physiology

1. Hole’s Human Anatomy
and Physiology
12th Edition
Chapter 1
Introduction to Human A&P
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2. Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy vs Physiology
-define each term
- why combine into a single course?
Explain: “Structure follows Function”
1-3

3. Subatomic particles
Atom
Molecule
Macromolecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
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Levels of Organization
1-5

4. Fig. 1.19

6. Characteristics of Life Organ Systems
•Movement
•Responsiveness
•Growth
•Reproduction
•Respiration
•Digestion
•Absorption
•Assimilation
•Circulation
•Excretion
1-6
Which organ
system(s)
contribute to
each of the
characteristics
listed on the
left?

7. Organ Systems Are Inter -related
Respiratory
system
Cardiovascular
system
Digestive
system
Blood
Internal
environment
External
environment
Organic waste,
excess salts, water
Unabsorbed
matter
Nutrients,
salts, water
Cell Extracellular
fluid
O2 in
Urinary
system
CO2 out
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Fig. 1.5

8. Requirements of Organisms
Water: most abundant substance in body
 metabolism
 transport
 regulates body temperature
Food
energy
building blocks
Oxygen - ~20% of air
releases energy from nutrients
Heat
helps control rate of metabolic reactions
Pressure
 atmospheric pressure – breathing
hydrostatic pressure – blood flow 1-8

9. Homeostasis
External environment – keeps changing
Internal environment - remains stable.
How?
Body has “Homeostatic Mechanisms”
Imagine one day is very cold out, while the next day
is very hot.
What effect does that have on your body
temperature?

10. Homeostasic Mechanisms
– monitor internal environment
- corrects changes
3 Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms:
•receptors
• function?
•control center
•tells what a particular value should be
•effectors
• function?

12. Types of Regulation
 negative feedback
 most common!
 ex. maintaining body temperature;
release of most hormones, etc.
 positive feedback
 blood clotting
 labor

13. Control Center
Hypothalamus
Thermo-
receptors
Example of Homeostasis – Control of Body Temperature
What temperature does your body try to maintain?
What changes occur when your body temperature is:
- too high? - too low?
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14. Body Cavities
1-12
Frontal sinuses
Orbital cavities
Nasal cavity
Oral cavity
Cranial cavity
Sphenoidal sinus
Middle ear cavity
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Fig. 1.10

15. Body Membranes
 serous membranes
 lines organ surfaces in thoracic and abdominal
cavities
 thin, watery secretions
 reduces friction
 mucous membrane
 lines hollow organs that lead to exterior of body
(ex. GI, respiratory, genito-urinary)
 thick secretions
 protective

16. 4 Serous Membranes
Thoracic Membranes
• (1 & 2) pleura = one around each lung
• (3) pericardium
•Each serous membrane composed of 2 layers:
•visceral layer – directly covers an organ
•parietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall
•small cavity between layers is filled with serous fluid
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Abdominopelvic Membranes
• (4) peritoneum
1-13

17. Fig. 1.20a
Superior
Inferior
Medial
Lateral
Midline
Right Left
Proximal
Distal
Proximal
Distal
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Anterior
(Ventral)
Posterior
(Dorsal)

18. Right
hypochondriac
region
Right
lumbar
region
Right
iliac
region
Epigastric
region
Umbilical
region
Hypogastric
region
Left
hypochondriac
region
Left
lumbar
region
Left
iliac
region
(a)
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Right upper
quadrant (RUQ)
Left upper
quadrant (LUQ)
Right lower
quadrant (RLQ)
Left lower
quadrant (LLQ)