1. Chapter 5CIVILIZATION OF EARLY PEOPLE IN THE WORLD WHICH INFLUENCED THE CIVILIZATION OF INDONESIAN PEOPLE

2. NamaKelompok :1. DanisaRatnaPuri2. YessiNadia Giatma3. Rosita Dewi4. NandyaMelinda5. AjengAnggraeni6. FeniArdianingsih

3. 2. The Dongson Culture Talking about Dongson culture is identical to discussing the bronze culture. The Dongson culture came from Vietnam which was the center of dispersion of objects made of bronze to Indonesia. The proof showing the relation was finding of various objects of heritage which were made of bronze in Indonesia

4. The Continue such as bronze axes, candrasa, kettledrums, jewelry, and so on.Upontracing, it was found out that the objects originated from dongson. The dongson culture came to Indonesia along with the system of irrigated farming. This gave positive effect in the from of the development of urban society in Indonesia, because the people in this periode chose to settle in an area permanently. This system resulted in the development of centers of government which were still local in scope and known as tribes and small kingdoms.

5. The towns in this period were built near rivers or othersourcesof water in order for the people to be able to obtain water and food more easily. The introduction of wet framland system required them to build irrigation channels, and this was difficult to do if they had lived far from water sources.

6. Besides, the coming of metal culture brought about the development of the trade of smithery, and since not everybody cculd make tools of metal. The following are some of them. Candrasa a kind of axe with very large blade, though it looked like a weapon it was not strong enough to be used in a battle, so quite probably the tool was used as a symbol of a grandeur and ceremonial Funneal axe is a bronze axe with a hole shaped like a funnel for putting in a wooden handle kettledrum is mostly found in the chain of Sumatra, Jawa, Nusa Tenggraup to Kai Island near Papua

8. C. THE METAL CULTURE IN INDONESIA The metal age was the age in which people mostly used tools which were made of metal, though in indonesia there were only two periods of this age, they were the bronze age and iron age, this condition was due to the metal age happening in other areas. The first proof of the use of bronze and iron in indonesia dated back around 500 BC. One of the well-known artefacts was a large kettledrum or dongson kettledrum, it was so called because the kettledrum was supposed to come from the dongson culture in North Vietnam around 200 BC. This kind of kettledrum was found in the chain of Sumatra, Java, Nusa Tenggara, up to Kai Islands near Papua or Irian Jaya

9. The dongson kettledrum was made using wax moulding technique. There are four types of kettledrums, they are heger I – IV . Only type heger I was widely distributed, and it was characterized by a wide upper surface, short body, a handle shaped like a rattan plait, and star-shaped accessory in the middle. In addition to kettledrums, funnel axes shaped like a swallow tail were also found frequently in java, vessels were found in Lampung and Madura, while axes for ritual ceremonies were found in Landau, Roti.

10. 1. Remains of Metal Culture in Java Based on some archeologi proofs, it has been estimated that Javanese people were already able to produce metal in this period. This estimate was supported by the finding of some clay moulds in Bandung and Pejaten, South Jakarta. The moulds were used to cast metal using the wax mould method. The metal equipment which are frequently are bronze kettledrums of dongson type. Heger I type kettledrums have also been found at nine sites in Java, namely Cibadak ( sukabumi ), Cirebon, Pekalongan, Banyumas, Semarang, Kedu, Tanurejo, Rengel, and Lamongan.

11. 2. Remains of Metal Culture in Bali The popular metal remains in Bali are bronze kettledrums which are better known as “Moon from Pejeng”, but the kettledrums found in Bali are different from those found in other places. The kettledrums in Bali are assumed to be genuine products of Bali and Hager I type kettledrums are not found there. It has been assumed that the Dongson kettledrums were owned by people of higher status, while common people were not allowed to have them, so kthey made local kettledrums, that is Pejeng kettledrums.

12. 3. Remains of Metal Culture in Sumatra The various remains of metal cultureinsumatra were products of Dongson influence, though it is quite difficult to find out when and how the Dongson culture came to the island. Yet, there are many Dongsonartefacts found in Sumatra, and the most typical is the bronze kettledrum. The site of Dongson kettledrum finding in Sumatra is in Pasemah, South Sumatra which is located at an altitude of 600 meters on the slope of Mount Dempo and Mount Dumai. Besides kettledrums, some Dongson swords, bronze statues, beads, and pieces of iron have also been found. Apart from Pasemah, some Dongson kettledrums were also found in Padang Peri, Bengkulu.