2. “ “Two or more individuals,
interactingand interdependent,
who havecome together
to achieve particularobjectives”
What Is A Group?
3. Formal Group
▸ A designated work group
defined by an
organization’s structure
▸ Directed towards
organization’s goals
Informal Group
▸ Neither formally structured
nor organizationally
determined
▸ Formed in response to need
for social contact
8. FORMING
▸ First stage
▸ Uncertainty about purpose, structure,
leadership
▸ Roles and responsibilities begin to form
▸ Determine acceptable behaviors
8
26. “ “Acceptable standards of behavior
within a group that are shared by the
group’s members”
NORMS
27. ▸ Performance norms- level of acceptable work
▸ Appearance norms- what to wear
▸ Social arrangement norms – friendships and the like
▸ Resource allocation norms – distribution and assignment of
jobs
27
28. Conformity
Adjustment of one’s behavior to align with the norms of the
group.
Strong pressures on individual members to change attitudes
and behaviors to conform to group standards.
31. Deviant workplace behavior
Voluntary behavior that violates significant organizational norms.
Also called as antisocial behavior or workplace incivility
33. CONSEQUENCES OF WORKPLACE DEVIANCE
Dysfunctional behavior
Negative behaviors like, undermining co workers, being un-cooperative
Collective negative moods
Low level of group performance
34. “ “Socially defined position given to
groups or group members by others”
STATUS
35. Status characteristics theory
Status tends to derive from one of the three sources:
1) A power a person wields over others
2) A person s ability to contribute to a group’s goal
3) An individual’s personal characteristics
38. Social loafing
The tendency for individuals to expend less effort when
working collectively than when working individually
Reason for social loafing –
1) Belief that others not carrying a fair share
2) Dispersion of responsibility
39. Ringelmann’s rope pulling experiment
EXPECTED- 60+60+60= 180 kg of force
REALITY- 50+50+50= 150 kg of force
40. MANERGIAL IMPLICATIONS
▸ Prevent social loafing by:
1. Setting group goals
2. Increasing inter group competition
3. Using peer evaluation
4. Distributing rewards based on individual effort
42. ▸ Cohesiveness is defined as the degree to which members are attracted to
each other and motivated to stay in the group.
▸ Cohesiveness affects group productivity.
▸ Relationship between cohesiveness and productivity depends on
performance related norms.
45. ▸ Diversity is defined as the degree to which group members are
similar to or different from one another.
▸ Studies identify both costs and benefits from group diversity.
• Cost: Increased conflict, lower morale and increased drop
out rates.
• Benefit: Over time they can be more creative, open
minded and innovative solutions.
47. Strength
▸ Complete
information and
knowledge
▸ Increased diversity
of views
▸ Acceptance of
solution
Weakness
▸ Pressure of
Conformity
▸ Domination by few
members
▸ Ambiguous
responsibility
49. Group think is a psychological phenomenon that occurs
within a group in which the desire for harmony or conformity
in the group results in an irrational decision-making.
▹ Direct pressure on the people who oppose the group’s shared
views
▹ Members remain silent to avoid deviation from the majority
view
50.
51. Group shift or group polarization refers to the tendency
for a group to make decisions that are more extreme than
the initial inclination of its members.
Conservatives become more cautious and aggressive type
take on more risk.
Depends on the dominant pre-discussion norm.
52. Interacting
• Traditional method
• Meet face to face
• Verbal and Non- verbal
communication
Brainstorming
• Sit around a table
• Group leader addresses
the problem
• Freewheel ideas in a
limited time
Nominal
• Physically present but
operate independently
• All ideas presented before
discussion
• All ideas evaluated
individually
