Homeostatsis make to our body and make you understand more about future lessons of science

1. Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Chapter 1
Definitions - Terminology
Organization of the Body
Homeostasis
Instructor: Mary Holman

2. Anatomy
The study of the form and structure of an
organism and the relationships of its parts
Physiology
The study of the function of the living
organism and its parts

3. Anatomical Drawing by Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)

4. Andreas
Vesalius
1543
De Humani
Corporis Fabrica

5. Andreas
Vesalius
1543
De Humani
Corporis Fabrica
Fig 1.1

6. Levels of Organization
Subatomic particles
Atom
Molecule
Macromolecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
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Fig. 1.3

7. Levels of Organization
• Subatomic Particles – electrons, protons, and neutrons
• Atom – hydrogen atom, lithium atom, etc.
• Molecule – water molecule, glucose molecule, etc.
• Macromolecule – protein molecule, DNA molecule, etc.
• Organelle – mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, etc.
• Cell – muscle cell, nerve cell, etc.
• Tissue – epithelia, connective, muscle and nerve
• Organ – skin, femur, heart, kidney, etc.
• Organ System – skeletal system, digestive system, etc.
• Organism – the human

8. The Eleven Organ Systems
of the Human Body
• Integumentary
• Muscular
• Skeletal
• Nervous
• Endocrine
• Cardiovascular
• Lymphatic
• Respiratory
• Digestive
• Urinary
• Reproductive
A&P I
A&P II

9. Covering/Protection System
Integumentary System
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10. Support/Movement Systems
Skeletal System Muscular System
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11. Integration/Co-ordination Systems
Nervous System Endocrine System
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12. Transport Systems
Cardiovascular System Lymphatic System
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13. Absorption/Excretion Systems
Digestive System Respiratory System Urinary System

14. Reproduction System
Male Reproductive System Female Reproductive System
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15. Integumentary
system
Skeletal
system
Muscular
system
Nervous
system
Digestive
system
Endocrine
system
Cardiovascular
system
Lymphatic
system
Respiratory
system
Urinary
system
Reproductive
system
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Fig. 1.19 A&P I

16. Body Cavities
Thoracic cavity
Abdominopelvic
cavity
Abdominal
cavity
Diaphragm
Pelvic cavity
Cranial cavity
Vertebral canal
Thoracic cavity
Abdominal
cavity
Pelvic cavity
Right pleural
cavity Mediastinum
Left pleural cavity
Pericardial
cavity Diaphragm
Vertebral canal
Cranial cavity
Thoracic
cavity
Fig. 1.9
Lateral View Anterior View

17. Fig. 1.25a
Otic (ear)
Cervical (neck)
Acromial (point of shoulder)
Mammary (breast)
Brachial (arm)
Antecubital (front of elbow)
Antebrachial (forearm)
Genital (reproductive organs)
Cephalic (head)
Orbital (eye cavity)
Mental (chin)
Sternal
Pectoral (chest)
Inguinal (groin)
Coxal (hip)
Umbilical (navel)
Pedal (foot)
Patellar (front of knee)
Abdominal (abdomen)
Carpal (wrist)
Palmar (palm)
Digital (finger)
Nasal (nose)
Oral (mouth)
Frontal (forehead)
Buccal (cheek)
Tarsal (instep)
Digital (toe)
Axillary (armpit)
Crural (leg)
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Body Regions
Ventral Side
Fig. 1.25a

18. Fig. 1.25b
Occipital
(back of head)
Acromial (point of shoulder)
Brachial (arm)
Dorsum (back)
Cubital (elbow)
Gluteal (buttocks)
Perineal
Femoral (thigh)
Popliteal (back of knee)
Plantar (sole)
Vertebral (spinal column)
Sacral (between hips)
Lumbar (lower back)
Crural (leg)
Sural (calf)
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Body Regions
Dorsal Side

19. RUQ
LUQ
RLQ LLQ
Abdominal Quadrants

20. 1 3
2
4 5 6
7 8 9
1. Right hyperchondriac 2. Epigastric 3. Left hyperchondriac
4. Right lumbar 5. Umbilical 6. Left lumbar
7. Right iliac 8. Hypogastric 9.Left iliac

21. Fig. 1.20aSuperior
Inferior
Medial
Lateral
Midline
Right Left
Proximal
Distal
Proximal
Distal
Fig. 1.20a

22. Characteristics of Life
Organization
Metabolism
Responsiveness
Growth
Development
Reproduction

23. Requirements of Life
Water
Food
Oxygen
Heat
Pressure

24. Homeostasis
The state of equilibrium in which
the internal environment of the
body remains in the normal range

25. Homeostasis
Maintenance of a stable internal environment
• Homeostatic Control Mechanisms – monitor aspects of the
internal environment and correct as needed. Variations are
brought to within acceptable limits. There are three (3) parts:
• Receptor - provides information about the stimuli
• Control Center - tells what a particular value should be
(called the set point)
• Effector - elicits responses that change conditions in the
internal environment

26. Homeostatic Control
Mechanisms
Stimulus
(Change that occurs
in internal environment.)
Response
(Change is corrected.)
Receptors Effectors
(muscles or glands)
Control center
(set point)
(Change is compared
to the set point.)

27. • There are two (2) types:
• Negative feedback mechanisms
• Positive feedback mechanisms
Homeostatic Control
Mechanisms

28. Negative feedback summary:
• Most common type of feedback loop. Reduces the actions of
the effectors
• Corrects toward the set point
• Causes opposite of bodily disruption to occur, i.e. the
‘negative’
• Limits chaos in the body by creating stability
• Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body
• Examples: body temperature, blood pressure & glucose
regulation
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

29. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Receptors
Thermoreceptors
send signals to the
control center.
too high
too low
Normal body
temperature
37°C (98.6°F)
Control center
The hypothalamus
detects the deviation
from the set point and
signals effector organs.
Control center
The hypothalamus
detects the deviation
from the set point and
signals effector organs. If body temperature
continues to drop,
control center signals
muscles to contract
Involuntarily.
Stimulus
Body temperature
rises above normal.
Effectors
Skin blood vessels
dilate and sweat glands
secrete.
Response
Body heat is lost to
surroundings, temperature
drops toward normal.
Receptors
Thermoreceptors
send signals to the
control center.
Effectors
Skin blood
vessels constrict
and sweat glands
remain inactive.
Stimulus
Body temperature
drops below normal.
Effectors
Muscle
activity
generates
body heat.
Response
Body heat is conserved,
temperature rises toward normal.
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Fig. 1.8

30. Lab Exercises 1&2
Metrics
Body Organization
Terminology

31. Metric System of Measurement
1 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
c
e
n
t
i
m
i
l
l
i
m
i
c
r
o
n
a
n
o
10-3 10-6
10-2 10-9
meter m
gram g
liter L
c m n u

32. Units of Length Comparison
Metric to English
•1 meter (m) is slightly longer
than 1 yard
•1 centimeter (cm) is 0.39 inches
about the width of a small finger
•1 millimeter (mm) 1/10 of a cm
about the thickness of a dime

33. 1 cubic centimeter
= 1 milliliter
These Metric Terms are Interchangeable
cc and mL
= 1 gram H20

34. Relative Anatomical Position
Medial - Lateral
Proximal - Distal
Superior - Inferior
Anterior - Posterior
Ventral - Dorsal
Superficial - Deep

35. Fig. 1.20b
Anterior
(Ventral)
Posterior
(Dorsal)
Fig. 1.20b

36. Fig. 1.20aSuperior
Inferior
Medial
Lateral
Midline
Right Left
Proximal
Distal
Proximal
Distal
Fig. 1.20a

37. Types of Body Sections
(a) Sagittal or Longitudinal (b) Transverse or Cross Section (c) Frontal or Coronal
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38. Other Body Sections
(a) Cross section (b) Oblique (c) Longitudinal section
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39. Vertebra
Aorta
Esophagus
Right lung
Visceral pleura
Pleural cavity
Parietal pleura
Sternum
Plane of
section
Spinal cord
Mediastinum
Left lung
Rib
Left ventricle
of heart
Visceral pericardium
Pericardial cavity
Parietal pericardium
Anterior
Azygos v.
Right atrium
of heart
Right ventricle
of heart
Fibrous pericardium
Fig. 1.11 Serous Membranes - Visceral vs Parietal

40. Plate 1.9
Scalp
Cerebrum
Corpus callosum
Lateral ventricle
Frontal bone
Frontal sinus
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Sphenoidal sinus
Brainstem
Inferior nasal concha
Cerebellum
Oral cavity
Mandible
Cervical vertebra
Esophagus
Larynx
Sternum
Maxilla
Tongue
Trachea
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© McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./Karl Rubin
Reference Plate Nine
Page 39

41. Reference Plate 14 - pg. 42
Medial rectus m.
Ethmoidal sinus
Nasal septum
Eye
Sphenoidal sinus Lateral rectus m.
Optic nerve Third ventricle
Gray matter
White matter
Occipital lobe
Lateral ventricle
Skull
Scalp
Temporalis m. Temporal lobe
Subcutaneous
tissue
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© McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./Karl Rubin