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№60/2021
Znanstvena misel journal
The journal is registered and published in Slovenia.
ISSN 3124-1123
VOL.2
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Alicja Antczak — Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Professor
Katarzyna Brzozowski — PhD, associate professor
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CONTENT
ARTS
Nikoltsev I.
RUSSIAN AND EUROPEAN IN SERGEY TANEYEV'S
WORK..........................................................................3
CULTURAL SCIENCES
Kashey A., Dosumova A., Zakiriyanova Zh.
MUSICAL ART OF THE KAZAKH PEOPLE.......................5
HISTORICAL SCIENCES
Stvolygin K.
HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE PROBLEMS OF PACIFIST
VIEWS AND CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTION TO
MILITARY SERVICE IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE...............7
JURISPRUDENCE
Seitova A., Tlepina Sh.
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NORMS OF
INTERNATIONAL LAW INTO NATIONAL LEGISLATION
IN KAZAKHSTAN: HISTORY OF THE ISSUE..................11
Duravkin P.
MECHANISM of COMPENSATION FOR DAMAGE
CAUSED BY ILLEGAL DECISIONS, ACTIONS OR
INACTION OF UKRAINIAN TAX AUTHORITIES ...........14
PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCE
Zaskaleta S., Buglay N.
IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERDISCIPLINARY
CONNECTIONS IN THE PROCESS OF STUDYING SOCIAL
AND HUMANITARIAN DISCIPLINES ...........................17
Skaskiv L., Martynenko V.
SOME FEATURES OF THE STUDY METHODOLOGY
VECTOR METHOD AND COORDINATE METHOD .......19
Yarova O., Shapovalyuk L.
METHODS OF STUDYING COMBINATORICS AND
PROBABILITY THEORY IN THE SCHOOL COURSE OF
MATHEMATICS..........................................................22
PHILOLOGY
Baryshevskaya A.
TOPONYMS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS IN THE
ONOMASTIC SYSTEM ................................................25
Moroz A.
THE FRENCH LANGUAGE AND CULTURE FROM THE
VIEWPOINT OF RUSSIANS DURING THE CRIMEAN
WAR (1853-1856) (LINGUOIMAGOLOGICAL
ASPECT).....................................................................27
Rogozhnikova T.
GRAMMATIC STANDARD AS A STABILIZING FACTOR
OF REGIONAL DOCUMENT CIRCULATION AT THE
BORDER OF THE XVII-XVIII CENTURIES......................31
PHILOSOPHICAL SCIENCES
Yarmolitska N., Gan K.
RESEARCH OF RECEPTIONS OF KEY IDEAS OF ANCIENT
CHINESE PHILOSOPHY IN UKRAINIAN PHILOSOPHY OF
THE LATE 19th CENTURY (BASED ON SCIENTIFIC
HERITAGE OF O. NOVITSKY)......................................35
SOCIAL SCIENCES
Yarovaya M.
EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT AS A TOOL FOR
MOTIVATING EMPLOYEES IN AN ORGANIZATION ....41
Znanstvena misel journal №60/2021 3
ARTS
РУССКОЕ И ЕВРОПЕЙСКОЕ В ТВОРЧЕСТВЕ ТАНЕЕВА
Никольцев И.Д.
кандидат искусствоведения, доцент кафедры теории и истории музыки
Военного института (военных дирижёров) Военного университета,
Москва
RUSSIAN AND EUROPEAN IN SERGEY TANEYEV'S WORK
Nikoltsev I.
PhD, Associate Professor of the Department of Theory and History of Music
of the Institute of Military Conductors, Moscow
Аннотация
Девятнадцатый век — эпоха бурного развития русской музыки. В это время особенно явственно про-
явились две основные тенденции: стремление к развитию самобытной русской национальной культуры и
освоение европейского опыта в данной области. Деятели культуры разделились на «славянофилов» и «за-
падников». Мимо их «борьбы» не прошёл и Сергей Иванович Танеев. Его творчество отличает историзм,
ассимиляция стилей и техник западноевропейской музыки. В этом плане он пошёл дальше своих совре-
менников — Рубинштейна, Чайковского, Римского-Корсакова. Вместе с тем, Танеев осознавал себя рус-
ским художником. Размышления на эту тему мы можем увидеть в его работе «Что делать русским компо-
зиторам».
Abstract
The nineteenth century is the era of the rapid development of Russian music. At this time, two main tendencies
were especially clearly manifested: the desire to develop an original Russian national culture and the assimilation
of European experience in this area. Cultural figures were divided into "Slavophiles" and "Westernizers". Sergei
Ivanovich Taneev did not pass by their dispute either. His music is distinguished by historicism, assimilation of
styles and techniques of Western European music. In this regard, he went further than his contemporaries - Rubin-
stein, Tchaikovsky, Rimsky-Korsakov. At the same time, Taneyev saw himself as a Russian artist. Reflections on
this topic can be seen in his work "What should Russian composers do".
Ключевые слова: русская музыка, европейская музыка, Танеев, Глинка, влияние, полифония.
Keywords: Russian music, European music, Taneyev, Glinka, influence, polyphony.
В русской музыке второй половины XIX века
возникла очень сильная почвенническая тенденция,
смысл которой заключался в созидании и отстаива-
нии национально-самобытного музыкального
стиля. Композиторы «Новой русской школы» и
Петр Чайковский, а впоследствии их младшие со-
временники, несмотря на известную несхожесть
творческих позиций, с особым воодушевлением
утверждали свою принадлежность именно рус-
скому искусству, причем всем им приходилось в
той или иной мере пробиваться через толщу ино-
странной музыки, прочно обосновавшейся в рус-
ских городах.
Вместе с тем, осознавая себя глубоко русскими
художниками, отечественные композиторы неиз-
менно противостояли национальному изоляцио-
низму, ощущали его опасность. Они всегда высту-
пали как наследники и носители крупных, общече-
ловеческих духовных ценностей, их музыкальное
мышление было тесно связано с общеевропейским.
В среде русских музыкантов существовало понима-
ние необходимости широких, межнациональных
стилистических обобщений. Без этого музыка как
искусство большого обобщающего значения про-
сто не могла существовать. Этой теме уже был по-
священ ряд наших статей [1, 3, 4, 5]. Еще Глинка
одну из важнейших задач видел в том, чтобы «свя-
зать фугу западную с условиями нашей музыки
узами законного брака» [6, с. 59]. Однако во второй
половине XIX века интегративная тенденция возро-
дилась на другой основе. Именно в эту эпоху про-
изошло значительное расширение географического
кругозора европейцев. Географическая широта
взгляда на мир обогатилась новым феноменом ис-
торизированного сознания, воспринимающего дей-
ствительность в далекой исторической перспек-
тиве. В этой ситуации возникло такое явление в ми-
ровой музыке, как историко-географический
плюрализм стилистических источников, который
сосуществовал с другой отличительной чертой ис-
кусства XIX века — образованием автономных
национальных композиторских школ. Такой кон-
текст побуждает нас видеть русских композиторов
не просто пассивно или даже активно воспринима-
ющими инородный музыкальный материал, а про-
возглашающими своим творчеством идею вклю-
ченности русского искусства в мировой историко-
культурный процесс. Эта интегративная тенденция
нашла в России второй половины XIX века благо-
приятные условия для своего развития. К этому
времени русская музыка уже успела накопить опре-
деленный опыт общения с иностранными культу-
рами — итальянской, французской, немецкой, ис-
панской. Созрели предпосылки для органичного
стилистического синтеза. В России уже утверди-
4 Znanstvena misel journal №60/2021
лась национальная ветвь общеевропейского роман-
тического течения. Большую роль сыграла органи-
зация Антоном Рубинштейном консерваторий в Пе-
тербурге и Москве, одной из задач которых была
подготовка музыкантов, имеющих общеевропей-
ский художественный кругозор.
Творчество Танеева можно рассматривать как
предтечу неоклассицизма — самого обширного те-
чения общеевропейской музыки XX века. Путь к
неоклассицизму неизбежно пролегал через даль-
нейшее расширение историко-стилистической и
национальной базы русской музыки. Танеев обра-
тился к музыке композиторов нидерландской
школы, Генделя и Баха, венских классиков, а также
Антона Брукнера, Макса Регера, Цезаря Франка,
Венсана д’Энди. Такое произведение Танеева, как
опера-трилогия «Орестея» имеет свои прообразы в
творчестве Глюка, Бетховена, Бизе, Верди. Танеев,
не порывая с русскими национальными истоками
своей музыки, ставит акцент на общечеловеческих
духовных ценностях.
Важнейшей чертой художественного самосо-
знания у Танеева, как впоследствии и у Сергея Рах-
манинова, становится историзм. Ассимиляция сти-
лей прошлых музыкально-исторических эпох при-
водит к тому, что в творчестве Танеева возникает
«хронологически-спрессованная» [2, с. 9] история
музыки. В контексте нашей темы важно, что эта ис-
тория показана в широком национально-географи-
ческом срезе. Здесь видится большое отличие от
Брамса, композитора в целом близкого Танееву по
ориентации. Брамс и Танеев каждый по-своему воз-
вышали классическую традицию на этапе позднего
романтизма. Однако Брамс больше тяготел именно
к отечественной, немецкой музыке, тогда как Та-
неев стремится унаследовать более разнородный
музыкально-исторический материал.
Особое значение Танеев придавал овладению
полифонической техникой (как бы параллельно с
Римским-Корсаковым, но по разному поводу). В
творческом архиве Танеева сохранились задачи в
строгом стиле в церковных ладах (тридцать две
фуги); упражнения в двойном контрапункте, где в
качестве cantus firmus’a была русская песня (140 не-
больших задач); аналогичные упражнения, где в ка-
честве cantus firmus’a использовались мелодии из
православных церковных сборников. 11 февраля
1880 года Танеев написал любопытное эксперимен-
тального характера произведение: «Нидерландская
фантазия на русскую тему» (60 тактов), которая
представляет собой 12-голосную обработку песни
«Сидит наша гостинька» (№ 12 из сборника Бала-
кирева) без поэтического текста.
К началу 1879 года «лабораторные» опыты Та-
неева по сращиванию разнонациональных культур
привели к рождению художественно-теоретиче-
ской декларации: «Что делать русским композито-
рам». В ней он считает необходимым «приложить к
русской песне ту работу мысли, которая была при-
ложена к песне западных народов ... Начать с эле-
ментарных контрапунктических форм, переходить
к более сложным, выработать форму русской фуги,
а тогда до сложных инструментальных форм один
шаг. Европейцам на это понадобилось несколько
столетий, нам время значительно сократится» [2, c.
40]. Здесь можно увидеть переклички с идеями
Глинки.
Людмила Корабельникова пишет, что «выдви-
жение художественных норм строгого стиля в каче-
стве основы творчества русских композиторов —
представителей культуры, уже давшей образцы
претворения и классицистских, и романтических
тенденций — было задачей и умозрительной, и вне-
исторической» [2, c. 41].
Тем не менее здесь важна сама мысль о приме-
нимости строгого стиля к отечественному мелосу.
Так, Герман Ларош находил языковую общность
западно- и восточноевропейских древних напевов.
Все они «основаны на диатонической гамме, при-
держиваются так называемых церковных ладов, по-
стоянно избегают некоторых интервалов, отлича-
ются большой свободой и разнообразием ритма. Но
все эти признаки мы находим и у русских народных
песен» [2, c. 41]. Развивая идеи Лароша, Владимир
Протопопов писал: «Обобщения столь различных
музыкально-стилистических направлений можно
было достигнуть лишь на основе использования и
переработки тех общих моментов, которые суще-
ствуют между этими направлениями» [2, c. 254].
Таким образом, Танеев вплотную подходит к
идее художественного плюрализма.
Список литературы
1. Гнилов Б.Г., Никольцев И.Д. О некоторых
аспектах влияния западноевропейской музыки на
творчество Сергея Рахманинова // Философия и
культура №7/2021. С. 75–85.
2. Корабельникова Л.З. Творчество С.И. Та-
неева. М.: Музыка, 1986.
3. Никольцев И.Д. Русское и европейское в
музыке Балакирева // Znanstvena misel journal
№58/2021. С. 3–4.
4. Никольцев И.Д. Русское и европейское в
музыке Модеста Мусоргского // Znanstvena misel
journal №59/2021. С. 3–5.
5. Никольцев И.Д. Русское и европейское в
творческой деятельности Антона Рубинштейна //
Norwegian Journal of development of the International
Science №69/2021. Vol. 2. С. 3–4.
6. Протопопов В.В. История полифонии.
Вып. 5. Полифония в русской музыке XVII – начала
XX века. М.: Музыка, 1987.
Znanstvena misel journal №60/2021 5
CULTURAL SCIENCES
MUSICAL ART OF THE KAZAKH PEOPLE
Kashey A.,
Master, Lecturer, East Kazakhstan University named after Sarsen Amanzholov,
Ust-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan
Dosumova A.,
Master, Assistant, Sarsen Amanzholov East Kazakhstan University,
Ust-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan
Zakiriyanova Zh.
Senior Lecturer, East Kazakhstan University named after Sarsen Amanzholov,
Ust-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan
Abstract
The article deals with the issues of the musical art of the Kazakh people, the origins of which lie in the deepest
antiquity. The original musical art of Kazakhstan is an integral part of the multinational culture of our country.
The distant ancestors of the Kazakhs created a rich musical heritage: kyuis, songs, dances, original musical and
poetic traditions, which were inherited by the modern Kazakh people. In our time, the task of forming the spiritual
world of a person of the third millennium, the revival and flourishing of the cultural traditions of the peoples of
Kazakhstan is especially acute. Therefore, today the value and significance of the propaganda of folk art is in-
creasing, contributing to the development of the spiritual culture of people.
Keywords: Folk music, musical, instruments, dance art, multinational culture.
Folk musical creativity.
Music was an integral part of the spiritual culture
of the Kazakh people, which was associated with their
daily life and work. In folk music, solo instrumental
music and solo singing became widespread, ensembles
and duets did not enjoy interest. Consequently, mono-
phonic songs and kyuis became the main types of folk
art.
The instrumental fund contained more than 20 dif-
ferent musical instruments, some of them, having un-
dergone improvements, have come down to us. These
are sherter, zhetygen, saz syrnay, kepshik, shankobyz,
dangyra, asatayak. Others gradually disappeared.
All holidays, councils of aksakals, transitions to
zhailau (summer) and return to wintering were accom-
panied by songs; eagles and outstanding horses were
famous in verses, and the messengers walked through
the villages, reported important news in songs. Music
was ubiquitous in a woman's life in everyday life - dur-
ing the making of yurts, when they spun wool and
weaved carpets, milked cows or felted felt when they
lulled babies. The tradition of condolences to the family
of the deceased, the message of good news and congrat-
ulations were also expressed in songs.
Musical works were varied in content and com-
plexity. Songs performed during labor processes and
everyday rituals (joyful events, funerals), as well as
lullabies and children's songs were distinguished by
their laconicism, spectacular melodic melodies, and tra-
ditional text content. They were performed by all the
people. And the melodies of songs and kyuis on lyrical
and social themes, historical epic and legendary plots,
had a wide range of alternating complex rhythmic
structures. They were included in the repertoire of pro-
fessionals who, depending on the theme of the works
they performed, were called “akyn”, “zhyrau” or
“zhyrshy” (a praiser of epics, legends, history), “nshi”
or “kuyshi”, a poet or storyteller, etc. Talent profes-
sional musical figures manifested itself in special pub-
lic aitys. Such musical and poetic competitions were
held at weddings, in connection with the transition to
zhailau, during the birth of a baby and other family
joys. The winners were presented with valuable gifts,
special honors, honorary titles "sal", "seri" were added
to the names of the most prominent; their fame quickly
spread throughout the villages; they were received eve-
rywhere with great respect.
Musical instruments
The main instruments of the Kazakh people are
dombira, kobyz and sybyzgy.
Dombra is a two-stringed (less often three-
stringed) instrument made of wood, designed for pluck-
ing sound. Dombra is a flat triangular (pear-shaped) or
quadrangular (trapezoidal) instrument with an elon-
gated body. Strings are stretched along the neck, which
are slightly lifted by a stand located on the soundboard
of the instrument. Dombra is a widespread instrument,
the soft sound of which is produced by pinching or
blowing the hand.
Kobyz is a bowed instrument loved by the people.
Kobyz or kylkobyz is a two-stringed instrument with a
hollow wooden body and a handle curved inward. The
neck of the kobyz is curved, the body is bucket-shaped
and hollow, the surface is open, and the inside is cov-
ered with leather. Two kobyz strings and a bow-shaped
bow are made of horsehair.
Sybyzgy is a wind instrument made of hollow reed
or soft wood, has four holes for playing with your fin-
gers. The sound made by the chest instrument is some-
what sad. Sybyzgy is also one of the instruments that
have been common among Kazakhs since ancient
times. It is comfortable to wear constantly, for which it
has become a favorite tool of shepherds.
Dauylpaz is a small, cauldron-shaped percussion
instrument made of wood or metal, covered with
leather.
6 Znanstvena misel journal №60/2021
The famous dictionary of the 11th century scien-
tist Mahmud Kashkari Divan Lugat at-Türk contains
the names of kobyz and sybyzgy. This indicates that the
history of the origin of kobyz and sybyzgy has ancient
roots.
Songs, cui
The Kazakh people are one of the richest peoples
in songs and kyuis. Researchers of the Kazakh musical
culture of the 19th century recorded thousands of
songs, five hundred kyuis. Kazakh musical culture de-
veloped from era to era, the people were very savvy in
terms of improvisation and virtuosity in performing
works. Kazakh poets, zhyrau, poets and singers per-
formed songs on dombra, composing poems and po-
ems. Epic or historical dastans were performed slowly,
soulfully, while lyrical songs sounded cheerful, perky
and varied. The works of folk musicians, created to be
performed with musical instruments on epic, historical,
fairytale and everyday themes, are called "kui". Kui is
not accompanied by a voice, it is performed only on the
instrument. Each kyui has its own legends and stories.
Before the start of the performance, the kuishy usually
briefly described the content of the work. Kazakh kyuis
are diverse, they include the sound of a wave, a night-
ingale song, a storm, hooves, various natural phenom-
ena and moods. For example, in the ancient kyue
"Boztorgai" (Sparrow), the mother of the chicks
fiercely protects her child from the predator of the
snake. To the sounds of dombra, one can hear the
chicks chirping, snake hiss, the flutter of the wings of
the Mother Sparrow, and, finally, the last cry of a
mother who fell into the mouth of a snake, thus sacri-
ficing her life to save the birds.
The Kazakh epic "Aksak Kulan" is a kui of the
13th century of the era of Genghis Khan. As the legend
says: the eldest son of Genghis Khan, Jochi Khan, hunts
and dies in pursuit of a wounded lame kulan. Feeling
this, the father threatens the one who brought the bad
news to pour molten lead down his throat as punish-
ment. Knowing about the cruelty of the khan, no one
dares to tell him about the tragedy that happened. The
khan, angry with the expectation, becomes even more
angry.
In an effort to alleviate the suffering of the people,
the Kuyshi of the Naiman tribe, Kerbuga, conveyed this
news to Genghis Khan in a Kui called "Aksak Kulan".
Genghis Khan pours lead into the dombra. This kyui
symbolizes the Khan's cruelty, various experiences and
heavy torments of the people, and also conveys his
hunting life. Thus, each of the kyuis is based on legends
and sagas.
Dance art.
Kazakh dances reflect the life, customs, mood of
the people. Kazakh dances "Kara Zhorga", "Orteke",
"Ayu bii", "Dauylpaz" and others are a way of Kazakh
life, reflecting the life of cattle breeding and hunting. In
the dance "Kara Zhorga" the performer imitates the gait
of a horse, the dance "Dauylpaz" reflects the beauty,
grace and perfection of such birds as falcons, hawks,
swans, and conveys their hunting behavior.
Dances are usually performed at celebrations and
weddings. In ancient times, girls and boys danced
around bonfires in the steppe, when they guarded the
cattle during the night. Even earlier, some dances were
performed on horseback. The dancers could start danc-
ing on the ground, continue on a horse, alternately
jumping and climbing now to the left, now to the right,
and finish the dance while standing on a horse. Per-
forming such dances required great skill from the per-
former, who could make the horse dance too. Such
dances were dominated by artistry and sportsmanship.
The musical art of Kazakhstan, whose origins date
back to antiquity, is an important cultural component of
the country. Instruments created by the people, folded
songs and kyuis, dances, reveal the special world of the
Kazakh people, are an expression of feelings and
thoughts, testify to the extraordinary connection of a
person with nature, with the environment in which he
lived and worked.
References
1. History of Kazakh art. In 3 volumes. Almaty,
"Arda", 2007. - Volume 1.
2. Culturology. History of world culture: Text-
book for universities / Ed. prof. A.N. Makarova. - 2nd
ed., Stereotype. - M.: UNITY-DANA, 2008.
3. S.A. Elamanova, G. N. Omarova, S. Sh. Raiym-
bergenova, P.Sh. Shegebaev. Kazakh musical literature
/ Textbook. - Second edition. - Astana: 2006
4. Erzakovich B.G. Family ritual songs. History of
Kazakh music: In 2 volumes - T. I: Traditional music
of the Kazakh people: song and instrumental / Edited
by T. Dzhumalieva, A. Temirbekova - Almaty: Gylym,
2000.
Znanstvena misel journal №60/2021 7
HISTORICAL SCIENCES
ИСТОРИОГРАФИЯ ПРОБЛЕМ ПАЦИФИСТСКИХ ВОЗЗРЕНИЙ И ОСВОБОЖДЕНИЯ ОТ
ВОИНСКОЙ ПОВИННОСТИ ПО УБЕЖДЕНИЯМ В РОССИЙСКОЙ ИМПЕРИИ
Стволыгин К.В.
Белорусский государственный университет,
кандидат исторических наук, доцент
HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE PROBLEMS OF PACIFIST VIEWS AND CONSCIENTIOUS
OBJECTION TO MILITARY SERVICE IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE
Stvolygin K.
Belarusian State University,
PhD, Associate Professor
Аннотация
Статья имеет целью показать результаты исследования историографии проблем пацифистских воз-
зрений и освобождения от воинской повинности по религиозным убеждениям в Российской империи. В
научных трудах, исследованных автором, отражены процессы зарождения пацифистских воззрений в Рос-
сии и одного из следствий этих воззрений - потребности в освобождении лиц, имеющих пацифистские
убеждения, от воинской повинности.
Abstract
The article aims to show the results of a study of the historiography of the problems of pacifist views and
exemption from military service for religious beliefs in the Russian Empire. The scientific works studied by the
author reflect the processes of the emergence of pacifist views in Russia and one of the consequences of these
views - the need for the release of persons with pacifist beliefs from military service.
Ключевые слова: Российская империя, историография, пацифистские воззрения, освобождение от
воинской повинности по убеждениям, политика, меннониты, альтернативная служба.
Keywords: The Russian Empire, historiography, pacifist views, conscientious objection to military service,
politics, Mennonites, alternative service.
В настоящее время одним из международных
стандартов в области прав человека выступает
право граждан на отказ по убеждениям от обяза-
тельной военной службы. Следуя этому стандарту,
в большинстве стран, в том числе и в бывших рес-
публиках, входящих ранее в СССР, функциони-
руют институты альтернативной службы. Однако
ряд проблем, связанных с освобождением граждан
вследствие их убеждений от военной службы, ее за-
мены службой альтернативной, представляется да-
леким от своего окончательного разрешения [16,
с.3-4]. Это обстоятельство обуславливает настоя-
тельную потребность в обеспечении необходимой
научной информацией законодательных, исполни-
тельных и судебных органов; граждан, имеющих
пацифистские убеждения; общества в целом. Полу-
чение подобной информации предполагает прове-
дение полномасштабных научных исследований,
важное место среди которых должны занять и исто-
риографические исследования. Несмотря на это, в
прошлом и настоящем исследования отечественной
истории пацифистских воззрений и, как одного из
следствий этих воззрений, потребности в освобож-
дении граждан, имеющих пацифистские убежде-
ния, от воинской повинности, не входят в число
приоритетных. Основная причина подобного поло-
жения дел видится в том, что вплоть до 80-х годов
прошлого столетия отношение властных структур и
общественного мнения к отказам от обязательной
военной службы, в том числе и по пацифистским
убеждениям, было скорее негативным, чем пози-
тивным. Перечисленные выше обстоятельства
определили цель данной статьи – показать резуль-
таты исследования историографии проблем паци-
фистских воззрений и освобождения от воинской
повинности по убеждениям в Российской империи.
Исследования проблем пацифистских воззре-
ний и освобождения от воинской повинности по ре-
лигиозным убеждениям в Российской империи ста-
новятся актуальными вследствие следующих об-
стоятельств:
- С конца XVIII в. европейские идеи «вечного
мира» обретают благодатную почву и в России. Пе-
реводятся на русский язык соответствующие труды
западных мыслителей, доступными становятся их
проекты сохранения вечного мира. В Российской
империи начинает зарождаться пацифистское дви-
жение, базирующееся уже не на религиозных убеж-
дениях, а на идеях миротворчества, аморальности и
недопустимости любой войны, бесполезности
гонки вооружений. Первыми российскими пацифи-
стами становятся представители верхушки обще-
ства – государственные и общественные деятели,
юристы, экономисты.
- Демократические тенденции в развитии Рос-
сии и зарождение пацифистского движения способ-
ствовали более лояльному отношению государства
к лицам, чьи убеждения входили в противоречие с
прохождением военной службы. Высшей точкой
благоприятного влияния демократических тенден-
ций в России на положение лиц, чьи убеждения
8 Znanstvena misel journal №60/2021
были несовместимы с военной службой, при ца-
ризме стало рассмотрение III Государственной ду-
мой в 1912 г. вопроса о необходимости введения
альтернативной службы не только для меннонитов,
но и для всех лиц, отказывающихся по своим рели-
гиозным убеждениям брать в руки оружие.
- Признание за российскими меннонитами
права на освобождение от воинской повинности по
их религиозным пацифистским убеждениям и за-
мену на этом основании военной службы службой
альтернативной, т.е. наличие действующего инсти-
тута альтернативной службы.
В рамках дооктябрьского периода российской
истории был опубликован ряд работ, авторы кото-
рых исследовали вопросы соотношения войны и
мира, возможности предотвращения войн с исполь-
зованием правовых норм, экономические и соци-
альные последствия войн, разделяли при этом па-
цифистские воззрения в плане отрицания войн. К
таким работам в первую очередь следует отнести
труды В. Ф. Малиновского «Рассуждение о мире и
войне» (1803) [12] , Н. А. Заозерского «Отношение
св. Православной Церкви к миру и войне по учению
ее канонического права» (1896) [7], И. С. Блиоха
«Будущая война в техническом, экономическом и
политическом отношениях» (1898) [1], М. А. Таубе
«История зарождения современного международ-
ного права (средние века)» (1899) [17], «Христиан-
ство и международный мир» (1905) [18], В. М. Гес-
сена «О вечном мире» (1899) [6], М. А. Энгель-
гардта «Вечный мир и разоружение» (1899) [29], Л.
А. Комаровского «Международное право» (1905)
[10], В. В. Тенишева «Вечный мир и международ-
ный третейский суд» (1909) [19] и др.
В объемном 6-томном труде за авторством И.
С. Блиоха «Будущая война в техническом, эконо-
мическом и политическом отношениях», на основа-
нии анализа развития военной техники и вооруже-
ний в конце XIX века, прогноза ее возможных по-
следствий в различных сферах жизни общества,
был сделан вывод о губительности будущей войны,
независимо от ее исхода, как для России, так и для
других европейских стран. Данный труд приобрел
широкую известность в европейский странах, зна-
комcтво c ним Николая II способствовало созыву в
1899 г. Гаагской мирной конференции.
В исследовании М. А. Таубе «История зарож-
дения современного международного права (сред-
ние века)», изданном в 1899 г. целью ставилось
отображение картины вековой борьбы насилия и
произвола отдельных полуварварских еще госу-
дарств с возникающими началами мира и права. М.
А. Таубе особо подчеркивает: «В настоящее время,
когда идея международного мира более чем когда-
либо привлекает к себе внимание всего цивилизо-
ванного общества народов, и во главе этого гумани-
тарного движения стоит снова Россия… более
уместно и справедливо, чем когда-либо отдать
должное и труду давно минувших поколений, в
этой области мира и права между народами, труду,
без которого был бы немыслим международный
прогресс нашего времени» [17, с. 1].
В работах Н. А. Заозерского [7], М. А. Таубе
[18] и В. М. Гессена [6] отражены результаты изу-
чения проблемы трансформации христианских воз-
зрений на проблему войны и мира. В частности, М.
А. Таубе отмечает: «..война, считавшаяся в I – III
веках нашей эры безусловно недозволенною и про-
тивную самым основным началам христианства,
провозглашается теперь, в новой «христианской»
империи Рима (открывающей собой средние века),
чем-то совершенно независимым от этих начал»
[18, c. 6].
Исходя из рассматриваемой проблемы, отме-
тим специфичность исследования П. О. Бобров-
ского – генерала, военного историка. Данный автор
в работе «Уклонение от воинской службы» (1886)
описал историю отношения к уклонениям от воин-
ской повинности, независимо от их мотивации, от-
раженную в законах древнеримских, французских,
германских, шведских, а также русских с XVII века
[2].
Значимое место среди авторов дооктябрьского
периода российской истории занимает Л. Н. Тол-
стой. В своих многочисленных произведениях, от-
ражающих положения его религиозно-философ-
ского учения, Л. Н. Толстой доказывал не только
недопустимость насилия и любых войн, но и недо-
пустимость всего того, что могло способствовать
войнам, в частности – позитивному отношению к
военной службе. Л. Н. Толстой в своих работах вы-
сказывал одобрение пацифистским убеждениям
сектантов, поддержку их действий по отстаиванию
данных убеждений [20, 21, 22, 23]. Некоторые из
работ Л. Н. Толстого были обращены непосред-
ственно к военным: «Солдатская памятка» [26],
«Письмо к фельдфебелю» [25], «Офицерская па-
мятка» [24]. Основной смысл этих работ – ничто не
может служить оправданием убийства даже на
войне, в том числе и приказы начальства; ответ-
ственность всегда будет лежать на том, кто совер-
шил убийство. При этом еще большая доля ответ-
ственность за совершаемые убийства лежит на офи-
церах, поскольку именно они принуждают солдат к
совершению убийств и в отличии от солдат вы-
брали военную службу добровольно. Интерес к
данным работам усиливается и в связи с тем, что
эти работы при издании произведений Л. Н. Тол-
стого советское время нигде не публиковались.
В конце XIX начале ХХ веков в России увидел
свет ряд работ по проблеме религиозного сектант-
ства, именно их представители в большинстве
своем выступали носителями пацифистских воззре-
ний В связи с ростом его численности в Российской
империи данная проблема приобрела особую зна-
чимость и находит свое отражение в трудах В. Д.
Бонч-Бруевича [4], Т. И. Буткевича [5], М. А. Каль-
нева [8, 9], П. П. Оболенского [13], А. С. Пругавина
[15], А. Д. Ушинский [27], А. П. Щапова [28] и др.
В работе «О необходимости и способах всесто-
роннего изучения русского сектантства» написан-
ной публицистом-этнографом, историком, исследо-
вателем раскола русской церкви А. С. Пругавиным
и опубликованной в 1880 г. обосновывается необ-
ходимость всестороннего изучения сектантства как
Znanstvena misel journal №60/2021 9
одного из «… наиболее ярких, наиболее характер-
ных явлений народной жизни» [15, с.1], имеющее
«…огромное влияние как на умственный, так еще
более на нравственный строй жизни русского
народа…» [15, с.2]. Сектантство позиционируется
как раскол, при этом А. С. Пругавин отмечает «...
мы очень плохо знаем историю раскола и почти со-
всем не знаем его современного состояния» [15,
с.3]. В подтверждение этого приводится противоре-
чивая статистика раскола и предлагает программа
изучения сектантства, включающая в себя 76 во-
просов объединенных в восемь главных разделов
(рубрик). В работе А. С. Пругавина отражена зна-
чимая для проводимого исследования тенденция –
возбуждение «… в последнее время вопроса о рав-
ноправности русских сектантов…» [15, с. 21] о чем
сообщалось «… недавно почти во всех газетах…»
[15, с. 21]. Для А. С. Пругавина, как исследователя,
характерна скорее нейтральная позиция относи-
тельно религиозного сектантства, стремление к его
максимально объективному изучению.
Т. И. Буткевич – протоиерей, член Святейшего
Правительствующего Синода, в своем объемном
труде «Обзор русских сект и их толков» (1910) де-
монстрирует негативное отношение к религиоз-
ному сектантству. В частности, он отмечает: «…
секты появляются и развиваются только на почве
патологического состояния человеческого духа, по-
давленного похотями и страстями, а прежде всего
гордостью» [5, с. 12].
В отличие от многих авторов Российской им-
перии (в большинстве своем «духовных писате-
лей», как их именует А. С. Пругавин), позитивное
отношение к религиозным сектантам, их отрица-
нию военной службы отчетливо прослеживается в
статьях В. Д. Бонч-Бруевича, написанных им в до-
октябрьский период. Статьи вошли в сборник ста-
тей В. Д. Бонч-Бруевича «Из мира сектантов», из-
данный в 1922 г. [4]. Наиболее рельефно позиция В.
Д. Бонч-Бруевича относительно сектантов, их роли
в начавшейся Первой мировой войне, отражена в
статье из этого сборника «Сектанты и война». Ста-
тья впервые была опубликована в журнале «Совре-
менный мир» в декабре 1914 г. В статье, в частно-
сти, приводится выдержка из заявления молодых
сестер «духовных молокан»: «Мы, как духовные
христиане, отрицающие всякое убийство, не вда-
емся теперь в рассуждение, правы или не правы те
люди, которые, убивая других, сами пали от меча,
истекая кровью, но мы будем очень неправы если
встанем равнодушно в стороне и будем смотреть на
то, как около страдающих, помогая им, хлопочут
другие. Мы поэтому не только должны, но и обя-
заны принять посильное участие в труде по оказа-
нию помощи раненым» [4, с. 234]. Это воззвание
убежденных антимилитаристов возымело свое дей-
ствие во всей среде духовных христиан – духовных
молокан.
Из числа публикаций дооктябрьского периода
о российских сектантах особо выделим труды С. Д.
Бондаря [3], Г. Г. Писаревского [14], Д. Г Эппа [30]
и др. о секте меннонитов, поскольку именно мен-
нониты, вследствие своих пацифистских убежде-
ний, получили в Российской империи право на за-
мену военной службы службой альтернативной.
Самого пристального внимания заслуживает очерк
С. Д. Бондаря «Секта меннонитов в России (в связи
с историей немецкой колонизации на юге России)»
[3]. В данной публикации в числе других освеща-
ются вопросы воинской повинности меннонитов в
России начала ХХ века, раскрывается состояние и
организация лесных команд меннонитов, предна-
значенных для прохождения обязательной службы,
заменяющей для них воинскую повинность. С. Д.
Бондарь, в частности, отмечает: «В последнее
время взгляд на допустимость военной службы
начинает проникать и в сознание русских меннони-
тов. В настоящую войну некоторые молодые мен-
нониты поступили в действующую армию добро-
вольцами и некоторые из них пали смертью храб-
рых на поле брани» [3, с.97].
В плане прогрессивного отношения к про-
блеме освобождения от воинской повинности по
убеждениям в Российской империи начала ХХ века
показательна статья военного юриста В. А. Кузь-
мина-Караваева «Уклонение от воинской повинно-
сти», опубликованная в 1906 г. в литературно-поли-
тическом и историческом журнале «Вестник Ев-
ропы» [11]. В статье предлагался конкретный
порядок освобождения от военной службы по рели-
гиозным убеждениям, что указывает на актуаль-
ность проблемы такого освобождения в Российской
империи уже в начале ХХ века.
Таким, образом, исследование историографии
проблем пацифистских воззрений и освобождения
от воинской повинности по убеждениям в Россий-
ской империи позволяет сделать следующие вы-
воды:
- В Российской империи исследователями
были предприняты попытки обосновать возмож-
ность мирного сосуществования стран, тем самым
пацифистские воззрения получили дальнейшее раз-
витие, в том числе и в религиозно-философском
учении Л. Н. Толстого.
- Продолжена проработка проблемы трансфор-
мации христианских воззрений на проблему войны
и мира.
- Показана перманентность существования
проблемы уклонения от военной службы.
- В качестве актуальной признана и представ-
лена проблема религиозного сектантства в России
как характерного явления народной жизни. В этой
связи встает вопрос об официальном признании и
учете пацифистских убеждений религиозных сек-
тантов, в том числе и при призыве их на военную
службу.
- В работах, затрагивающих проблему россий-
ских менонитов, содержится описание созданного
для них института обязательной службы, являю-
щейся по сути прототипом современной альтерна-
тивной гражданской службы.
10 Znanstvena misel journal №60/2021
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Znanstvena misel journal №60/2021 11
JURISPRUDENCE
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NORMS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW INTO NATIONAL
LEGISLATION IN KAZAKHSTAN: HISTORY OF THE ISSUE
Seitova A.,
Master student of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University
Tlepina Sh.
Scientific supervisor – doctor of juridical science, Professor
Abstract
Sсientists differ in their views on the implementation of international law norms in the national legal system.
It can be said that this process is closely related to the history of international law. The implementation process
began with the maritime law during the Russian Empire, and the beginning of the implementation process in
Kazakhstan can be attributed to this period. Based on the passage of various historical periods, Kazakhstan after
gaining independence, the implementation of international law into our national law began to develop rapidly.
Keywords: implementation, international norms, national law, realization, development, international treaty,
the history of implementation.
The concept of “implementation” has become
widely used in international law due to the fact that, as
the professor of law Antonio Cassese said, “since the
second half of the twentieth century, national legal sys-
tems have begun to treat universal human values with
greater understanding and openness, and states are in-
creasingly willing to obey international law"[1, p.20].
In Western literature, the prevailing point of view is
that implementation in the general sense of the word is
understood as a process during which “national legal
systems bring international law into action.
Russian professor S.Y.Marochkin refuses to use
the word “implementation” and calls the process of
translating the norms of international law into the ac-
tion, activities of the state and other subjects as “reali-
zation”.
The interpretation of this concept from the side of
lawyers is very interesting. So, S.A. Radzhabov under-
stood implementation as the organizational and legal
activity of subjects of international law, which is under-
taken by them either independently (at the domestic
level) or jointly with other entities, aimed at the imple-
mentation of goals at the international level and at the
national level in within the framework of the imple-
mentation of the obligations assumed by the states [2,
p.85].
According to V.V. Milinchuk, implementation is
the transformation of an international instrument into
the policy of the state or its legislation [3, p.41]. O.V.
Belyanskaya and O.A. Pugina, by examining imple-
mentation from the prism of Russian legislation, came
to the conclusion, ‘implementation is "a set of proce-
dures and means that contribute to increasing the effec-
tiveness of the realization of human rights and free-
doms and the general legal culture of Russian soci-
ety"[4, p.15-18]. T.I. Kurnosova gave a very
"extended" interpretation - "implementation is a pro-
cess during the relevant subjects, to whom the norm is
addressed, act in accordance with its provisions"[5,
p.204].
The whole process of implementation of interna-
tional legal norms can be divided into two main parts.
Firstly, the state can include in its law norms referring
to the norms of international law, as a result, the latter
can act within the country. Secondly, the state can ac-
cept new norms of law, change or abolish existing ones,
fulfilling the prescriptions of international law, and
adapt them to the peculiarities of the legal system of the
state. The implementation mechanism consists not only
the adoption of legal procedures and institutions, as
well as of actions and methods for their realization, but
also includes social and legal phenomena.
The development and formation of the
implementation of international norms in domestic law
has always been the subject of research by many
scientists. This is primarily due to the fact that
international law, as a special legal system, takes shape
and develops with the emergence of states and the
emergence of a system of certain relations between
them. Year by year, the principles, generally binding
rights, and other fundamental norms began to spread to
an increasing number of states, affecting almost all
branches of modern development: economics, politics,
law, etc. Elements of international legal relations have
been formed since immemorial times. However, they
were mainly established in order to ensure the rights of
the victorious peoples. This was typical for the early
European states, but after that in XVI-XVII centuries
modern international law was born. M.A. Sarsembayev
notes that only in the Middle Ages such concepts as
sovereignty, neutrality, permanent embassies and con-
sulates appeared as prototypes of modern diplomatic
and consular missions [6, p.14-15].
We can suggest this genesis of the development of
the implementation of international law in national leg-
islation in the context of Russian law until the Inde-
pendence of Kazakhstan.
The period of empire (X c. - 1861). The initial
stage (in the slave-owning period, implementation did
not exist), the peculiarity of which is that the implemen-
tation of international law is just beginning to emerge
and this happens under the influence of the socio-cul-
tural factor, in which the state develops thanks to the
readiness of society and the activities of the ruler. Cul-
ture takes a significant part in the formation of law. An
important role is assigned to Peter I , who systematized
the military legal norms, created the Military Articles
of 1715 and the military regulations of 1716 and 1720,
12 Znanstvena misel journal №60/2021
which also touched upon some border issues. These
documents were drawn up on the basis of the regulatory
framework of developed European countries [7, p.24].
The first principles of international law are also
being implemented. For example, ´the principle of free-
dom of the open seas, which was greatly facilitated by
the Declaration of Armed Neutrality, proclaimed by
Russia on February 28, 1780, which required ensuring
freedom of maritime navigation for neutral states.
Based on this, various congresses were held: Congress
of Vienna 1814-1815. (gave rise to the emergence of
permanent neutrality of Switzerland, contributed to the
prohibition of the slave trade, the development of dip-
lomatic law, the establishment of the status of interna-
tional rivers), the Paris Congress of 1856 (prohibited
the seizure, plunder or sinking of ships of the belliger-
ent states, as well as neutral countries; declared the
Black Sea neutralized), etc.
The border issue basically affects the regime of
maritime spaces. In this period, the states could not
agree on the common use of the territorial sea. Some
countries (England, Venice, Genoa, Spain, Portugal)
offered to establish their sovereignty over coastal wa-
ters and parts of the waters, others (Netherlands,
France) all seas and oceans are common and should not
belong to any state. As a result, in the XIV century there
was published a collection of "Consolato del Mare"
("Sea collection"), containing the rules of neutrality,
provisions relating to military smuggling, and also es-
tablished the width of the territorial waters of the state.
2. Capitalist period (1861-1917). Issues of war
come to the first, and the law of war begins to acquire
modern features. Thus, bilateral and multilateral inter-
national agreements were concluded with Russia, and
the war itself ceased to play the role of a political phe-
nomenon and an act of armed struggle in a greater ex-
tent and it has become a legal process in which the
norms of law increasingly determine the method of
conducting it, the person and character, and thereby
create preconditions for a lasting peace [8, p.387].
Numerous forums and conferences were held on
the regulation of military operations (including in bor-
der areas), in which Russia became an active partici-
pant: the Geneva Conference of 1864, the St. Peters-
burg Conference of 1868, the Brussels Conference of
1867, the Hague Conferences of 1899 and 1907. The
result is the implementation of the norms of interna-
tional law into Russian law through the adoption of
such documents as the "Order of the Russian Army on
the laws and customs of land war", imperially approved
on July 14, 1904. This Order was included as annexes
to the Field Service Regulations in 1912. The socio-
economic factor assumed a successive role, in which
the economy becomes the basis of state development
and related elements: law, politics, etc. Capital deter-
mines in which direction the state needs to develop.
3. The modern period (from 1917 y.). The estab-
lished international organizations, including the United
Nations Organization (hereinafter referred to as the
UN), assume the role of a source of implementation.
According to N.V. Mironov, the history of Soviet law
testifies to the conscientious attitude of the Soviet state
to its international obligations and their harmonization
with national legislation [9, p.150]. Thus, the Constitu-
tion of the USSR enshrined 10 principles of the Final
Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in
Europe, on the basis of which relations between the
USSR and other states are built, including on border is-
sues. For example, the regulation of the jurisdiction of
the state when crimes are committed on board foreign
non-military ships during their stay in the territorial wa-
ters, internal waters and ports of the USSR10. The Rus-
sian Federation continued the practice of implementing
the norms of international law into its national legisla-
tion.
Considering the stages of implementation of inter-
national treaties in Imperial Russia and the USSR,
modern Russia, we were able to see the initial full pic-
ture of the process of implementation of international
law in Kazakhstan. Abaydeldinov E.M., Chief Re-
searcher of the Department of International Legislation
and Comparative and Legal Studies, distinguishes two
levels of implementation of the norms of international
law into national law in Kazakhstan:
a) generally determined the status, structure, goals
and direction of development of the regional associa-
tion;
b) forming modern legislation in the participating
states, in particular, in the Republic of Kazakhstan [10,
p.104-105].
The first level is the provisions of international
treaties on the establishment of the CIS, EAEU, the
Customs Union, the Common Economic Space (by
analogy with the law of the European Union - acts of
primary law). Belarusian researcher L.V. Pavlova be-
lieves that most agreements in the field of public inter-
national law are not suitable for direct application in the
national legal sphere (in other words, they cannot be
self-executing) [11, p.92]. If such a quality is inherent
in the norms of private international law due to their
accuracy, concreteness and focus on domestic regula-
tion, then the norms of public international law in the
vast majority are characterized by generalization, ab-
stractness of formulations, which allows them to be
used only in the sphere of interstate cooperation.
The second level of implementation is interna-
tional treaties adopted within the framework of a re-
gional organization in the development of the provi-
sions of the primary acts and recognized by the member
states (acts of secondary law). In the practice of states,
two main methods of national legal implementation are
used: the first is the publication of new, changed or abo-
lition of existing norms of national law in order to fulfill
international obligations.
The second is the reference of national law to in-
ternational, by virtue of which the provisions of the
norms of international law (treaty and (or) customary)
can have a direct effect within the country, in the sphere
of national law. Nowadays, the term "international leg-
islation" is becoming more and more established in sci-
entific literature and in practice, by which, first of all,
we mean the emerging supranational law in the form of
the Customs Code of the Customs Union, which has a
direct effect and does not require implementation.
And a lot of questions arise, some of which were
resolved in the Normative Decree of the Constitutional
Znanstvena misel journal №60/2021 13
Council of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated Novem-
ber 5, 2009. Let us recall that on October 7 of 2009, the
Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan received
an appeal from the Prime Minister of the Republic of
Kazakhstan on the official interpretation " norms of Ar-
ticle 4 of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakh-
stan in terms of the extension of the priority established
by this norm of the international treaties ratified by the
Republic over its laws and the directness of their appli-
cation to decisions of international organizations and
their bodies formed in accordance with such treaties. "
The reason for the appeal was the consideration by
the Government of the Republic of the issue of how to
implement in the territories of the member states of the
Agreement on the Commission of the Customs Union
of October 6, 2007 (hereinafter referred to as the Agree-
ment) decisions of the Commission of the Customs Un-
ion (hereinafter referred to as the Commission), which,
according to Article 7 of the Agreement, are binding for
the Parties [12].
Having considered the submitted materials, the
Constitutional Council of the Republic of Kazakhstan
noted in its Resolution that “on decisions of interna-
tional organizations and their organs formed in accord-
ance with international treaties of the Republic of Ka-
zakhstan (including the Commission of the Customs
Union, created in accordance with the Treaty on the
Commission of the Customs Union of October 6 2007,
ratified by the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated
June 24, 2008 No. 45-IV "On Ratification of the Agree-
ment on the Commission of the Customs Union"), the
provisions of Article 4 of the Constitution of the Re-
public of Kazakhstan on the priority of international
treaties ratified by the Republic of Kazakhstan over its
laws and the immediacy of the application of such de-
cisions apply; decisions of international organizations
and their organs, to which the Republic of Kazakhstan
is a party, may acquire the legal properties of an inter-
national treaty ratified by the Republic, in the case of a
direct indication of the binding nature of these deci-
sions for Kazakhstan in an international treaty ratified
by the Republic of Kazakhstan. " Very important points
of the cited Resolution are a number of the following
points: - according to paragraphs 1 and 2 of Article 4 of
the Basic Law, decisions of international organizations
and their organs formed in accordance with the interna-
tional law and comparative jurisprudence 105 treaties
of the Republic of Kazakhstan cannot contradict the
Constitution of the Republic Kazakhstan; - decisions of
international organizations and their bodies that violate
the provisions of paragraph 2 of Article 2 and paragraph
2 of Article 91 of the Constitution that the sovereignty
of the Republic extends to its entire territory and the
inadmissibility of changing the unitarity and territorial
the integrity of the state, the form of government of the
Republic; cannot be applied directly and, accordingly,
have priority over the regulatory legal acts of the
Republic of Kazakhstan, decisions of international
organizations and their organs that infringe on the
constitutional rights and freedoms of man and citizen.
The significance of this document is that it combines
both support for the integration processes, initiated by
Kazakhstan, and the position of unconditional
upholding and strengthening of the country's
sovereignty and protection of human rights.
In conclusion, the history of the implementation of
international law into national law is closely related to
the history of international law, and we can say that this
process in Kazakhstan originates from the Russian Em-
pire. Although, of course, during the times of the Ka-
zakh Khanate there were relations with other countries,
but Kazakhstan took part in this process as part of Rus-
sia, after the implementation of international law into
national legislation began in European countries. How-
ever, it can be said that this process has been intense
since independence.
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system of states // Belarusian Journal of International
Law and International Relations // http://beljour-
nal.by.ru/1999/3/P/1.shtml
12. On ratification of the Treaty on the Customs
Code of the customs union Law of the Republic of Ka-
zakhstan dated June 25, 2010 No. 293-IV.
14 Znanstvena misel journal №60/2021
MECHANISM of COMPENSATION FOR DAMAGE CAUSED BY ILLEGAL DECISIONS, ACTIONS
OR INACTION OF UKRAINIAN TAX AUTHORITIES
Duravkin P.
Ph.D., Associate Professor of Financial Law Department,
Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University, Kharkiv, Ukraine
Abstract
The article analyzes some aspects of the order of responsibility of tax authorities of Ukraine and their officials,
which was defined by the Law of Ukraine of January 16, 2020 № 466-IX "On Amendments to the Tax Code of
Ukraine to improve tax administration, eliminate technical and logical inconsistencies in tax legislation ".
Keywords: reparation; responsibility of tax authorities; responsibility of officials of tax authorities; tax of-
fense; illegal decisions, actions or inaction of public authorities and their officials; the right of recourse for damages
to the state budget.
According to Article 56 of the Constitution of
Ukraine [1], every person and citizen has the right to
compensation at the expense of the state or local self-
government bodies for material and moral damage
caused by illegal decisions, actions or inaction of state
authorities, local self-government bodies, in the exer-
cise of their powers. In turn, according to sub-clause
4.1.3 of clause 4.1 of Article 4 of the Tax Code of
Ukraine [2], one of the principles on which the tax leg-
islation of Ukraine is based is the inevitability of liabil-
ity under the law in case of violation of tax legislation.
Thus, in accordance with clause 109.1 of Article 109 of
the Tax Code of Ukraine [2], one of the manifestations
of a tax offense is an illegal, culpable (in cases ex-
pressly provided by this Code) act (action or inaction)
of tax authorities and / or their officials. In this case, in
accordance with clause 109.4 of Article 109 of the Tax
Code of Ukraine [2], tax authorities are responsible for
committing tax offenses, regardless of guilt. In turn, in
accordance with clause 110.3 of Article 110 of the Tax
Code of Ukraine [2], tax authorities are liable for tax
offenses by officials of such tax authorities in the form
of compensation to the person in respect of whom the
tax offense was committed, in accordance with Article
114 of this Code.
Thus, according to the first paragraph of clause
114.1 of Article 114 of the Tax Code of Ukraine [2], a
person whose rights and / or legitimate interests are vi-
olated has the right to compensation for damage caused
by illegal decisions, actions or inaction of tax authori-
ties, their officials. Similarly, in accordance with sub-
clause 17.1.11 of clause 17.1 of Article 17 of the Tax
Code of Ukraine [2], the taxpayer has the right to full
compensation for damage caused by illegal actions (in-
action) of tax authorities (their officials), in the manner
prescribed by law. In particular, in accordance with the
second paragraph of clause 114.1 of Article 114 of the
Tax Code of Ukraine [2], damage caused by illegal de-
cisions, actions or inaction of tax authorities, their offi-
cials, reimbursed by the state from the state budget re-
gardless of the fault of the tax authorities, its officials.
Similarly, in accordance with the provisions of clause
21.3 of Article 21 of the Tax Code of Ukraine [2], dam-
age caused to the taxpayer by illegal decisions, actions
or inaction of an official of a tax authority must be re-
imbursed from the state budget to finance this body, re-
gardless of the fault of that person.
In this regard, it should be noted that in accordance
with Part 1 of Article 1173 of the Civil Code of Ukraine
[3], damage caused to a natural or legal person by ille-
gal decisions, actions or inaction of a public authority
in the exercise of its powers is reimbursed by the state
regardless of the fault of this body. And according to
part 1 of article 1174 of the Civil code of Ukraine [3]
the damage caused to the physical or legal person by
illegal decisions, actions or inaction of the official of
public authority at exercise by it of the powers, is com-
pensated by the state irrespective of fault of this offi-
cial. In turn, in accordance with Part 3 of Article 147 of
the Commercial Code of Ukraine [4], damages caused
to a business entity (legal entity engaged in economic
activity and registered in the manner prescribed by law;
citizen of Ukraine, foreigner and stateless person en-
gaged in economic activity and registered in accord-
ance with the law as entrepreneurs) violation of his
property rights by public authorities, are reimbursed to
him in accordance with the law.
Thus, in the first paragraph of clause 114.2 of Ar-
ticle 114 of the Tax Code of Ukraine [2] it is noted that
the damage is reimbursed in full. However, the second
paragraph of clause 114.2 of Article 114 of the Tax
Code of Ukraine [2] states that the person whose rights
are violated, in the circumstances provided for in clause
128.2 of Article 128 of the Tax Code of Ukraine, has
the right to claim damages caused by wrongful deci-
sions, actions or inaction of tax authority, their offi-
cials, in the amount of one minimum wage established
as of the date of recognition of such decisions, actions
or inaction as illegal, in the manner prescribed by law.
In particular, in accordance with clause 128.2 of
Article 128 of the Tax Code of Ukraine [2] in the
amount of one minimum wage is compensated for dam-
age caused by:
1) unreasonable refusal to acquire, as well as un-
justified loss of the status of a taxpayer or a taxpayer of
one of the taxes, the acquisition and / or cancellation
(loss) of which occurs by decision of the tax authority;
2) violation of the terms of refund of budget reim-
bursement, as a result of failure to enter or late entry of
data in the Register of applications for refund of budget
reimbursement and / or as a result of violation of dead-
lines for in-house inspection provided for in clause
200.10 of Article 200 of the Tax Code of Ukraine, as
well as the audit provided for in clause 200.11 of Arti-
cle 200 of the Tax Code of Ukraine;
Znanstvena misel journal №60/2021 15
3) decision-making by officials of the tax author-
ity on the use of property, funds, property rights speci-
fied in clause 87.3 of Article 87 of the Tax Code of
Ukraine as a source of repayment of a monetary obli-
gation or tax debt of a taxpayer;
4) obstruction by officials of the tax authority of
the release of the taxpayer's property from the regime
of temporary detention (in accordance with clauses
94.7-94.9 of Article 94 of the Tax Code of Ukraine);
5) illegal use by officials of the tax authority of
seizure of property or funds in the accounts of
6) unreasonable input by officials of the tax au-
thority of data on the existence of the taxpayer's tax
debt or untimely submission or non-submission of data
on the absence of the taxpayer's tax debt.
Thus, according to the third paragraph of clause
114.2 of Article 114 of the Tax Code of Ukraine [2], in
these cases, damage to more than one minimum wage
is not reimbursable. In this case, according to the last
sentence of the second paragraph of clause 114.2 of Ar-
ticle 114 of the Tax Code of Ukraine [2] in this case is
subject to proof only the illegality of decisions, actions
or inaction of tax authorities, their officials in relation
to the taxpayer.
Therefore, according to the circumstances speci-
fied in clause 128.2 of Article 128 of the Tax Code of
Ukraine, the amount of damage is one minimum wage
set on the date of recognition of decisions, actions or
inaction of tax authorities, their officials illegal. In this
case, no more than one minimum wage is subject to
compensation, only if the taxpayer exercised the right
provided for in the second paragraph of clause 114.2 of
Article 114 of the Tax Code of Ukraine and decided to
prove only the illegality of decisions, actions or inac-
tion of tax authorities, their officials persons (paragraph
two of clause 114.2 of Article 114 of the Tax Code of
Ukraine) or only the fact that they committed an offense
(paragraph one of clause 128.2 of Article 128 of the Tax
Code of Ukraine). In case when the taxpayer has not
filed a claim for damages in the amount of one mini-
mum wage in accordance with the second paragraph of
clause 114.2 of Article 114 of the Tax Code of Ukraine,
he may claim full compensation in the manner pre-
scribed by the law on compensation.
The qualitative composition of the damage to be
reimbursed in full is reflected in clause 114.3 of Article
114 of the Tax Code of Ukraine [2], in particular - it is:
1) the value of the taxpayer's lost, damaged or de-
stroyed property, determined in accordance with the re-
quirements of the legislation (sub-clause 114.3.1 of
clause 114.3 of Article 114 of the Tax Code of
Ukraine);
2) additional costs incurred by the taxpayer as a
result of illegal decisions, actions or inaction of tax au-
thorities, their officials, namely: a) penalties paid to the
taxpayer's counterparties; b) cost of additional works,
services, additional consumables; c) etc. (sub-clause
114.3.2 of clause 114.3 of Article 114 of the Tax Code
of Ukraine);
3) documented costs related to the administrative
and / or judicial appeal of illegal decisions, actions or
inaction of tax authorities, their officials, in particular:
a) legal support not related to the protection provided
by a lawyer; b) business trips of employees or repre-
sentatives of the taxpayer; c) involvement of experts; d)
obtaining the necessary evidence; e) making copies of
documents; f) etc. However, the amount of compensa-
tion for such damage shall not exceed fifty times the
minimum wage established on the first of January of
the calendar year in which the relevant court decision
or the decision of another body, in cases provided by
law (sub-clause 114.3.1 of clause 114.3 of Article 114
of the Tax Code of Ukraine).
In turn, it is important to take into account that ac-
cording to clause 114.4 of Article 114 of the Tax Code
of Ukraine [2], the damage caused to the taxpayer as a
result of a tax offense by the tax authority is reimbursed
by a court decision. In particular, in accordance with
clause 6 of part 1 of Article 5 of the Code of Adminis-
trative Proceedings of Ukraine [5], every person has the
right in the manner prescribed by this Code to apply to
the administrative court if he considers that the deci-
sion, action or inaction of the subject violated his rights,
freedoms or legitimate interests, and request their pro-
tection by the court taking one of the decisions referred
to in paragraphs 1-4 of this part and recovery from the
defendant - the subject of power funds to compensate
for damage caused by his wrongful decisions, actions
or inaction. In this case, according to clause 13 of part
2 of Article 3 of the Law of Ukraine "On Judicial Fees"
court fees are not charged for filing a claim for damages
caused to a person by illegal decisions, actions or inac-
tion of a public authority, its official subject.
In turn, in accordance with clause 3 of part 5 of
Article 160 of the Code of Administrative Proceedings
of Ukraine [5] in the statement of claim indicates the
price of the claim, reasonable calculation of the amount
charged - if the statement of claim contains claims for
damages caused by the contested decision, actions, in-
action of the subject of power. Thus, in accordance with
Part 5 of Article 21 of the Code of Administrative Pro-
ceedings of Ukraine [5], claims for damages caused by
illegal decisions, actions or inaction of the subject of
power are considered by the administrative court if they
are filed in the same proceedings with a requirement to
resolve a public dispute. Otherwise, such requirements
are resolved by the courts in civil or commercial pro-
ceedings.
It is also important to recall that in accordance
with the second paragraph of clause 114.1 of Article
114 of the Tax Code of Ukraine [2], damage caused by
illegal decisions, actions or inaction of tax authorities,
their officials is reimbursed by the state budget. Simi-
larly, in accordance with the provisions of clause 21.3
of Article 21 of the Tax Code of Ukraine [2], damage
caused to the taxpayer by illegal decisions, actions or
inaction of an official of the tax authority must be re-
imbursed from the state budget that finance this body.
Thus, in accordance with Part 2 of Article 25 of the
Budget Code of Ukraine [6], compensation under the
law for damage caused to a natural or legal person as a
result of illegal decisions, actions or inaction of public
authorities, as well as their officials in the exercise of
their powers, carried out by the state in the manner pre-
scribed by law. In particular, according to sub-clause 2
of clause 9 of section VI of the Budget Code of Ukraine
16 Znanstvena misel journal №60/2021
[6], compensation under the law for damage caused to
a natural or legal person as a result of illegal decisions,
actions or inaction of public authorities and their offi-
cials in exercising their powers carried out by the state
at the expense of the state budget within budget alloca-
tions by a court decision in the amount not exceeding
the amount of real losses, in the manner prescribed by
the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. In accordance with
clause 21.4 of Article 21 of the Tax Code of Ukraine
[2], an official of the tax authority is liable to the state
in recourse in the amount of compensation paid from
the budget for illegal decisions, actions or inaction of
this official.
In turn, in accordance with sub-clause 10 of clause
9 of section VI of the Budget Code of Ukraine [6], of-
ficials whose actions caused damage, reimbursed from
the budget, are civil, administrative and criminal liabil-
ity under the law. In the case of establishing in the ac-
tions of an official of a public authority a criminal of-
fense under a court conviction against him, which has
entered into force, only such a person can be claimed
by individuals and legal entities for compensation for
lost property gain and non-pecuniary damage in the
prescribed manner. In case of establishment in the ac-
tions of an official of a public authority of a criminal
offense under a court conviction against him, which has
entered into force, public authorities in the manner pre-
scribed by law exercise the right of recourse (regres-
sion) to this person for damages to the state budget, in
the amount of compensation paid, unless otherwise pro-
vided by law. Public authorities after execution of court
decisions on recovery of funds from accounts on which
state budget funds are accounted, in the cases specified
in this clause, conduct an official investigation into the
officials involved in these bodies, if the court decision
is not established in the actions of officials composition
of a criminal offense. Based on the results of the official
investigation, the state authorities and the Treasury of
Ukraine within one month may apply to the court with
a claim for damages to the state budget, with a claim
(regression) in the amount of compensation paid to of-
ficials of these bodies, guilty of causing damages (ex-
cept for compensation for benefits related to employ-
ment and compensation for non-pecuniary damage). If
the losses inflicted by the state budget are the result of
joint actions or inactivity of several officials that led to
the task of harm to individuals or legal entities, such
officials carry solidarity responsibility in accordance
with the Civil Code of Ukraine and other legislative
acts of Ukraine.
Conclusion
Consequently, the tax authorities of Ukraine are
responsible for the commission of tax offenses to their
officials - by reimbursement of taxpayers of damage
caused by such offenses. In addition, such a damage is
reimbursed by the court decision at the expense of the
state budget, within the limits of the budget appoint-
ments provided for financing this body, in the amount
not exceeding the amounts of real damage, regardless
of the fault of the tax authority and / or its officials. In
turn, the official of the tax authority bears responsibility
in the order of regression in the amount paid from the
budget reimbursement.
It is a damage to be compensated in full size, with
the exception of the claim by the taxpayer requirements
for damages in the amount of one minimum wage, in
circumstances provided for in clause 128.2 of Article
128 of the Tax Code of Ukraine. To obtain compensa-
tion for damage - the taxpayer must apply to an admin-
istrative court with a lawsuit against the tax authority,
unlawful decisions, actions or inaction of which and /
or officials whose taxpayers were damaged. In a law-
suit, it is necessary to indicate a substantiated calcula-
tion of the amount that is charged within a reimburse-
ment requirement. And the requirements for compensa-
tion for damages should be declared in one proceeding
with a requirement to solve public-law disputes, other-
wise such requirements will be subject to a solution in
the order of civil or commercial justice.
References
1. The Constitution of Ukraine of June 28, 1996,
№ 254к/96-ВР. URL:
https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/254к/96-
вр?lang=en#Text.
2. The Tax Code of Ukraine of December 2,
2010, № 2755-VI. URL:
https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2755-
17?lang=en#Text.
3. The Civil Code of Ukraine of January 16,
2003, № 435=IV. URL:
https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/435-
15?lang=en#Text.
4. The Commercial Code of Ukraine of January
16, 2003, № 436=IV. URL:
https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/436-
15?lang=en#Text.
5. The Code of Administrative Proceedings of
Ukraine of July 6, 2005, № 2747-IV. URL:
https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2747-
15?lang=en#Text.
6. The Budget Code of Ukraine of July 8, 2010,
№ 2456-VI. URL:
https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2456-
17?lang=en#Text.
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Znanstvena misel journal №60 2021 Vol 2

  • 1. №60/2021 Znanstvena misel journal The journal is registered and published in Slovenia. ISSN 3124-1123 VOL.2 The frequency of publication – 12 times per year. Journal is published in Slovenian, English, Polish, Russian, Ukrainian. The format of the journal is A4, coated paper, matte laminated cover. All articles are reviewed Edition of journal does not carry responsibility for the materials published in a journal. Sending the article to the editorial the author confirms it’s uniqueness and takes full responsibility for possible consequences for breaking copyright laws Free access to the electronic version of journal Chief Editor – Christoph Machek The executive secretary - Damian Gerbec Dragan Tsallaev — PhD, senior researcher, professor Dorothea Sabash — PhD, senior researcher Vatsdav Blažek — candidate of philological sciences Philip Matoušek — doctor of pedagogical sciences, professor Alicja Antczak — Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Professor Katarzyna Brzozowski — PhD, associate professor Roman Guryev — MD, Professor Stepan Filippov — Doctor of Social Sciences, Associate Professor Dmytro Teliga — Senior Lecturer, Department of Humanitarian and Economic Sciences Anastasia Plahtiy — Doctor of Economics, professor Znanstvena misel journal Slovenska cesta 8, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia Email: info@znanstvena-journal.com Website: www.znanstvena-journal.com
  • 2. CONTENT ARTS Nikoltsev I. RUSSIAN AND EUROPEAN IN SERGEY TANEYEV'S WORK..........................................................................3 CULTURAL SCIENCES Kashey A., Dosumova A., Zakiriyanova Zh. MUSICAL ART OF THE KAZAKH PEOPLE.......................5 HISTORICAL SCIENCES Stvolygin K. HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE PROBLEMS OF PACIFIST VIEWS AND CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTION TO MILITARY SERVICE IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE...............7 JURISPRUDENCE Seitova A., Tlepina Sh. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NORMS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW INTO NATIONAL LEGISLATION IN KAZAKHSTAN: HISTORY OF THE ISSUE..................11 Duravkin P. MECHANISM of COMPENSATION FOR DAMAGE CAUSED BY ILLEGAL DECISIONS, ACTIONS OR INACTION OF UKRAINIAN TAX AUTHORITIES ...........14 PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCE Zaskaleta S., Buglay N. IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERDISCIPLINARY CONNECTIONS IN THE PROCESS OF STUDYING SOCIAL AND HUMANITARIAN DISCIPLINES ...........................17 Skaskiv L., Martynenko V. SOME FEATURES OF THE STUDY METHODOLOGY VECTOR METHOD AND COORDINATE METHOD .......19 Yarova O., Shapovalyuk L. METHODS OF STUDYING COMBINATORICS AND PROBABILITY THEORY IN THE SCHOOL COURSE OF MATHEMATICS..........................................................22 PHILOLOGY Baryshevskaya A. TOPONYMS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS IN THE ONOMASTIC SYSTEM ................................................25 Moroz A. THE FRENCH LANGUAGE AND CULTURE FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF RUSSIANS DURING THE CRIMEAN WAR (1853-1856) (LINGUOIMAGOLOGICAL ASPECT).....................................................................27 Rogozhnikova T. GRAMMATIC STANDARD AS A STABILIZING FACTOR OF REGIONAL DOCUMENT CIRCULATION AT THE BORDER OF THE XVII-XVIII CENTURIES......................31 PHILOSOPHICAL SCIENCES Yarmolitska N., Gan K. RESEARCH OF RECEPTIONS OF KEY IDEAS OF ANCIENT CHINESE PHILOSOPHY IN UKRAINIAN PHILOSOPHY OF THE LATE 19th CENTURY (BASED ON SCIENTIFIC HERITAGE OF O. NOVITSKY)......................................35 SOCIAL SCIENCES Yarovaya M. EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT AS A TOOL FOR MOTIVATING EMPLOYEES IN AN ORGANIZATION ....41
  • 3. Znanstvena misel journal №60/2021 3 ARTS РУССКОЕ И ЕВРОПЕЙСКОЕ В ТВОРЧЕСТВЕ ТАНЕЕВА Никольцев И.Д. кандидат искусствоведения, доцент кафедры теории и истории музыки Военного института (военных дирижёров) Военного университета, Москва RUSSIAN AND EUROPEAN IN SERGEY TANEYEV'S WORK Nikoltsev I. PhD, Associate Professor of the Department of Theory and History of Music of the Institute of Military Conductors, Moscow Аннотация Девятнадцатый век — эпоха бурного развития русской музыки. В это время особенно явственно про- явились две основные тенденции: стремление к развитию самобытной русской национальной культуры и освоение европейского опыта в данной области. Деятели культуры разделились на «славянофилов» и «за- падников». Мимо их «борьбы» не прошёл и Сергей Иванович Танеев. Его творчество отличает историзм, ассимиляция стилей и техник западноевропейской музыки. В этом плане он пошёл дальше своих совре- менников — Рубинштейна, Чайковского, Римского-Корсакова. Вместе с тем, Танеев осознавал себя рус- ским художником. Размышления на эту тему мы можем увидеть в его работе «Что делать русским компо- зиторам». Abstract The nineteenth century is the era of the rapid development of Russian music. At this time, two main tendencies were especially clearly manifested: the desire to develop an original Russian national culture and the assimilation of European experience in this area. Cultural figures were divided into "Slavophiles" and "Westernizers". Sergei Ivanovich Taneev did not pass by their dispute either. His music is distinguished by historicism, assimilation of styles and techniques of Western European music. In this regard, he went further than his contemporaries - Rubin- stein, Tchaikovsky, Rimsky-Korsakov. At the same time, Taneyev saw himself as a Russian artist. Reflections on this topic can be seen in his work "What should Russian composers do". Ключевые слова: русская музыка, европейская музыка, Танеев, Глинка, влияние, полифония. Keywords: Russian music, European music, Taneyev, Glinka, influence, polyphony. В русской музыке второй половины XIX века возникла очень сильная почвенническая тенденция, смысл которой заключался в созидании и отстаива- нии национально-самобытного музыкального стиля. Композиторы «Новой русской школы» и Петр Чайковский, а впоследствии их младшие со- временники, несмотря на известную несхожесть творческих позиций, с особым воодушевлением утверждали свою принадлежность именно рус- скому искусству, причем всем им приходилось в той или иной мере пробиваться через толщу ино- странной музыки, прочно обосновавшейся в рус- ских городах. Вместе с тем, осознавая себя глубоко русскими художниками, отечественные композиторы неиз- менно противостояли национальному изоляцио- низму, ощущали его опасность. Они всегда высту- пали как наследники и носители крупных, общече- ловеческих духовных ценностей, их музыкальное мышление было тесно связано с общеевропейским. В среде русских музыкантов существовало понима- ние необходимости широких, межнациональных стилистических обобщений. Без этого музыка как искусство большого обобщающего значения про- сто не могла существовать. Этой теме уже был по- священ ряд наших статей [1, 3, 4, 5]. Еще Глинка одну из важнейших задач видел в том, чтобы «свя- зать фугу западную с условиями нашей музыки узами законного брака» [6, с. 59]. Однако во второй половине XIX века интегративная тенденция возро- дилась на другой основе. Именно в эту эпоху про- изошло значительное расширение географического кругозора европейцев. Географическая широта взгляда на мир обогатилась новым феноменом ис- торизированного сознания, воспринимающего дей- ствительность в далекой исторической перспек- тиве. В этой ситуации возникло такое явление в ми- ровой музыке, как историко-географический плюрализм стилистических источников, который сосуществовал с другой отличительной чертой ис- кусства XIX века — образованием автономных национальных композиторских школ. Такой кон- текст побуждает нас видеть русских композиторов не просто пассивно или даже активно воспринима- ющими инородный музыкальный материал, а про- возглашающими своим творчеством идею вклю- ченности русского искусства в мировой историко- культурный процесс. Эта интегративная тенденция нашла в России второй половины XIX века благо- приятные условия для своего развития. К этому времени русская музыка уже успела накопить опре- деленный опыт общения с иностранными культу- рами — итальянской, французской, немецкой, ис- панской. Созрели предпосылки для органичного стилистического синтеза. В России уже утверди-
  • 4. 4 Znanstvena misel journal №60/2021 лась национальная ветвь общеевропейского роман- тического течения. Большую роль сыграла органи- зация Антоном Рубинштейном консерваторий в Пе- тербурге и Москве, одной из задач которых была подготовка музыкантов, имеющих общеевропей- ский художественный кругозор. Творчество Танеева можно рассматривать как предтечу неоклассицизма — самого обширного те- чения общеевропейской музыки XX века. Путь к неоклассицизму неизбежно пролегал через даль- нейшее расширение историко-стилистической и национальной базы русской музыки. Танеев обра- тился к музыке композиторов нидерландской школы, Генделя и Баха, венских классиков, а также Антона Брукнера, Макса Регера, Цезаря Франка, Венсана д’Энди. Такое произведение Танеева, как опера-трилогия «Орестея» имеет свои прообразы в творчестве Глюка, Бетховена, Бизе, Верди. Танеев, не порывая с русскими национальными истоками своей музыки, ставит акцент на общечеловеческих духовных ценностях. Важнейшей чертой художественного самосо- знания у Танеева, как впоследствии и у Сергея Рах- манинова, становится историзм. Ассимиляция сти- лей прошлых музыкально-исторических эпох при- водит к тому, что в творчестве Танеева возникает «хронологически-спрессованная» [2, с. 9] история музыки. В контексте нашей темы важно, что эта ис- тория показана в широком национально-географи- ческом срезе. Здесь видится большое отличие от Брамса, композитора в целом близкого Танееву по ориентации. Брамс и Танеев каждый по-своему воз- вышали классическую традицию на этапе позднего романтизма. Однако Брамс больше тяготел именно к отечественной, немецкой музыке, тогда как Та- неев стремится унаследовать более разнородный музыкально-исторический материал. Особое значение Танеев придавал овладению полифонической техникой (как бы параллельно с Римским-Корсаковым, но по разному поводу). В творческом архиве Танеева сохранились задачи в строгом стиле в церковных ладах (тридцать две фуги); упражнения в двойном контрапункте, где в качестве cantus firmus’a была русская песня (140 не- больших задач); аналогичные упражнения, где в ка- честве cantus firmus’a использовались мелодии из православных церковных сборников. 11 февраля 1880 года Танеев написал любопытное эксперимен- тального характера произведение: «Нидерландская фантазия на русскую тему» (60 тактов), которая представляет собой 12-голосную обработку песни «Сидит наша гостинька» (№ 12 из сборника Бала- кирева) без поэтического текста. К началу 1879 года «лабораторные» опыты Та- неева по сращиванию разнонациональных культур привели к рождению художественно-теоретиче- ской декларации: «Что делать русским композито- рам». В ней он считает необходимым «приложить к русской песне ту работу мысли, которая была при- ложена к песне западных народов ... Начать с эле- ментарных контрапунктических форм, переходить к более сложным, выработать форму русской фуги, а тогда до сложных инструментальных форм один шаг. Европейцам на это понадобилось несколько столетий, нам время значительно сократится» [2, c. 40]. Здесь можно увидеть переклички с идеями Глинки. Людмила Корабельникова пишет, что «выдви- жение художественных норм строгого стиля в каче- стве основы творчества русских композиторов — представителей культуры, уже давшей образцы претворения и классицистских, и романтических тенденций — было задачей и умозрительной, и вне- исторической» [2, c. 41]. Тем не менее здесь важна сама мысль о приме- нимости строгого стиля к отечественному мелосу. Так, Герман Ларош находил языковую общность западно- и восточноевропейских древних напевов. Все они «основаны на диатонической гамме, при- держиваются так называемых церковных ладов, по- стоянно избегают некоторых интервалов, отлича- ются большой свободой и разнообразием ритма. Но все эти признаки мы находим и у русских народных песен» [2, c. 41]. Развивая идеи Лароша, Владимир Протопопов писал: «Обобщения столь различных музыкально-стилистических направлений можно было достигнуть лишь на основе использования и переработки тех общих моментов, которые суще- ствуют между этими направлениями» [2, c. 254]. Таким образом, Танеев вплотную подходит к идее художественного плюрализма. Список литературы 1. Гнилов Б.Г., Никольцев И.Д. О некоторых аспектах влияния западноевропейской музыки на творчество Сергея Рахманинова // Философия и культура №7/2021. С. 75–85. 2. Корабельникова Л.З. Творчество С.И. Та- неева. М.: Музыка, 1986. 3. Никольцев И.Д. Русское и европейское в музыке Балакирева // Znanstvena misel journal №58/2021. С. 3–4. 4. Никольцев И.Д. Русское и европейское в музыке Модеста Мусоргского // Znanstvena misel journal №59/2021. С. 3–5. 5. Никольцев И.Д. Русское и европейское в творческой деятельности Антона Рубинштейна // Norwegian Journal of development of the International Science №69/2021. Vol. 2. С. 3–4. 6. Протопопов В.В. История полифонии. Вып. 5. Полифония в русской музыке XVII – начала XX века. М.: Музыка, 1987.
  • 5. Znanstvena misel journal №60/2021 5 CULTURAL SCIENCES MUSICAL ART OF THE KAZAKH PEOPLE Kashey A., Master, Lecturer, East Kazakhstan University named after Sarsen Amanzholov, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan Dosumova A., Master, Assistant, Sarsen Amanzholov East Kazakhstan University, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan Zakiriyanova Zh. Senior Lecturer, East Kazakhstan University named after Sarsen Amanzholov, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan Abstract The article deals with the issues of the musical art of the Kazakh people, the origins of which lie in the deepest antiquity. The original musical art of Kazakhstan is an integral part of the multinational culture of our country. The distant ancestors of the Kazakhs created a rich musical heritage: kyuis, songs, dances, original musical and poetic traditions, which were inherited by the modern Kazakh people. In our time, the task of forming the spiritual world of a person of the third millennium, the revival and flourishing of the cultural traditions of the peoples of Kazakhstan is especially acute. Therefore, today the value and significance of the propaganda of folk art is in- creasing, contributing to the development of the spiritual culture of people. Keywords: Folk music, musical, instruments, dance art, multinational culture. Folk musical creativity. Music was an integral part of the spiritual culture of the Kazakh people, which was associated with their daily life and work. In folk music, solo instrumental music and solo singing became widespread, ensembles and duets did not enjoy interest. Consequently, mono- phonic songs and kyuis became the main types of folk art. The instrumental fund contained more than 20 dif- ferent musical instruments, some of them, having un- dergone improvements, have come down to us. These are sherter, zhetygen, saz syrnay, kepshik, shankobyz, dangyra, asatayak. Others gradually disappeared. All holidays, councils of aksakals, transitions to zhailau (summer) and return to wintering were accom- panied by songs; eagles and outstanding horses were famous in verses, and the messengers walked through the villages, reported important news in songs. Music was ubiquitous in a woman's life in everyday life - dur- ing the making of yurts, when they spun wool and weaved carpets, milked cows or felted felt when they lulled babies. The tradition of condolences to the family of the deceased, the message of good news and congrat- ulations were also expressed in songs. Musical works were varied in content and com- plexity. Songs performed during labor processes and everyday rituals (joyful events, funerals), as well as lullabies and children's songs were distinguished by their laconicism, spectacular melodic melodies, and tra- ditional text content. They were performed by all the people. And the melodies of songs and kyuis on lyrical and social themes, historical epic and legendary plots, had a wide range of alternating complex rhythmic structures. They were included in the repertoire of pro- fessionals who, depending on the theme of the works they performed, were called “akyn”, “zhyrau” or “zhyrshy” (a praiser of epics, legends, history), “nshi” or “kuyshi”, a poet or storyteller, etc. Talent profes- sional musical figures manifested itself in special pub- lic aitys. Such musical and poetic competitions were held at weddings, in connection with the transition to zhailau, during the birth of a baby and other family joys. The winners were presented with valuable gifts, special honors, honorary titles "sal", "seri" were added to the names of the most prominent; their fame quickly spread throughout the villages; they were received eve- rywhere with great respect. Musical instruments The main instruments of the Kazakh people are dombira, kobyz and sybyzgy. Dombra is a two-stringed (less often three- stringed) instrument made of wood, designed for pluck- ing sound. Dombra is a flat triangular (pear-shaped) or quadrangular (trapezoidal) instrument with an elon- gated body. Strings are stretched along the neck, which are slightly lifted by a stand located on the soundboard of the instrument. Dombra is a widespread instrument, the soft sound of which is produced by pinching or blowing the hand. Kobyz is a bowed instrument loved by the people. Kobyz or kylkobyz is a two-stringed instrument with a hollow wooden body and a handle curved inward. The neck of the kobyz is curved, the body is bucket-shaped and hollow, the surface is open, and the inside is cov- ered with leather. Two kobyz strings and a bow-shaped bow are made of horsehair. Sybyzgy is a wind instrument made of hollow reed or soft wood, has four holes for playing with your fin- gers. The sound made by the chest instrument is some- what sad. Sybyzgy is also one of the instruments that have been common among Kazakhs since ancient times. It is comfortable to wear constantly, for which it has become a favorite tool of shepherds. Dauylpaz is a small, cauldron-shaped percussion instrument made of wood or metal, covered with leather.
  • 6. 6 Znanstvena misel journal №60/2021 The famous dictionary of the 11th century scien- tist Mahmud Kashkari Divan Lugat at-Türk contains the names of kobyz and sybyzgy. This indicates that the history of the origin of kobyz and sybyzgy has ancient roots. Songs, cui The Kazakh people are one of the richest peoples in songs and kyuis. Researchers of the Kazakh musical culture of the 19th century recorded thousands of songs, five hundred kyuis. Kazakh musical culture de- veloped from era to era, the people were very savvy in terms of improvisation and virtuosity in performing works. Kazakh poets, zhyrau, poets and singers per- formed songs on dombra, composing poems and po- ems. Epic or historical dastans were performed slowly, soulfully, while lyrical songs sounded cheerful, perky and varied. The works of folk musicians, created to be performed with musical instruments on epic, historical, fairytale and everyday themes, are called "kui". Kui is not accompanied by a voice, it is performed only on the instrument. Each kyui has its own legends and stories. Before the start of the performance, the kuishy usually briefly described the content of the work. Kazakh kyuis are diverse, they include the sound of a wave, a night- ingale song, a storm, hooves, various natural phenom- ena and moods. For example, in the ancient kyue "Boztorgai" (Sparrow), the mother of the chicks fiercely protects her child from the predator of the snake. To the sounds of dombra, one can hear the chicks chirping, snake hiss, the flutter of the wings of the Mother Sparrow, and, finally, the last cry of a mother who fell into the mouth of a snake, thus sacri- ficing her life to save the birds. The Kazakh epic "Aksak Kulan" is a kui of the 13th century of the era of Genghis Khan. As the legend says: the eldest son of Genghis Khan, Jochi Khan, hunts and dies in pursuit of a wounded lame kulan. Feeling this, the father threatens the one who brought the bad news to pour molten lead down his throat as punish- ment. Knowing about the cruelty of the khan, no one dares to tell him about the tragedy that happened. The khan, angry with the expectation, becomes even more angry. In an effort to alleviate the suffering of the people, the Kuyshi of the Naiman tribe, Kerbuga, conveyed this news to Genghis Khan in a Kui called "Aksak Kulan". Genghis Khan pours lead into the dombra. This kyui symbolizes the Khan's cruelty, various experiences and heavy torments of the people, and also conveys his hunting life. Thus, each of the kyuis is based on legends and sagas. Dance art. Kazakh dances reflect the life, customs, mood of the people. Kazakh dances "Kara Zhorga", "Orteke", "Ayu bii", "Dauylpaz" and others are a way of Kazakh life, reflecting the life of cattle breeding and hunting. In the dance "Kara Zhorga" the performer imitates the gait of a horse, the dance "Dauylpaz" reflects the beauty, grace and perfection of such birds as falcons, hawks, swans, and conveys their hunting behavior. Dances are usually performed at celebrations and weddings. In ancient times, girls and boys danced around bonfires in the steppe, when they guarded the cattle during the night. Even earlier, some dances were performed on horseback. The dancers could start danc- ing on the ground, continue on a horse, alternately jumping and climbing now to the left, now to the right, and finish the dance while standing on a horse. Per- forming such dances required great skill from the per- former, who could make the horse dance too. Such dances were dominated by artistry and sportsmanship. The musical art of Kazakhstan, whose origins date back to antiquity, is an important cultural component of the country. Instruments created by the people, folded songs and kyuis, dances, reveal the special world of the Kazakh people, are an expression of feelings and thoughts, testify to the extraordinary connection of a person with nature, with the environment in which he lived and worked. References 1. History of Kazakh art. In 3 volumes. Almaty, "Arda", 2007. - Volume 1. 2. Culturology. History of world culture: Text- book for universities / Ed. prof. A.N. Makarova. - 2nd ed., Stereotype. - M.: UNITY-DANA, 2008. 3. S.A. Elamanova, G. N. Omarova, S. Sh. Raiym- bergenova, P.Sh. Shegebaev. Kazakh musical literature / Textbook. - Second edition. - Astana: 2006 4. Erzakovich B.G. Family ritual songs. History of Kazakh music: In 2 volumes - T. I: Traditional music of the Kazakh people: song and instrumental / Edited by T. Dzhumalieva, A. Temirbekova - Almaty: Gylym, 2000.
  • 7. Znanstvena misel journal №60/2021 7 HISTORICAL SCIENCES ИСТОРИОГРАФИЯ ПРОБЛЕМ ПАЦИФИСТСКИХ ВОЗЗРЕНИЙ И ОСВОБОЖДЕНИЯ ОТ ВОИНСКОЙ ПОВИННОСТИ ПО УБЕЖДЕНИЯМ В РОССИЙСКОЙ ИМПЕРИИ Стволыгин К.В. Белорусский государственный университет, кандидат исторических наук, доцент HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE PROBLEMS OF PACIFIST VIEWS AND CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTION TO MILITARY SERVICE IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE Stvolygin K. Belarusian State University, PhD, Associate Professor Аннотация Статья имеет целью показать результаты исследования историографии проблем пацифистских воз- зрений и освобождения от воинской повинности по религиозным убеждениям в Российской империи. В научных трудах, исследованных автором, отражены процессы зарождения пацифистских воззрений в Рос- сии и одного из следствий этих воззрений - потребности в освобождении лиц, имеющих пацифистские убеждения, от воинской повинности. Abstract The article aims to show the results of a study of the historiography of the problems of pacifist views and exemption from military service for religious beliefs in the Russian Empire. The scientific works studied by the author reflect the processes of the emergence of pacifist views in Russia and one of the consequences of these views - the need for the release of persons with pacifist beliefs from military service. Ключевые слова: Российская империя, историография, пацифистские воззрения, освобождение от воинской повинности по убеждениям, политика, меннониты, альтернативная служба. Keywords: The Russian Empire, historiography, pacifist views, conscientious objection to military service, politics, Mennonites, alternative service. В настоящее время одним из международных стандартов в области прав человека выступает право граждан на отказ по убеждениям от обяза- тельной военной службы. Следуя этому стандарту, в большинстве стран, в том числе и в бывших рес- публиках, входящих ранее в СССР, функциони- руют институты альтернативной службы. Однако ряд проблем, связанных с освобождением граждан вследствие их убеждений от военной службы, ее за- мены службой альтернативной, представляется да- леким от своего окончательного разрешения [16, с.3-4]. Это обстоятельство обуславливает настоя- тельную потребность в обеспечении необходимой научной информацией законодательных, исполни- тельных и судебных органов; граждан, имеющих пацифистские убеждения; общества в целом. Полу- чение подобной информации предполагает прове- дение полномасштабных научных исследований, важное место среди которых должны занять и исто- риографические исследования. Несмотря на это, в прошлом и настоящем исследования отечественной истории пацифистских воззрений и, как одного из следствий этих воззрений, потребности в освобож- дении граждан, имеющих пацифистские убежде- ния, от воинской повинности, не входят в число приоритетных. Основная причина подобного поло- жения дел видится в том, что вплоть до 80-х годов прошлого столетия отношение властных структур и общественного мнения к отказам от обязательной военной службы, в том числе и по пацифистским убеждениям, было скорее негативным, чем пози- тивным. Перечисленные выше обстоятельства определили цель данной статьи – показать резуль- таты исследования историографии проблем паци- фистских воззрений и освобождения от воинской повинности по убеждениям в Российской империи. Исследования проблем пацифистских воззре- ний и освобождения от воинской повинности по ре- лигиозным убеждениям в Российской империи ста- новятся актуальными вследствие следующих об- стоятельств: - С конца XVIII в. европейские идеи «вечного мира» обретают благодатную почву и в России. Пе- реводятся на русский язык соответствующие труды западных мыслителей, доступными становятся их проекты сохранения вечного мира. В Российской империи начинает зарождаться пацифистское дви- жение, базирующееся уже не на религиозных убеж- дениях, а на идеях миротворчества, аморальности и недопустимости любой войны, бесполезности гонки вооружений. Первыми российскими пацифи- стами становятся представители верхушки обще- ства – государственные и общественные деятели, юристы, экономисты. - Демократические тенденции в развитии Рос- сии и зарождение пацифистского движения способ- ствовали более лояльному отношению государства к лицам, чьи убеждения входили в противоречие с прохождением военной службы. Высшей точкой благоприятного влияния демократических тенден- ций в России на положение лиц, чьи убеждения
  • 8. 8 Znanstvena misel journal №60/2021 были несовместимы с военной службой, при ца- ризме стало рассмотрение III Государственной ду- мой в 1912 г. вопроса о необходимости введения альтернативной службы не только для меннонитов, но и для всех лиц, отказывающихся по своим рели- гиозным убеждениям брать в руки оружие. - Признание за российскими меннонитами права на освобождение от воинской повинности по их религиозным пацифистским убеждениям и за- мену на этом основании военной службы службой альтернативной, т.е. наличие действующего инсти- тута альтернативной службы. В рамках дооктябрьского периода российской истории был опубликован ряд работ, авторы кото- рых исследовали вопросы соотношения войны и мира, возможности предотвращения войн с исполь- зованием правовых норм, экономические и соци- альные последствия войн, разделяли при этом па- цифистские воззрения в плане отрицания войн. К таким работам в первую очередь следует отнести труды В. Ф. Малиновского «Рассуждение о мире и войне» (1803) [12] , Н. А. Заозерского «Отношение св. Православной Церкви к миру и войне по учению ее канонического права» (1896) [7], И. С. Блиоха «Будущая война в техническом, экономическом и политическом отношениях» (1898) [1], М. А. Таубе «История зарождения современного международ- ного права (средние века)» (1899) [17], «Христиан- ство и международный мир» (1905) [18], В. М. Гес- сена «О вечном мире» (1899) [6], М. А. Энгель- гардта «Вечный мир и разоружение» (1899) [29], Л. А. Комаровского «Международное право» (1905) [10], В. В. Тенишева «Вечный мир и международ- ный третейский суд» (1909) [19] и др. В объемном 6-томном труде за авторством И. С. Блиоха «Будущая война в техническом, эконо- мическом и политическом отношениях», на основа- нии анализа развития военной техники и вооруже- ний в конце XIX века, прогноза ее возможных по- следствий в различных сферах жизни общества, был сделан вывод о губительности будущей войны, независимо от ее исхода, как для России, так и для других европейских стран. Данный труд приобрел широкую известность в европейский странах, зна- комcтво c ним Николая II способствовало созыву в 1899 г. Гаагской мирной конференции. В исследовании М. А. Таубе «История зарож- дения современного международного права (сред- ние века)», изданном в 1899 г. целью ставилось отображение картины вековой борьбы насилия и произвола отдельных полуварварских еще госу- дарств с возникающими началами мира и права. М. А. Таубе особо подчеркивает: «В настоящее время, когда идея международного мира более чем когда- либо привлекает к себе внимание всего цивилизо- ванного общества народов, и во главе этого гумани- тарного движения стоит снова Россия… более уместно и справедливо, чем когда-либо отдать должное и труду давно минувших поколений, в этой области мира и права между народами, труду, без которого был бы немыслим международный прогресс нашего времени» [17, с. 1]. В работах Н. А. Заозерского [7], М. А. Таубе [18] и В. М. Гессена [6] отражены результаты изу- чения проблемы трансформации христианских воз- зрений на проблему войны и мира. В частности, М. А. Таубе отмечает: «..война, считавшаяся в I – III веках нашей эры безусловно недозволенною и про- тивную самым основным началам христианства, провозглашается теперь, в новой «христианской» империи Рима (открывающей собой средние века), чем-то совершенно независимым от этих начал» [18, c. 6]. Исходя из рассматриваемой проблемы, отме- тим специфичность исследования П. О. Бобров- ского – генерала, военного историка. Данный автор в работе «Уклонение от воинской службы» (1886) описал историю отношения к уклонениям от воин- ской повинности, независимо от их мотивации, от- раженную в законах древнеримских, французских, германских, шведских, а также русских с XVII века [2]. Значимое место среди авторов дооктябрьского периода российской истории занимает Л. Н. Тол- стой. В своих многочисленных произведениях, от- ражающих положения его религиозно-философ- ского учения, Л. Н. Толстой доказывал не только недопустимость насилия и любых войн, но и недо- пустимость всего того, что могло способствовать войнам, в частности – позитивному отношению к военной службе. Л. Н. Толстой в своих работах вы- сказывал одобрение пацифистским убеждениям сектантов, поддержку их действий по отстаиванию данных убеждений [20, 21, 22, 23]. Некоторые из работ Л. Н. Толстого были обращены непосред- ственно к военным: «Солдатская памятка» [26], «Письмо к фельдфебелю» [25], «Офицерская па- мятка» [24]. Основной смысл этих работ – ничто не может служить оправданием убийства даже на войне, в том числе и приказы начальства; ответ- ственность всегда будет лежать на том, кто совер- шил убийство. При этом еще большая доля ответ- ственность за совершаемые убийства лежит на офи- церах, поскольку именно они принуждают солдат к совершению убийств и в отличии от солдат вы- брали военную службу добровольно. Интерес к данным работам усиливается и в связи с тем, что эти работы при издании произведений Л. Н. Тол- стого советское время нигде не публиковались. В конце XIX начале ХХ веков в России увидел свет ряд работ по проблеме религиозного сектант- ства, именно их представители в большинстве своем выступали носителями пацифистских воззре- ний В связи с ростом его численности в Российской империи данная проблема приобрела особую зна- чимость и находит свое отражение в трудах В. Д. Бонч-Бруевича [4], Т. И. Буткевича [5], М. А. Каль- нева [8, 9], П. П. Оболенского [13], А. С. Пругавина [15], А. Д. Ушинский [27], А. П. Щапова [28] и др. В работе «О необходимости и способах всесто- роннего изучения русского сектантства» написан- ной публицистом-этнографом, историком, исследо- вателем раскола русской церкви А. С. Пругавиным и опубликованной в 1880 г. обосновывается необ- ходимость всестороннего изучения сектантства как
  • 9. Znanstvena misel journal №60/2021 9 одного из «… наиболее ярких, наиболее характер- ных явлений народной жизни» [15, с.1], имеющее «…огромное влияние как на умственный, так еще более на нравственный строй жизни русского народа…» [15, с.2]. Сектантство позиционируется как раскол, при этом А. С. Пругавин отмечает «... мы очень плохо знаем историю раскола и почти со- всем не знаем его современного состояния» [15, с.3]. В подтверждение этого приводится противоре- чивая статистика раскола и предлагает программа изучения сектантства, включающая в себя 76 во- просов объединенных в восемь главных разделов (рубрик). В работе А. С. Пругавина отражена зна- чимая для проводимого исследования тенденция – возбуждение «… в последнее время вопроса о рав- ноправности русских сектантов…» [15, с. 21] о чем сообщалось «… недавно почти во всех газетах…» [15, с. 21]. Для А. С. Пругавина, как исследователя, характерна скорее нейтральная позиция относи- тельно религиозного сектантства, стремление к его максимально объективному изучению. Т. И. Буткевич – протоиерей, член Святейшего Правительствующего Синода, в своем объемном труде «Обзор русских сект и их толков» (1910) де- монстрирует негативное отношение к религиоз- ному сектантству. В частности, он отмечает: «… секты появляются и развиваются только на почве патологического состояния человеческого духа, по- давленного похотями и страстями, а прежде всего гордостью» [5, с. 12]. В отличие от многих авторов Российской им- перии (в большинстве своем «духовных писате- лей», как их именует А. С. Пругавин), позитивное отношение к религиозным сектантам, их отрица- нию военной службы отчетливо прослеживается в статьях В. Д. Бонч-Бруевича, написанных им в до- октябрьский период. Статьи вошли в сборник ста- тей В. Д. Бонч-Бруевича «Из мира сектантов», из- данный в 1922 г. [4]. Наиболее рельефно позиция В. Д. Бонч-Бруевича относительно сектантов, их роли в начавшейся Первой мировой войне, отражена в статье из этого сборника «Сектанты и война». Ста- тья впервые была опубликована в журнале «Совре- менный мир» в декабре 1914 г. В статье, в частно- сти, приводится выдержка из заявления молодых сестер «духовных молокан»: «Мы, как духовные христиане, отрицающие всякое убийство, не вда- емся теперь в рассуждение, правы или не правы те люди, которые, убивая других, сами пали от меча, истекая кровью, но мы будем очень неправы если встанем равнодушно в стороне и будем смотреть на то, как около страдающих, помогая им, хлопочут другие. Мы поэтому не только должны, но и обя- заны принять посильное участие в труде по оказа- нию помощи раненым» [4, с. 234]. Это воззвание убежденных антимилитаристов возымело свое дей- ствие во всей среде духовных христиан – духовных молокан. Из числа публикаций дооктябрьского периода о российских сектантах особо выделим труды С. Д. Бондаря [3], Г. Г. Писаревского [14], Д. Г Эппа [30] и др. о секте меннонитов, поскольку именно мен- нониты, вследствие своих пацифистских убежде- ний, получили в Российской империи право на за- мену военной службы службой альтернативной. Самого пристального внимания заслуживает очерк С. Д. Бондаря «Секта меннонитов в России (в связи с историей немецкой колонизации на юге России)» [3]. В данной публикации в числе других освеща- ются вопросы воинской повинности меннонитов в России начала ХХ века, раскрывается состояние и организация лесных команд меннонитов, предна- значенных для прохождения обязательной службы, заменяющей для них воинскую повинность. С. Д. Бондарь, в частности, отмечает: «В последнее время взгляд на допустимость военной службы начинает проникать и в сознание русских меннони- тов. В настоящую войну некоторые молодые мен- нониты поступили в действующую армию добро- вольцами и некоторые из них пали смертью храб- рых на поле брани» [3, с.97]. В плане прогрессивного отношения к про- блеме освобождения от воинской повинности по убеждениям в Российской империи начала ХХ века показательна статья военного юриста В. А. Кузь- мина-Караваева «Уклонение от воинской повинно- сти», опубликованная в 1906 г. в литературно-поли- тическом и историческом журнале «Вестник Ев- ропы» [11]. В статье предлагался конкретный порядок освобождения от военной службы по рели- гиозным убеждениям, что указывает на актуаль- ность проблемы такого освобождения в Российской империи уже в начале ХХ века. Таким, образом, исследование историографии проблем пацифистских воззрений и освобождения от воинской повинности по убеждениям в Россий- ской империи позволяет сделать следующие вы- воды: - В Российской империи исследователями были предприняты попытки обосновать возмож- ность мирного сосуществования стран, тем самым пацифистские воззрения получили дальнейшее раз- витие, в том числе и в религиозно-философском учении Л. Н. Толстого. - Продолжена проработка проблемы трансфор- мации христианских воззрений на проблему войны и мира. - Показана перманентность существования проблемы уклонения от военной службы. - В качестве актуальной признана и представ- лена проблема религиозного сектантства в России как характерного явления народной жизни. В этой связи встает вопрос об официальном признании и учете пацифистских убеждений религиозных сек- тантов, в том числе и при призыве их на военную службу. - В работах, затрагивающих проблему россий- ских менонитов, содержится описание созданного для них института обязательной службы, являю- щейся по сути прототипом современной альтерна- тивной гражданской службы.
  • 10. 10 Znanstvena misel journal №60/2021 Список литературы 1. Блиох И.С. Будущая война в техническом, экономическом и политическом отношениях: Т. 1- 5. - Санкт-Петербург: тип. И.А. Ефрона. – Т.5. - 664с. 2. Бобровский П. Уклонение от воинской службы. – СПб.: Типография Правительствующего Сената, 1886. – 78 с. 3. Бондарь С. Д. Секта меннонитов в России (в связи с историей немецкой колонизации на юге России). Очерк. – Петроград: Тип. В.Д. Смирнова, 1916. – 208 с. 4. Бонч-Бруевич В. Д. Из мира сектантов. Сборник статей. – Государственное издательство, 1922. – 330 с. 5. Буткевич Т. И. Обзор русских сект и их толков. - Харьков: Тип. Губернскаго правления, 1910. - 607 c. 6. Гессен В. М. О вечном мире. - Санкт-Пе- тербург: типография Правительствующего сената, 1899. - 45 с. 7. Заозерский Н. А. Отношение св. Право- славной Церкви к миру и войне по учению ее кано- нического права. Богословский вестник. № 10, 1896 г. - С.44–83. 8. Кальнев М. А. Война и сектанты. - 3-е изд. - Одесса: тип. Епарх. дома, 1916. - 16 с. 9. Кальнев М. А. Обличение лжеучения рус- ских сектантов-рационалистов (штундобаптистов, адвентистов, «евангельских христиан», молокан, духоборов и др.). - Одесса: тип. Епарх. дома, 1913. - VIII, 644 с. 10. Комаровский Л. А. Международное право. - Москва: О-во взаимопомощи студентов-юристов Моск. ун-та, 1905. - 118 с. 11. Кузьмин-Караваев В. А. Уклонение от во- инской повинности. / Вестник Европы. – 1906, № 10. – С.756-770. 12. Малиновский В. Ф. Избранные обще- ственно-политические сочинения / Акад. наук СССР. Ин-т философии. - Москва: Изд-во Акад. наук СССР, 1958. - 170 с. 13. Оболенский П. П. Критический разбор ве- роисповедания русских сектантов-рационалистов: духоборцев, молокан и штундистов: С прил. сведе- ний по истории рационалист. сект. Магистра бого- словия П. Оболенского. - 3-е изд., вновь пересмотр. и доп. - Казань: типо-лит. Ун-та, 1903. - 419 с. 14. Писаревский Г. Г. Переселение прусских меннонитов в Россию при Александре I - Ростов н/Д: [б. и.], 1917 (тип. т-ва С. С. Сивожелезов и К°). - 68 с. 15. Пругавин А. С. О необходимости и спосо- бах всестороннего изучения русского сектантства. - Санкт-Петербург: тип. В. Безобразова и К°, 1880. - 46 с. 16. Стволыгин К. В. Отказы от военной службы вследствие убеждений и альтернативная гражданская служба в России. – Мн.: БГУ, 2020. -- 247 с. 17. Таубе М. А. История зарождения совре- менного международного права (средние века) / М. Таубе, барон. - Харьков, 1899. - Т. 2: Часть особен- ная. - 361 с. 18. Таубе М. А. Христианство и международ- ный мир / Бар. М.А. Таубе, проф. Петерб. ун-та. - Москва: Посредник, 1905. - 55 с. 19. Тенишев В. В. Вечный мир и международ- ный третейский суд / [Соч.] Кн. В.В. Тенишева, чл. Гос. думы. - Санкт-Петербург: тип. А.С. Суворина, 1909. - 119 с. 20. Толстой Л. Н. [Письмо в шведские газеты о присуждении Нобелевской премии духоборам]. Полн. собр. соч. В 90 т. -- М., 1928—1958. - Т.70. - С.149-154. 21. Толстой Л. Н. Не убий никого. Полн. собр. соч. В 90 т. -- М., 1928—1958. - Т.37. - С.39-54. 22. Толстой Л. Н. Неизбежный переворот. Полн. собр. соч. В 90 т. -- М., 1928—1958. - Т.38. - С.297-305. 23. Толстой Л. Н. О насилии: (О непротивле- нии злу злом): [Письмо к М.А. Энгельгардту 1882г.]. - Москва: Посредник, 1917. - 15 с. 24. Толстой Л. Н. Офицерская памятка. Полн. собр. соч. В 90 т. -- М., 1928—1958. - Т.34. - С.284- 290. 25. Толстой Л. Н. Письмо к фельдфебелю. Полн. собр. соч. В 90 т. -- М., 1928—1958. - Т.90. - С.54-59. 26. Толстой Л. Н. Солдатская памятка. Полн. собр. соч. В 90 т. -- М., 1928—1958. - Т.34 - С.280- 283. 27. Ушинский А. Д. Вероучение малорусских штундистов, разобранное на основании священ- ного писания в беседах православного мирянина с сектантами / Под руководством Феофана сост. А. Ушинский. - 3-е изд. - Киев: тип. Г.Л. Фронцкевича, 1886. - 275 с. 28. Щапов А. П. Русский раскол старообряд- ства, рассматриваемый в связи с внутренним состо- янием русской церкви и гражданственности в XVII веке и в первой половине XVIII: опыт ист. исслед. о причинах происхождения и распространения рус. раскола / соч. А. Щапова. - [Изд. 2-е, без перемен]. - Казань: Иван Дубровин, 1859. - 547 с. 29. Энгельгардт М. А. Вечный мир и разоруже- ние. - СПб., 1899. – 235 с. 30. Эпп Д. Г. К вопросу о происхождении мен- нонитов: Материалы, собр. Д.Г. Эпп и чл. Гос. Думы Г.А. Бергманом. - Петроград: Г.А. Бергман, 1915. - 34 с.
  • 11. Znanstvena misel journal №60/2021 11 JURISPRUDENCE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NORMS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW INTO NATIONAL LEGISLATION IN KAZAKHSTAN: HISTORY OF THE ISSUE Seitova A., Master student of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University Tlepina Sh. Scientific supervisor – doctor of juridical science, Professor Abstract Sсientists differ in their views on the implementation of international law norms in the national legal system. It can be said that this process is closely related to the history of international law. The implementation process began with the maritime law during the Russian Empire, and the beginning of the implementation process in Kazakhstan can be attributed to this period. Based on the passage of various historical periods, Kazakhstan after gaining independence, the implementation of international law into our national law began to develop rapidly. Keywords: implementation, international norms, national law, realization, development, international treaty, the history of implementation. The concept of “implementation” has become widely used in international law due to the fact that, as the professor of law Antonio Cassese said, “since the second half of the twentieth century, national legal sys- tems have begun to treat universal human values with greater understanding and openness, and states are in- creasingly willing to obey international law"[1, p.20]. In Western literature, the prevailing point of view is that implementation in the general sense of the word is understood as a process during which “national legal systems bring international law into action. Russian professor S.Y.Marochkin refuses to use the word “implementation” and calls the process of translating the norms of international law into the ac- tion, activities of the state and other subjects as “reali- zation”. The interpretation of this concept from the side of lawyers is very interesting. So, S.A. Radzhabov under- stood implementation as the organizational and legal activity of subjects of international law, which is under- taken by them either independently (at the domestic level) or jointly with other entities, aimed at the imple- mentation of goals at the international level and at the national level in within the framework of the imple- mentation of the obligations assumed by the states [2, p.85]. According to V.V. Milinchuk, implementation is the transformation of an international instrument into the policy of the state or its legislation [3, p.41]. O.V. Belyanskaya and O.A. Pugina, by examining imple- mentation from the prism of Russian legislation, came to the conclusion, ‘implementation is "a set of proce- dures and means that contribute to increasing the effec- tiveness of the realization of human rights and free- doms and the general legal culture of Russian soci- ety"[4, p.15-18]. T.I. Kurnosova gave a very "extended" interpretation - "implementation is a pro- cess during the relevant subjects, to whom the norm is addressed, act in accordance with its provisions"[5, p.204]. The whole process of implementation of interna- tional legal norms can be divided into two main parts. Firstly, the state can include in its law norms referring to the norms of international law, as a result, the latter can act within the country. Secondly, the state can ac- cept new norms of law, change or abolish existing ones, fulfilling the prescriptions of international law, and adapt them to the peculiarities of the legal system of the state. The implementation mechanism consists not only the adoption of legal procedures and institutions, as well as of actions and methods for their realization, but also includes social and legal phenomena. The development and formation of the implementation of international norms in domestic law has always been the subject of research by many scientists. This is primarily due to the fact that international law, as a special legal system, takes shape and develops with the emergence of states and the emergence of a system of certain relations between them. Year by year, the principles, generally binding rights, and other fundamental norms began to spread to an increasing number of states, affecting almost all branches of modern development: economics, politics, law, etc. Elements of international legal relations have been formed since immemorial times. However, they were mainly established in order to ensure the rights of the victorious peoples. This was typical for the early European states, but after that in XVI-XVII centuries modern international law was born. M.A. Sarsembayev notes that only in the Middle Ages such concepts as sovereignty, neutrality, permanent embassies and con- sulates appeared as prototypes of modern diplomatic and consular missions [6, p.14-15]. We can suggest this genesis of the development of the implementation of international law in national leg- islation in the context of Russian law until the Inde- pendence of Kazakhstan. The period of empire (X c. - 1861). The initial stage (in the slave-owning period, implementation did not exist), the peculiarity of which is that the implemen- tation of international law is just beginning to emerge and this happens under the influence of the socio-cul- tural factor, in which the state develops thanks to the readiness of society and the activities of the ruler. Cul- ture takes a significant part in the formation of law. An important role is assigned to Peter I , who systematized the military legal norms, created the Military Articles of 1715 and the military regulations of 1716 and 1720,
  • 12. 12 Znanstvena misel journal №60/2021 which also touched upon some border issues. These documents were drawn up on the basis of the regulatory framework of developed European countries [7, p.24]. The first principles of international law are also being implemented. For example, ´the principle of free- dom of the open seas, which was greatly facilitated by the Declaration of Armed Neutrality, proclaimed by Russia on February 28, 1780, which required ensuring freedom of maritime navigation for neutral states. Based on this, various congresses were held: Congress of Vienna 1814-1815. (gave rise to the emergence of permanent neutrality of Switzerland, contributed to the prohibition of the slave trade, the development of dip- lomatic law, the establishment of the status of interna- tional rivers), the Paris Congress of 1856 (prohibited the seizure, plunder or sinking of ships of the belliger- ent states, as well as neutral countries; declared the Black Sea neutralized), etc. The border issue basically affects the regime of maritime spaces. In this period, the states could not agree on the common use of the territorial sea. Some countries (England, Venice, Genoa, Spain, Portugal) offered to establish their sovereignty over coastal wa- ters and parts of the waters, others (Netherlands, France) all seas and oceans are common and should not belong to any state. As a result, in the XIV century there was published a collection of "Consolato del Mare" ("Sea collection"), containing the rules of neutrality, provisions relating to military smuggling, and also es- tablished the width of the territorial waters of the state. 2. Capitalist period (1861-1917). Issues of war come to the first, and the law of war begins to acquire modern features. Thus, bilateral and multilateral inter- national agreements were concluded with Russia, and the war itself ceased to play the role of a political phe- nomenon and an act of armed struggle in a greater ex- tent and it has become a legal process in which the norms of law increasingly determine the method of conducting it, the person and character, and thereby create preconditions for a lasting peace [8, p.387]. Numerous forums and conferences were held on the regulation of military operations (including in bor- der areas), in which Russia became an active partici- pant: the Geneva Conference of 1864, the St. Peters- burg Conference of 1868, the Brussels Conference of 1867, the Hague Conferences of 1899 and 1907. The result is the implementation of the norms of interna- tional law into Russian law through the adoption of such documents as the "Order of the Russian Army on the laws and customs of land war", imperially approved on July 14, 1904. This Order was included as annexes to the Field Service Regulations in 1912. The socio- economic factor assumed a successive role, in which the economy becomes the basis of state development and related elements: law, politics, etc. Capital deter- mines in which direction the state needs to develop. 3. The modern period (from 1917 y.). The estab- lished international organizations, including the United Nations Organization (hereinafter referred to as the UN), assume the role of a source of implementation. According to N.V. Mironov, the history of Soviet law testifies to the conscientious attitude of the Soviet state to its international obligations and their harmonization with national legislation [9, p.150]. Thus, the Constitu- tion of the USSR enshrined 10 principles of the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, on the basis of which relations between the USSR and other states are built, including on border is- sues. For example, the regulation of the jurisdiction of the state when crimes are committed on board foreign non-military ships during their stay in the territorial wa- ters, internal waters and ports of the USSR10. The Rus- sian Federation continued the practice of implementing the norms of international law into its national legisla- tion. Considering the stages of implementation of inter- national treaties in Imperial Russia and the USSR, modern Russia, we were able to see the initial full pic- ture of the process of implementation of international law in Kazakhstan. Abaydeldinov E.M., Chief Re- searcher of the Department of International Legislation and Comparative and Legal Studies, distinguishes two levels of implementation of the norms of international law into national law in Kazakhstan: a) generally determined the status, structure, goals and direction of development of the regional associa- tion; b) forming modern legislation in the participating states, in particular, in the Republic of Kazakhstan [10, p.104-105]. The first level is the provisions of international treaties on the establishment of the CIS, EAEU, the Customs Union, the Common Economic Space (by analogy with the law of the European Union - acts of primary law). Belarusian researcher L.V. Pavlova be- lieves that most agreements in the field of public inter- national law are not suitable for direct application in the national legal sphere (in other words, they cannot be self-executing) [11, p.92]. If such a quality is inherent in the norms of private international law due to their accuracy, concreteness and focus on domestic regula- tion, then the norms of public international law in the vast majority are characterized by generalization, ab- stractness of formulations, which allows them to be used only in the sphere of interstate cooperation. The second level of implementation is interna- tional treaties adopted within the framework of a re- gional organization in the development of the provi- sions of the primary acts and recognized by the member states (acts of secondary law). In the practice of states, two main methods of national legal implementation are used: the first is the publication of new, changed or abo- lition of existing norms of national law in order to fulfill international obligations. The second is the reference of national law to in- ternational, by virtue of which the provisions of the norms of international law (treaty and (or) customary) can have a direct effect within the country, in the sphere of national law. Nowadays, the term "international leg- islation" is becoming more and more established in sci- entific literature and in practice, by which, first of all, we mean the emerging supranational law in the form of the Customs Code of the Customs Union, which has a direct effect and does not require implementation. And a lot of questions arise, some of which were resolved in the Normative Decree of the Constitutional
  • 13. Znanstvena misel journal №60/2021 13 Council of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated Novem- ber 5, 2009. Let us recall that on October 7 of 2009, the Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan received an appeal from the Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the official interpretation " norms of Ar- ticle 4 of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakh- stan in terms of the extension of the priority established by this norm of the international treaties ratified by the Republic over its laws and the directness of their appli- cation to decisions of international organizations and their bodies formed in accordance with such treaties. " The reason for the appeal was the consideration by the Government of the Republic of the issue of how to implement in the territories of the member states of the Agreement on the Commission of the Customs Union of October 6, 2007 (hereinafter referred to as the Agree- ment) decisions of the Commission of the Customs Un- ion (hereinafter referred to as the Commission), which, according to Article 7 of the Agreement, are binding for the Parties [12]. Having considered the submitted materials, the Constitutional Council of the Republic of Kazakhstan noted in its Resolution that “on decisions of interna- tional organizations and their organs formed in accord- ance with international treaties of the Republic of Ka- zakhstan (including the Commission of the Customs Union, created in accordance with the Treaty on the Commission of the Customs Union of October 6 2007, ratified by the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated June 24, 2008 No. 45-IV "On Ratification of the Agree- ment on the Commission of the Customs Union"), the provisions of Article 4 of the Constitution of the Re- public of Kazakhstan on the priority of international treaties ratified by the Republic of Kazakhstan over its laws and the immediacy of the application of such de- cisions apply; decisions of international organizations and their organs, to which the Republic of Kazakhstan is a party, may acquire the legal properties of an inter- national treaty ratified by the Republic, in the case of a direct indication of the binding nature of these deci- sions for Kazakhstan in an international treaty ratified by the Republic of Kazakhstan. " Very important points of the cited Resolution are a number of the following points: - according to paragraphs 1 and 2 of Article 4 of the Basic Law, decisions of international organizations and their organs formed in accordance with the interna- tional law and comparative jurisprudence 105 treaties of the Republic of Kazakhstan cannot contradict the Constitution of the Republic Kazakhstan; - decisions of international organizations and their bodies that violate the provisions of paragraph 2 of Article 2 and paragraph 2 of Article 91 of the Constitution that the sovereignty of the Republic extends to its entire territory and the inadmissibility of changing the unitarity and territorial the integrity of the state, the form of government of the Republic; cannot be applied directly and, accordingly, have priority over the regulatory legal acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan, decisions of international organizations and their organs that infringe on the constitutional rights and freedoms of man and citizen. The significance of this document is that it combines both support for the integration processes, initiated by Kazakhstan, and the position of unconditional upholding and strengthening of the country's sovereignty and protection of human rights. In conclusion, the history of the implementation of international law into national law is closely related to the history of international law, and we can say that this process in Kazakhstan originates from the Russian Em- pire. Although, of course, during the times of the Ka- zakh Khanate there were relations with other countries, but Kazakhstan took part in this process as part of Rus- sia, after the implementation of international law into national legislation began in European countries. How- ever, it can be said that this process has been intense since independence. References 1. Cassese A. International Law in a Divided World. N.Y. 1994. P. 20. 2. Radjabov S.A. Implementation of the norms of international humanitarian law in the Republic of Ta- jikistan: problems of theory and practice. Dis. ... doct. jurid. sciences. Dushanbe, 2008. P.332. 3. Pugina O.A. Implementation of elements of the common law system into Russian legislation. Diss. ... Cand. jurid. sciences. M., 2004. P.180. 4. Belyanskaya O.V., Pugina O.A. Conditions for the implementation of international legal norms in Russian legislation // Law and Politics. 2005. No. 8, P. 104–110. 5. Kurnosova, T.I. The concept and methods of implementation of international law into national legis- lation / Kurnosova, T.I. // Actual problems of Russian law. - 2015. - No. 4. S.P.203-209. 6. Sarsembaev M.A. International Law: Text- book, 3rd edition. - Almaty: Daneker, 2001. P.344. 7. V.V. Gavrishchuk Construction of the Russian army in the 18th century. Historiographic research: Au- thor. dis. ... doct. article of sciences. M., 1999.P. 24. 8. Military legislation of the Russian Empire. P. 387. 9. Mironov N.V. Soviet legislation and interna- tional law. M., 1968. 10. Abaydeldinov E.M., Correlation of interna- tional and national law of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the problem of priority formation). - Almaty: "Legal Literature", 2002.P.20-21. 11. Pavlova L.V. International law in the legal system of states // Belarusian Journal of International Law and International Relations // http://beljour- nal.by.ru/1999/3/P/1.shtml 12. On ratification of the Treaty on the Customs Code of the customs union Law of the Republic of Ka- zakhstan dated June 25, 2010 No. 293-IV.
  • 14. 14 Znanstvena misel journal №60/2021 MECHANISM of COMPENSATION FOR DAMAGE CAUSED BY ILLEGAL DECISIONS, ACTIONS OR INACTION OF UKRAINIAN TAX AUTHORITIES Duravkin P. Ph.D., Associate Professor of Financial Law Department, Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University, Kharkiv, Ukraine Abstract The article analyzes some aspects of the order of responsibility of tax authorities of Ukraine and their officials, which was defined by the Law of Ukraine of January 16, 2020 № 466-IX "On Amendments to the Tax Code of Ukraine to improve tax administration, eliminate technical and logical inconsistencies in tax legislation ". Keywords: reparation; responsibility of tax authorities; responsibility of officials of tax authorities; tax of- fense; illegal decisions, actions or inaction of public authorities and their officials; the right of recourse for damages to the state budget. According to Article 56 of the Constitution of Ukraine [1], every person and citizen has the right to compensation at the expense of the state or local self- government bodies for material and moral damage caused by illegal decisions, actions or inaction of state authorities, local self-government bodies, in the exer- cise of their powers. In turn, according to sub-clause 4.1.3 of clause 4.1 of Article 4 of the Tax Code of Ukraine [2], one of the principles on which the tax leg- islation of Ukraine is based is the inevitability of liabil- ity under the law in case of violation of tax legislation. Thus, in accordance with clause 109.1 of Article 109 of the Tax Code of Ukraine [2], one of the manifestations of a tax offense is an illegal, culpable (in cases ex- pressly provided by this Code) act (action or inaction) of tax authorities and / or their officials. In this case, in accordance with clause 109.4 of Article 109 of the Tax Code of Ukraine [2], tax authorities are responsible for committing tax offenses, regardless of guilt. In turn, in accordance with clause 110.3 of Article 110 of the Tax Code of Ukraine [2], tax authorities are liable for tax offenses by officials of such tax authorities in the form of compensation to the person in respect of whom the tax offense was committed, in accordance with Article 114 of this Code. Thus, according to the first paragraph of clause 114.1 of Article 114 of the Tax Code of Ukraine [2], a person whose rights and / or legitimate interests are vi- olated has the right to compensation for damage caused by illegal decisions, actions or inaction of tax authori- ties, their officials. Similarly, in accordance with sub- clause 17.1.11 of clause 17.1 of Article 17 of the Tax Code of Ukraine [2], the taxpayer has the right to full compensation for damage caused by illegal actions (in- action) of tax authorities (their officials), in the manner prescribed by law. In particular, in accordance with the second paragraph of clause 114.1 of Article 114 of the Tax Code of Ukraine [2], damage caused by illegal de- cisions, actions or inaction of tax authorities, their offi- cials, reimbursed by the state from the state budget re- gardless of the fault of the tax authorities, its officials. Similarly, in accordance with the provisions of clause 21.3 of Article 21 of the Tax Code of Ukraine [2], dam- age caused to the taxpayer by illegal decisions, actions or inaction of an official of a tax authority must be re- imbursed from the state budget to finance this body, re- gardless of the fault of that person. In this regard, it should be noted that in accordance with Part 1 of Article 1173 of the Civil Code of Ukraine [3], damage caused to a natural or legal person by ille- gal decisions, actions or inaction of a public authority in the exercise of its powers is reimbursed by the state regardless of the fault of this body. And according to part 1 of article 1174 of the Civil code of Ukraine [3] the damage caused to the physical or legal person by illegal decisions, actions or inaction of the official of public authority at exercise by it of the powers, is com- pensated by the state irrespective of fault of this offi- cial. In turn, in accordance with Part 3 of Article 147 of the Commercial Code of Ukraine [4], damages caused to a business entity (legal entity engaged in economic activity and registered in the manner prescribed by law; citizen of Ukraine, foreigner and stateless person en- gaged in economic activity and registered in accord- ance with the law as entrepreneurs) violation of his property rights by public authorities, are reimbursed to him in accordance with the law. Thus, in the first paragraph of clause 114.2 of Ar- ticle 114 of the Tax Code of Ukraine [2] it is noted that the damage is reimbursed in full. However, the second paragraph of clause 114.2 of Article 114 of the Tax Code of Ukraine [2] states that the person whose rights are violated, in the circumstances provided for in clause 128.2 of Article 128 of the Tax Code of Ukraine, has the right to claim damages caused by wrongful deci- sions, actions or inaction of tax authority, their offi- cials, in the amount of one minimum wage established as of the date of recognition of such decisions, actions or inaction as illegal, in the manner prescribed by law. In particular, in accordance with clause 128.2 of Article 128 of the Tax Code of Ukraine [2] in the amount of one minimum wage is compensated for dam- age caused by: 1) unreasonable refusal to acquire, as well as un- justified loss of the status of a taxpayer or a taxpayer of one of the taxes, the acquisition and / or cancellation (loss) of which occurs by decision of the tax authority; 2) violation of the terms of refund of budget reim- bursement, as a result of failure to enter or late entry of data in the Register of applications for refund of budget reimbursement and / or as a result of violation of dead- lines for in-house inspection provided for in clause 200.10 of Article 200 of the Tax Code of Ukraine, as well as the audit provided for in clause 200.11 of Arti- cle 200 of the Tax Code of Ukraine;
  • 15. Znanstvena misel journal №60/2021 15 3) decision-making by officials of the tax author- ity on the use of property, funds, property rights speci- fied in clause 87.3 of Article 87 of the Tax Code of Ukraine as a source of repayment of a monetary obli- gation or tax debt of a taxpayer; 4) obstruction by officials of the tax authority of the release of the taxpayer's property from the regime of temporary detention (in accordance with clauses 94.7-94.9 of Article 94 of the Tax Code of Ukraine); 5) illegal use by officials of the tax authority of seizure of property or funds in the accounts of 6) unreasonable input by officials of the tax au- thority of data on the existence of the taxpayer's tax debt or untimely submission or non-submission of data on the absence of the taxpayer's tax debt. Thus, according to the third paragraph of clause 114.2 of Article 114 of the Tax Code of Ukraine [2], in these cases, damage to more than one minimum wage is not reimbursable. In this case, according to the last sentence of the second paragraph of clause 114.2 of Ar- ticle 114 of the Tax Code of Ukraine [2] in this case is subject to proof only the illegality of decisions, actions or inaction of tax authorities, their officials in relation to the taxpayer. Therefore, according to the circumstances speci- fied in clause 128.2 of Article 128 of the Tax Code of Ukraine, the amount of damage is one minimum wage set on the date of recognition of decisions, actions or inaction of tax authorities, their officials illegal. In this case, no more than one minimum wage is subject to compensation, only if the taxpayer exercised the right provided for in the second paragraph of clause 114.2 of Article 114 of the Tax Code of Ukraine and decided to prove only the illegality of decisions, actions or inac- tion of tax authorities, their officials persons (paragraph two of clause 114.2 of Article 114 of the Tax Code of Ukraine) or only the fact that they committed an offense (paragraph one of clause 128.2 of Article 128 of the Tax Code of Ukraine). In case when the taxpayer has not filed a claim for damages in the amount of one mini- mum wage in accordance with the second paragraph of clause 114.2 of Article 114 of the Tax Code of Ukraine, he may claim full compensation in the manner pre- scribed by the law on compensation. The qualitative composition of the damage to be reimbursed in full is reflected in clause 114.3 of Article 114 of the Tax Code of Ukraine [2], in particular - it is: 1) the value of the taxpayer's lost, damaged or de- stroyed property, determined in accordance with the re- quirements of the legislation (sub-clause 114.3.1 of clause 114.3 of Article 114 of the Tax Code of Ukraine); 2) additional costs incurred by the taxpayer as a result of illegal decisions, actions or inaction of tax au- thorities, their officials, namely: a) penalties paid to the taxpayer's counterparties; b) cost of additional works, services, additional consumables; c) etc. (sub-clause 114.3.2 of clause 114.3 of Article 114 of the Tax Code of Ukraine); 3) documented costs related to the administrative and / or judicial appeal of illegal decisions, actions or inaction of tax authorities, their officials, in particular: a) legal support not related to the protection provided by a lawyer; b) business trips of employees or repre- sentatives of the taxpayer; c) involvement of experts; d) obtaining the necessary evidence; e) making copies of documents; f) etc. However, the amount of compensa- tion for such damage shall not exceed fifty times the minimum wage established on the first of January of the calendar year in which the relevant court decision or the decision of another body, in cases provided by law (sub-clause 114.3.1 of clause 114.3 of Article 114 of the Tax Code of Ukraine). In turn, it is important to take into account that ac- cording to clause 114.4 of Article 114 of the Tax Code of Ukraine [2], the damage caused to the taxpayer as a result of a tax offense by the tax authority is reimbursed by a court decision. In particular, in accordance with clause 6 of part 1 of Article 5 of the Code of Adminis- trative Proceedings of Ukraine [5], every person has the right in the manner prescribed by this Code to apply to the administrative court if he considers that the deci- sion, action or inaction of the subject violated his rights, freedoms or legitimate interests, and request their pro- tection by the court taking one of the decisions referred to in paragraphs 1-4 of this part and recovery from the defendant - the subject of power funds to compensate for damage caused by his wrongful decisions, actions or inaction. In this case, according to clause 13 of part 2 of Article 3 of the Law of Ukraine "On Judicial Fees" court fees are not charged for filing a claim for damages caused to a person by illegal decisions, actions or inac- tion of a public authority, its official subject. In turn, in accordance with clause 3 of part 5 of Article 160 of the Code of Administrative Proceedings of Ukraine [5] in the statement of claim indicates the price of the claim, reasonable calculation of the amount charged - if the statement of claim contains claims for damages caused by the contested decision, actions, in- action of the subject of power. Thus, in accordance with Part 5 of Article 21 of the Code of Administrative Pro- ceedings of Ukraine [5], claims for damages caused by illegal decisions, actions or inaction of the subject of power are considered by the administrative court if they are filed in the same proceedings with a requirement to resolve a public dispute. Otherwise, such requirements are resolved by the courts in civil or commercial pro- ceedings. It is also important to recall that in accordance with the second paragraph of clause 114.1 of Article 114 of the Tax Code of Ukraine [2], damage caused by illegal decisions, actions or inaction of tax authorities, their officials is reimbursed by the state budget. Simi- larly, in accordance with the provisions of clause 21.3 of Article 21 of the Tax Code of Ukraine [2], damage caused to the taxpayer by illegal decisions, actions or inaction of an official of the tax authority must be re- imbursed from the state budget that finance this body. Thus, in accordance with Part 2 of Article 25 of the Budget Code of Ukraine [6], compensation under the law for damage caused to a natural or legal person as a result of illegal decisions, actions or inaction of public authorities, as well as their officials in the exercise of their powers, carried out by the state in the manner pre- scribed by law. In particular, according to sub-clause 2 of clause 9 of section VI of the Budget Code of Ukraine
  • 16. 16 Znanstvena misel journal №60/2021 [6], compensation under the law for damage caused to a natural or legal person as a result of illegal decisions, actions or inaction of public authorities and their offi- cials in exercising their powers carried out by the state at the expense of the state budget within budget alloca- tions by a court decision in the amount not exceeding the amount of real losses, in the manner prescribed by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. In accordance with clause 21.4 of Article 21 of the Tax Code of Ukraine [2], an official of the tax authority is liable to the state in recourse in the amount of compensation paid from the budget for illegal decisions, actions or inaction of this official. In turn, in accordance with sub-clause 10 of clause 9 of section VI of the Budget Code of Ukraine [6], of- ficials whose actions caused damage, reimbursed from the budget, are civil, administrative and criminal liabil- ity under the law. In the case of establishing in the ac- tions of an official of a public authority a criminal of- fense under a court conviction against him, which has entered into force, only such a person can be claimed by individuals and legal entities for compensation for lost property gain and non-pecuniary damage in the prescribed manner. In case of establishment in the ac- tions of an official of a public authority of a criminal offense under a court conviction against him, which has entered into force, public authorities in the manner pre- scribed by law exercise the right of recourse (regres- sion) to this person for damages to the state budget, in the amount of compensation paid, unless otherwise pro- vided by law. Public authorities after execution of court decisions on recovery of funds from accounts on which state budget funds are accounted, in the cases specified in this clause, conduct an official investigation into the officials involved in these bodies, if the court decision is not established in the actions of officials composition of a criminal offense. Based on the results of the official investigation, the state authorities and the Treasury of Ukraine within one month may apply to the court with a claim for damages to the state budget, with a claim (regression) in the amount of compensation paid to of- ficials of these bodies, guilty of causing damages (ex- cept for compensation for benefits related to employ- ment and compensation for non-pecuniary damage). If the losses inflicted by the state budget are the result of joint actions or inactivity of several officials that led to the task of harm to individuals or legal entities, such officials carry solidarity responsibility in accordance with the Civil Code of Ukraine and other legislative acts of Ukraine. Conclusion Consequently, the tax authorities of Ukraine are responsible for the commission of tax offenses to their officials - by reimbursement of taxpayers of damage caused by such offenses. In addition, such a damage is reimbursed by the court decision at the expense of the state budget, within the limits of the budget appoint- ments provided for financing this body, in the amount not exceeding the amounts of real damage, regardless of the fault of the tax authority and / or its officials. In turn, the official of the tax authority bears responsibility in the order of regression in the amount paid from the budget reimbursement. It is a damage to be compensated in full size, with the exception of the claim by the taxpayer requirements for damages in the amount of one minimum wage, in circumstances provided for in clause 128.2 of Article 128 of the Tax Code of Ukraine. To obtain compensa- tion for damage - the taxpayer must apply to an admin- istrative court with a lawsuit against the tax authority, unlawful decisions, actions or inaction of which and / or officials whose taxpayers were damaged. In a law- suit, it is necessary to indicate a substantiated calcula- tion of the amount that is charged within a reimburse- ment requirement. And the requirements for compensa- tion for damages should be declared in one proceeding with a requirement to solve public-law disputes, other- wise such requirements will be subject to a solution in the order of civil or commercial justice. References 1. The Constitution of Ukraine of June 28, 1996, № 254к/96-ВР. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/254к/96- вр?lang=en#Text. 2. The Tax Code of Ukraine of December 2, 2010, № 2755-VI. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2755- 17?lang=en#Text. 3. The Civil Code of Ukraine of January 16, 2003, № 435=IV. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/435- 15?lang=en#Text. 4. The Commercial Code of Ukraine of January 16, 2003, № 436=IV. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/436- 15?lang=en#Text. 5. The Code of Administrative Proceedings of Ukraine of July 6, 2005, № 2747-IV. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2747- 15?lang=en#Text. 6. The Budget Code of Ukraine of July 8, 2010, № 2456-VI. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2456- 17?lang=en#Text.