hydraulic pumps (low pressure & high pressure),
Shellac sheeting rollers and Boiler for steam heating. There is also need for study on alternate method
of filtration (like the method used in plastic part manufacturing) which will help in further development
of machine more compact with higher efficiency and better quality of product because the present old
indegeneous process of making shellac by bhatta process (hand made process) which is practiced at cottage
industry level is diminishing slowly due to unavailability of skilled worker and associated health hazard and
non availability of its charcoal fuel and mechanized method using filter press is bulky and requires boiler
for which capital investment is high.
Bleached lac or white lac forms the major share of world’s consumption of lac. Nearly half of the world
output of lac is estimated to be converted into bleached lac. The product is thus of considerable commercial
importance. It is mainly used in surface coating industry and pharmaceutical industry. In surface coating
application, it is used for polishing of wooden items as it provides transparent films on wooden surface.

21
Bleached lac, in view of its poor keeping qualities in dry state, is sometimes, marketed in forms of hanks,
particularly when it is intended for use in aqueous varnishes or emulsions. Bleached lac is also sold as a
coarse white powder. Major issue related to bleached lac is its poor keeping quality. When produced in
powder form its life is not more than 6 months and after this it’s solubility in alcohol decreases which is not
desired. The problem is more serious in hot climate.
Other reasons associated with this are improper removal of used chemicals like sodium hypochlorite for
bleaching and acid for precipitation of bleached solution of lac. Even small traces of these compound
deteriorate life of the product. There is ample scope for refinement in the process of making Bleached
lac. There is a need to address issues i.e. improvement in quality of this product prepared from lac for
improving its keeping quality (for storing longer period), to develop suitable packaging for long distance
transit and to determine optimum storage condition requirements. Realizing the benefits and scope of
improved bleached lac with higher storability research, development, and extension efforts are needed. As
the success and sustainability of any product demands acceptance in the market, profitable marketing and
commercialization need focused strategies
Aleuritic acid is isolated from lac resin by saponification and several separation and filtration steps. Aleuritic
acid is mainly used in the perfumery industry, as a starting material for the preparation of “musk” aroma
compounds as well as medicinal and bioactive compounds. Foreign consumers, in recent years are also
preferring to import value-added lac-based products in order to reduce production/processing costs in their
country. Under this changed scenario, many lac processors of our country are showing growing interest in
manufacturing value added products from lac, and they insist for appropriate technologies of manufacturing
of these products. The Institute has technology of isolation of aleuritic acid through laboratory scale
demonstrations, where a yield of around 17-18% of the weight of seedlac can be obtained. However, the
manufacturers at present are able to recover only around 12-13% of it, resulting in less profit margin.
Sometimes the quality of the products is not upto the standards and not acceptable to foreign buyers. Hence,
some basic researches on improvement in process and machineries are required so as to increase the yield
and purity and to reduce the duration and cost of production.
Lac dye, a by-product of lac industry, is generally lost in the effluent during washing of sticklac in primary
processing of lac. Lac dye is used in textile as mordant dye for dyeing animal fibres like wool and silk.
Since it is non-toxic, it is also being used as food colouring material. It is reported that Japan, China and
Thailand are using pure lac dye for colouring beverages and products like ham, sausages, bears, jams etc.
The present consumption of pure grade lac dye in Japan is reported to the tune of 5-6 tones per year. So,
this natural dye has also immense potential for food application besides dying of wool and silk. India, at
present, produces about 20,000 tonnes of lac annually. Considering the amount of production, nearly 200
tonnes of lac dye is lost in effluents during washing. Thus, an enormous potential exists for recovery of the
dye as by-product of lac industry. Even if half of the potential is exploited, it will be possible to turn trade
of lac dye into highly profitable business, as an export item with an assured foreign market. Moreover there
has been an upsurge in demand for such natural dye for colouring food items.
The IINRG has developed a standardized process for the recovery of technical grade lac dye from wash
water obtained during washing of sticklac and its purification. Recently, a pilot plant has been developed
and installed in IINRG that can produce upto 2 kg of technical lac dye from the wash water. The recovery
of this dye has received little attention, restricting to only by few lac industries of lower dye content (below
50%). Such type of dye is used only for dyeing purpose and due to lower dye content, this fetches lower
price (Rs. 500-600/kg.) in the market. The condition of preparation of this dye in lac industries results in
presence of heavy metals (Fe, Pb, As etc.) which restricts its use for further purification for making it food
colouring material. There is a need to increase dye content (above 50%) and improve machineries for

22
production of lac dye with permissible limit of heavy metals so that it can fetch higher prices (Rs. 2500-
3000/kg). Attention on such by products is required to promote large scale production.
Diagram of existing value chain and proposed value chain
In the beginning of project lac value chain consisted of lac growers, lac traders, lac primary and secondary
processors, exporters and consumers within the country and abroad. IINRG, Ranchi didn’t had direct role in
the value chain. It helped lac grower’s in training on scientific method of lac cultivation and lac industry in
solving their problem as and when required. After the intervention of project IINRG, Ranchi played role as
one of the important link in the value chain at different levels. The value chain at the beginning of project,
intervention of project and new value chain and value chain analysis are presented below.

23

24
Lac Value Chain Analysis
Sustainability
Horizontal
expansion of
scientific lac
cultivation
Horizontal
expansion of
lac cultivation
on plantation
basis
Horizontal
expansion of
progressive
lac growers
involvement
in broodlac
production
Horizontal
expansion
of primary
processing of lac
at village level
Continuing the
recovery of by-
product by lac
industry
Continuing
linkages
developed
among
farmers,
processors &
markets
Continuing training
of lac growers and
rural youth
Impact Jharkhand
regained
its number
one position
in lac
production
(Production
> 4000 tons
per year)
Adoption of
lac cultivation
on plantation
basis (>50
Ha) In Khunti
project of Rs.
61.88 lakhs
sanctioned
Broodlac
production in
Ranchi and
Khunti districts
has increased
(>1000 tons
annually
meeting
requirement)
> 50 Small scale
lac processing
units established
(with installed
capacity 1500
tons per year)
Industry started
production
of improved
quality lac dye
fetching higher
price (> Rs.
2500/kg)
Assured
market
Better return
Increase in lac
productivity,
increase in income
of lac growers
and employment
generation for rural
youth at village level
Outcome Adoption
of kusmi lac
cultivation
on ber using
scientific
method lac
production
in Ranchi
& Khunti
districts >
4000 tons
mark against
average 2000
tons at the
time of start
of project
Model lac host
plantation of
F. semialata
and ber for
lac cultivation
on plantation
basis
established
by 83
beneficiaries
in 63 villages
of Ranchi &
Khunti
1100 lac
growers were
trained on
scientific lac
cultivation
including
quality
broodlac
production.
Established
Model Lac
Processing unit
for training and
demonstration4
lac handicraft
making
Demonstration-
cum-production
centres
established
Improvement
in lac dye
recovery unit
by one industry
in Ranchi
district
Lac growers
liked with lac
processors/
exporters for
marketing of
their produce
>1100 lac growers
trained on scientific
lac cultivation
>1000 beneficiaries
trained on primary
processing of lac and
> 300 rural youth
trained for making
lac handicrafts
Interventions Promotion of
high yielding
kusmi lac
cultivation
on existing
lac host (ber)
Training on
scientific lac
cultivation to
farmer
Promotion
of lac
cultivation on
F. semialata
and ber on
plantation
basis
Training
on quality
broodlac
production to
lac growers
Promotion of
lac processing
at village level
Training on
lac processing
Promotion of
making lac
handicraft
Promotion
of process
for recovery
of improved
quality lac dye
Lac growers
were liked
with the lac
processors/
exporters
Training imparted
on scientific
lac cultivation,
processing and
handicraft making
Reasons Traditional
method
of lac
cultivation
Lac insect
mortality
Lac cultivation
on scattered
lac host
Lack of
knowledge
on quality
broodlac
production
No value
addition at
village/ lac
growers level
Lack of
awareness on
by-product
utilization
Unorganized
marketing
Lack of awareness
and training
Issues Low
productivity
Low
Production
Difficulty in
management
of scattered
lac host
Inadequate and
inferior quality
of beedlac (lac
seed)
Low price of
produce
Non-utilization
of by product
Poor market
access
Lack of trained
human resource in
lac production and
processing

25
5. Research Achievements
5.1 Lac Production
5.1.1 Promotion of high yielding kusmi lac cultivation on existing host trees
Lac cultivation is an age old practice for the farmers of Jharkhand. Earlier, farmers used to collect lac,
growing naturally on lac host trees. Later they started lac cultivation on trees available in their field or field
bunds following traditional practices. New interventions like use of quality broodlac, pesticides and new
hosts can increase lac yield and thereby total income of farmers significantly. Usually farmers use ber trees
for cultivation of immature rangeeni lac in summer season. This practice is not remunerative, as lac yield is
very less due to sparse settlement of rangeeni lac on the branches (Fig. 5.1). Productivity of resin per unit
length from rangeeni lac is almost half than that of kusmi lac (Fig. 5.2). Further, broodlac production is not
possible from summer season rangeeni lac. As a result farmers fail to get good price due to their inability to
produce rangeeni broodlac. Profitability can be increased, if same ber tree is used for kusmi lac production,
as market price of the same is higher than that of rangeeni lac.
Fig. 5.1 Typical encrustation of rangeeni lac with
sparse encrustation
Fig. 5.2 Typical encrustation of kusmi lac with
dense encrustation
Ber is a unique tree which can host both the strains of lac insects i.e. rangeeni and kusmi. However, IINRG
recommends cultivation of kusmi lac in winter season instead of rangeeni lac in summer season. Normally
kusum trees due to its dense canopy are less suitable for winter season lac cultivation. Therefore, kusum
trees are recommended for brood production in summer season. Ber trees are abundant in rural areas and
can be used successfully for kusmi broodlac production in winter season (Fig. 5.3).
Sometimes, lac crop fails due to different reasons. Lac cultivation using scientific approaches nullifies the
causes of lac failure. The project aimed in (i) facilitating the farmers to produce good quality broodlac,
so that they can produce their own requirement for the next season and (ii) motivating farmers to develop
lac host plantation of ber and F. semialata. Following measures were taken for promotion of kusmi lac
cultivation on ber and kusum trees.

26
Fig. 5.3 Lac crop on Ziziphus mauritiana (ber)
(a) Identification of potential farmers
Farmers are the key component in lac production system. Success in achieving the objective depends
mostly on choosing able and interested farmers. For choosing such farmers, help of five NGOs was taken.
A total of 994 farmers from 48 villages were selected by the local NGOs and progressive farmers during the
project duration. 365 farmers were from 27 villages of Ranchi district whereas 629 farmers were from 21
villages of Khunti district. During early phase of the project, aim was to cater limited number of villages
for demonstration. As a result, benefit of the project remained confined to very limited pockets. In contrary,
the later phase of the project (since 2011) concentrated in dissemination of technologies in more number of
villages. Therefore numbers of beneficiaries in a village were limited, but number of villages was higher.
(b) Capacity building
Residential and On Farm Training programmes organized
A total of 264 lac growers obtained one week residential training on scientific lac cultivation against the
target of one hundred (Table 5.1) & 840 farmers participated in one day “On Farm Training” programme
(Fig. 5.4), against the target of five hundred (Table 5.2). The farmers belong to 14 villages of Ranchi &
Khunti districts. A workshop at village-Lupungdih in Khunti district was also conducted for progressive
farmers which in turn disseminated technology of scientific lac cultivation in their adjoining villages
passively (Fig. 5.5).
Table 5.1 One Week Training Programme on Scientific Method of Lac Cultivation organized
Sl.
No.
Duration Venue
No. of
Participants
Name of the Villages
1. 12.10.2009 to 16.09.2010 IINRG, Namkum, Ranchi 59
Mangubandh, Digri,
Lupungdih, Mile buru,
Bara Salga, Saparum,
Bhusru, School Salga,
Barka Silda, Rui Tola,
Rai, Ghaghra Bera,
Kajibaru, Nawadih
2. 29.12.2009 to 02.01.2010 -do- 42
3. 10.10.2011 to 16.102011 -do- 31
4. 06.02.2012 to 10.02.2012 -do- 42
5. 13.02.2012 to 18.02.2012 -do- 26
6. 12.08.2013 to 17.08.2013 -do- 34
7. 26.08.2013 to 31.08.2013 -do- 30
Total 264

27
Table 5.2 On Farm Training Programme organized
Sl.
No.
Year
No. of
Villages
Name of the Villages No. of
Trainees
1. 2009 02 Mangubandh (Ranchi) and Siyankel (Khunti) 108
2. 2010 05
Lupungdih, BarkaSilda,BaraSalga, School Salga (Khunti),
Mangubandh (Ranchi)
277
3. 2011 03 Rai, Rui Tola, Bhusru (Khunti) 198
4. 2012 04 Barudih, Tangerkel, Namsili (Khunti) and Gutidih (Ranchi) 180
5. 2013 02 Banta and Kajibaru (Ranchi) 64
6. 2014 01 Jurdag (Karra, Khunti) 13
Total 17 840
Fig. 5.4 On Farm Training at village level
Fig. 5.5 NAIP workshop at village-Lupungdih, Khunti

28
Media production for mass communication
Two short video films in Hindi entitled (i) semialata poudha ka bagan taiar karna avam vaigyanik vidhi se
lakh ki kheti and (ii) ber poudha ka bagan taiar karna avam vaigyanik vidhi se lakh ki kheti were prepared
for easy transfer of technologies among farmers and were released for transmission at different levels.
Two video films on success stories in Hindi entitled (i) safalata ki kahani – Shri Prakash Sanga (Village-
Mangubandh, Ranchi) and (ii) safalta ki kahani—Shri Joydev Mahato (Village-Putidih, West Bengal) in CD
form were also prepared under the project. These films have been provided to the Transfer of Technology
Division of the Institute for showing in regular training programmes. Besides, NGOs like R. K. Mission,
Ranchi; Udyogni, Khunti and researcher of Annamalai University, Annamalai, Chennai are using these
films for better understanding and dissemination of technology.
Leaflet/folder publication and distribution
Lac growers who were not able access the facility of visual media were taken care of by publishing three
leaflet/folders & distributing these among them. A document on ITKs related to lac cultivation customs and
beliefs was published for the benefit of lac growers. Following publications were published for this purpose.
Ghosal S and N Prasad. 2013. Raising of lac host (ber and F. semialata) plantation and modern technique
of lac cultivation (Extension folder). IINRG, Ranchi.
Ghosal S, Prasad N and Pal G. 2013. Flemingia semialata ka bagan lagana wa lakh ki kheti (Extension
folder in Hindi). IINRG, Ranchi.
Ghosal S and Prasad N. 2013. Indigenous Technical Knowledge, Custom, and Belief Prevailing in Lac
Production System in Jharkhand (Extension folder). IINRG, Ranchi.
One-to-one contact
Scientists associated with the project interacted individually during on-farm training programme in different
villages of the project areas. During interaction, problems of the farmers were addressed with latest scientific
knowledge in lac cultivation. Thus they could know the technical know-how of all basic operations of the
lac cultivation viz. pruning, inoculation, phunki (used up brood lac) removal, spraying, harvesting etc. They
shared their experiences in terms of problems they faced and got their solution by the scientists.
Continuous motivation
The lac growers were continuously motivated by reminding them about the operations which required
attention on urgent basis. Regular visits and on-farm trainings were conducted. All associated farmers
were pursued periodically by telephone, field visit and on-farm training to maintain their interest in lac
cultivation. Otherwise, it was observed, that they did not pay adequate attention to lac as compared to their
main agricultural crop, for which they were acquainted with. This resulted into motivation of the farmers
and ultimately they became engaged themselves in lac cultivation and thereby enhanced their income from
lac.
(c) Promotion of Kusmi lac cultivation on ber
Traditionally lac growers used to do Rangeeni lac cultivation on ber trees available on their field or bunds
following traditional methods. But lac yield level used to be less. Non availability of broodlac due to
frequent mortality of lac crop used to be a regular phenomenon. Hence, there used to be break in continuous
lac cultivation. Farmers were finding difficulty in purchasing broodlac at the time of inoculation when they
faced scarcity of broodlac with them. The ups and downs in the production were due to low productivity
and high mortality rate over the years. Farmers were unaware about scientific lac cultivation and other
proper operations and lac cultivation was vulnerable to vagaries of weather conditions to a great extent.

29
In the villages of project catchment area of Ranchi and Khunti districts, lac production before the
commencement of the project was negligible for last four to five years. They were abandoning lac cultivation
gradually. It was the time when project intervened to revive lac cultivation for enhancing lac production
and livelihood of the farmers. The lac production data from 2005-2013 of Ranchi and Khunti districts are
presented in Table 5.3.
Table 5.3 Lac production from 2005-06 to 20012-13 in Ranchi and Khunti district
Year
Lac Production (in tons)
Ranchi and Khunti
Lac Production (in tons)
India
2005-06 2484 18000
2006-07 2900 23229
2007-08 2280 20640
2008-09 875 17175
2009-10 980 16495
2010-11 1230 9035
2011-12 4250 17900
2012-13 4250 19577
The lac production data shown in Table 5.3 above indicated that production in the year 2008-09 dipped to
minimum level in Ranchi and Khunti districts. By the intervention of project activity farmers got motivated
and started taking interest in lac cultivation again due to high yield and better return. Some of the farmers,
who had left lac cultivation years ago, restarted lac cultivation after commencement of the project. They are
now benefited and satisfied by re-starting lac cultivation with main agricultural crops.
Under the project, from the month June- July, 2009 till June-July, 2013 a total of 5160 kg broodlac was
distributed among 994 lac growers in 48 villages of Ranchi & Khunti districts in the targeted project area
of Jharkhand. Seven lac growing seasons were covered in this period and about 2861 lac host trees (Kusum
& Ber) were inoculated. A total of 13621.7 kg broodlac was harvested in different harvesting seasons. The
details in season wise and year wise production data with other details are given below (Table 5.4).
With the efforts put together for increasing lac production, there had been a quantum jump in the lac
production scenario of the project area. In the beginning, a target of 30 percent increase in the lac production
was proposed in the project proposal. Against the targeted level of 30 percent, in the project area, lac
production increased by 333 percent compared to its base value (2009-10). If the corresponding figures of
all India production are compared, then 18 percent increase in production level was achieved in 2012-13
as compared to base year (2009-10). Thus, effort of NAIP (lac value chain) proved to be highly effective in
bringing a change in lac production scenario in the area. For achieving success in this venture, following
measures were taken.
Providing inputs to the farmers at their door steps
Farmers were provided inputs to their door steps for shifting them from rangeeni strain to kusmi strain lac
cultivation on ber (Fig. 5.6). This intervention revived lac in the catchment area of the project. Farmers
re-started lac cultivation with kusmi strain on ber and found very good result in terms of low mortality &
high yield. For promotion of kusmi strain on ber, they were provided all initial inputs i.e. quality broodlac,
pesticide/fungicides and spraying machine (in groups).

30
Fig. 5.6 Distribution of broodlac at farmers’ door steps
From the commencement of the project in the year 2009 till the last phase i.e in the month July 2013, 5160
kg broodlac was distributed in both the districts (Table 5.4).
Table 5.4 Broodlac distribution and yield
Sl.
No.
Winter
Ranchi Khunti
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Total
1.
Broodlac
distributed
(in kg)
382 203 300 500 440 600 00 750 400 475 4050
2.
No. of
villages
1 4 8 7 5 7 7 15 14 21 89
3.
No. of
farmers
32 25 53 99 59 60 32 258 95 88 801
4.
No. of tree
inoculated
128 163 261 166 584 234 226 523 278 503 3066
5.
Broodlac
production
558 1609 1840 1907 - 109 532 2300 220 - 9075
6. Yield ratio 1.46 7.92 6.13 3.81 - 0.18 - 3.06 0.55 -
Sl.
No.
Summer
Ranchi Khunti
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2010 2011 2012 2013* 2014 Total
1.
Broodlac
distributed
(in kg)
85 94 150 26 - 305 156 100 24 -
2.
No. of
villages
1 5 6 4 - 3 8 5 4 -

31
3.
No. of
farmers
31 39 21 06 - 29 42 20 05 -
4.
No. of tree
inoculated
49 43 25 09 - 65 98 48 10 -
5.
Broodlac
production
222 2503 358 90.7 - 279 895 21 178 - 4546.7
6. Yield ratio 2.61 2.38 3.48 - 0. 91 5.73 0.21 7.41 -
Making awareness of lac cultivation among farmers
The farmers were hard to convince for lac cultivation over main agricultural crops. Therefore, they were
made aware of economic benefit from lac cultivation, through training, demonstration and exposure visits.
In the beginning few farmers got associated with the project, but gradually the number increased to more
than 900 (Table 5.5).
Table 5.5 Number of farmers involved in the project in two different districts
Ranchi Khunti
Year 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
No. of farmers 32 56 92 120 65 60 61 300 115 93
No. of farmers
(cumulative)
32 88 180 300 365 60 121 421 536 629
Summer crop on kusum
For maintaining continuous cycle of lac production, broodlac should be produced successfully round the
year in both the seasons. Ber and F. semialata does not support well, summer season kusmi lac production.
Therefore, for maintaining the crop cycle, some amount of broodlac was also provided for inoculation on
kusum tree. This intervention proved to be very successful in spreading kusmi lac cultivation technique.
(d) Success story
Farmers associated with the project learned lac cultivation and contributed substantially in total production
of the area (Table 5.6). They have been trained to produce broodlac required for them for each season by
their own, thus they are managing supply chain effectively.
The ratio of output and input obtained from each season of lac cultivation during 2009-2013 from the
targeted area of Ranchi and Khunti district under the project are presented in Fig. 5.7 & 5.8.
Table 5.6 Lac Production by beneficiaries farmers in project area
Sl. No. Year
Production (Kg)
Summer Winter
1. 2009 - 510
2. 2010 660 3034
3. 2011 3398 4041.8
4. 2012 581 2117
5. 2013 268.75 --
Total 4907.75 9702.8

32
Fig. 5.7 Winter season lac yield performance of Khunti and Ranchi districts
Fig. 5.8 Summer season lac yield performance of Khunti and Ranchi districts
The variations in year wise output/input ratio obtained are due to the different climatic conditions in
different crop seasons. Some farmers did not care the crop during peak operational period, because they
were involved in main agricultural crop and it was very hard to shift them to lac cultivation. Now a days,
the farmers involved even once in the programme, learned basics of lac cultivation and doing better of their
own. In general, lac yield in summer season was higher than winter season. The primary cause behind the
fact was biotic factors, which acted intensively in favour of lac mortality during winter season particularly
in rainy and post rainy season. Average lac yield ratio (output/ input ratio) of Khunti and Ranchi districts
were 3.01 and 3.43 respectively. Farmers of Ranchi district were more aware of lac cultivation; therefore,
they remained more consistent in lac production and yield ratios were in the range 2.38 to 5.24 during

33
summer lac production. Range for Khunti district for the same season was much higher i.e. 0.21 to 7.41.
Average lac yield ratio of Ranchi district was always higher than that of Khunti district in winter season.
Lac yield ratio figures indicated that values went on increasing throughout the period (2009 to 2013) except
a decrease in 2012, where summer season lac production suffered a setback due to poor quality of broodlac.
Lac production in the project area has increased several fold during the period under study. Lac production
of both the districts (Ranchi and Khunti) had declined to 875 tons at the start of the project i.e. 2008-09. The
production has reached to 4250 tons during 2012-13. Intervention of NAIP has played a significant role in
increasing lac production in project area.
(e) Technologies offered for Kusmi broodlac production on Ber (Ziziphus mauritiana)
 Pruning of more than five year old ber tree in February-March
 Inoculation of broodlac (i.e. lac seed) @ 20g per meter shoot length in June-July
 Removal of phunki (used up broodlac) 21 days after inoculation (DAI)
 Follow spraying schedules
 1st
spray endosulfan @ 0.05% and carbendazim 0.01% at 30 days after inoculation.
 2nd
spray of dichlorvos @ 0.03% and carbendazim 0.01% at 60 DAI
 3rd
spray of dichlorvos @ 0.03% and carbendazim 0.01% at 90 DAI if needed
5.1.2 Promotion of intensive lac cultivation on plantation basis
The farmers of the project area were doing lac cultivation since their ancestral time, but it was initially
collection of naturally occurring lac on host trees available in field or forests. Later they shifted to lac
cultivation on host available in their field or field bund. Scattered distribution of hosts is an important
problem in existing lac cultivation system, for which theft of lac used to be common phenomena. Realizing
the problems of farmers, a new concept “systematic lac cultivation on plantation basis” was introduced.
This concept was conceived after identification of economically viable bushy lac host plant, Flemingia
semialata, more commonly known as semialata. Not only plantation of F. semialata (Fig. 5.9), but also that
of Ziziphus mauritiana (ber) was raised for easy management and monitoring of the lac crop.
Fig. 5.9 Lac crop on F. semialata

34
(a) Reason for inclusion of ber and semialata
There are more than 400 lac host trees/plants reported, but all are not economically viable for lac
cultivation. Kusum, palas, ber and F. semialata are traditionally important lac hosts. Kusum and
palas take a long time (10-15 years) to grow and become ready for lac cultivation; therefore, hosts
with relatively short gestation period i.e. ber and F. semialata were promoted for lac cultivation on
plantation basis. F. Semialata is a bushy lac host and can be inoculated for lac cultivation, one year
after transplanting, while ber trees, if taken proper care for raising in respect of soil fertility and
water management can become ready for lac inoculation in 4-5 years. Besides, there is wide scope of
taking inter-cultivation with vegetables in the field of F. semialata. Thus, F. semialata plants extends
an added advantage to the farmers to cultivate lac wherever and whenever they like. Besides, it can
host summer season lac cultivation under irrigated condition. Raising plantation in scientific method
enables farmers to manage its canopy (specifically for ber) in suitable shape in one hand and keep a
better watch to the plantation on other. Both are needed for increased profitability.
Initially farmers showed interest and planted seedlings of F. semialata and ber with all enthusiasms
but most of the farmers did not care of their plantation in the first year. Therefore, they could not
succeed in raising plantation.
Farmers faced heavy seedlings mortality due to indifference in raising plantation. Initially they had
belief of sure income but later they became involved in their regular activities of main crops. They
did not take care of their plantation; even they did not prepare their field for planting seedlings i.e.
digging of pits, fencing, fertilization etc.
For establishing plantation under the project, progressive farmers form project area were selected
with the help of NGO partner associated with the project. The selected farmers were trained for
raising lac host plantation. Only those farmers were provided input for raising plantation who had
prepared their field and arranged for fencing and irrigation. They were provided F. semialata and ber
seedlings to raise plantation. The details of seedlings distribution are presented in Table 5.7. But even
after rigorous exercise and continuous follow up, most of the farmers could not establish plantation
for lac production. It was tried to find out reasons of such poor performance. It was found that full
involvement of farmers in the activity was not there. After identification of this problem, some criteria
were developed for the selection of farmers and found that the rate of success improved substantially
(Table 5.8). The criteria were as follow:
 Fencing of the proposed plot.
 Arrangement of water source for irrigation.
 Digging up of pit for transplantation of seedlings.
Table 5.7 F. semialata and ber seedling distribution during 2009 to 2013 under NAIP sub-Project on “Lac
Value Chain”
Sl. No. Year
No. of ber
seedlings
No. of semialata
seedlings
No. of
beneficiaries
No. of
villages
1. 2009 1250 9000 07 03
2. 2010 150 1500 03 03
3. 2011 530 11350 14 13
4. 2012 730 7900 18 14

35
2 5
5. 2013 3715 16100 41 30
Total 6375 45850 83 63
Table 5.8 Success of raising lac host plantation of F. semialata & ber
No. of seedlings distributed No. of seedlings established
Year
Ber F. semialata Ber F. semialata
2009 1250 9000 78 (6%) 2000 (22%)
2010 150 1500 22 (14%) 500 (33%)
2011 530 11350 180 (33%) 2700 (23%)
2012 730 7900 110 (15%) 4000 (50%)
2013 3715 16100 3230 (86.94%) 11000 (68%)
After introduction of the said criteria the rate of success improved gradually and more number of successful
plantation could be established.
Farmers were offered following technologies before transplanting seedlings in the field.
(b) Technologies offered for raising plantation
Raising ber plantation
 Maintaining a plant geometry of 4.5 m x 4.0 m.
 Digging up of pits 45 cm x 45 cm x 45 cm dimensions in the month of May/June at the advent of first
shower.
 Application of Karanj cake of 500g or 10 Kg FYM along with 100g of N, 170g P O and 80g K O
2
per plant.
 Making of rings around the seeding for capturing rain water.
 Polythene mulching for better establishment in summer.
Raising F. semialata plantation
 Maintaining a plant geometry: Paired row system to facilitate intercropping. 75 cm within paired row
and 180 cm between two paired rows; plant to plant distance in rows kept 1.00 m.
 Digging up of pits 30 cm x 30 cm x 30 cm dimensions in the month of May/June at the advent of first
shower (Fig. 5.10).
 Application of Karanj cake of 200g per plant.

36
Fig. 5.10 Field preparation for transplantation of F. semialata seedlings
(c ) Lac cultivation on raised plantation
The plantation of ber was raised by Mr. Prakash Sanga of village Mangubandh, Block- Namkum, Ranchi
during 2009 which became ready for lac cultivation in 2013 and he raised first lac crop during July 2013-
Feb 2014 (Fig. 5.11). The farmer after establishing the said plantation successfully started raising seedlings
of F. semialata and ber by their own and motivating other farmers to go for such plantation (Fig.5.12).
Fig. 5.11 Plantation of ber

37
Fig. 5.12 F. semialata seedlings raised by farmer
Seven successful farmers started lac cultivation on raised F. semialata plantation (Fig. 5.13) and getting
good return in terms of yield. Details of the successful plantations are presented in the Table 5.9.
Fig. 5.13 Plantation of F. semialata
Table 5.9 Details of F. semialata plantations raised
Sl.
No.
Name of the farmer Village
No. of
seedlings
Remark
1. Mr. Barnabas Nag Lupungdih 1700 Raised 3 crops successfully
2. Mr. Anil Mahto Kudri 600 Raised 2 crops successfully
3. Mr. Champa Toppo Hurua 1000 Raised 2 crops successfully
4. Mr. Surender Nag Tangerkela 1700 Raised 2 crops successfully
5. R. K. Mission Getalsud 1200 Raised 2 crops successfully
6. Mr. Ramesh Kumhar Banta 1000 Raised 1 crop successfully
7. Mr. Magan Singh Munda Kajibaru 400 Raised 1 crop successfully

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