Survey satelit

1. Traversing
 This involves the measurement of a series of distances
and directions (angle, bearing or azimuth)
 One of the most common measurement techniques in
Geomatics
 Starts at a known point and ends at another known point
or the same start point

2. Types of Traverses
I. Loop Traverse (closes on starting point)
II. Link Traverse
Distance and angles
measured

3. Latitudes (∆Y) and Departures (∆X)
T1
T2
∆Y
∆X
Latitude = L Cos α = ∆Y
Departure = L Sin α = ∆X
Lα
Latitudes and Departures computed for each leg of a traverse

4. Loop Traverse – Step 1
N51
0 22’00”E
1010
24’00”
1490
13’00”
80
0 58’30”
1160
19’00”
92
0 04’30”
579.03
350.10
401.58
382.20
368.28
A
B
C
D
E
Check Interior Angle Closure
Observed Adjusted
A = 1010
24’ 00” 1010
24’ 12”
B = 1490
13’ 00” 1490
13’ 12”
C = 800
58’ 30” 800
58’ 42”
D = 1160
19’ 00” 1160
19’ 12”
E = 920
04’ 30” 920
04’ 42”
Total = 5390
59’ 00”= 5400
00’ 00”
Should = 5400
00’ 00” = (n-2)*180
Misclosure = 01’ 00” = 60”
Adjustment = 60/5 = +12” per angle
observations

5. Compute Azimuths – Step 2
αAB = 510
22’ 00” (given)
αBA = 2310
22’ 00”
Β = 1490
13’ 12”
αBC = 820
08’ 48”
αCB = 2620
08’ 48”
C = 800
58’ 42”
αCD = 1810
10’ 06”
αDC = 10
10’ 06”
D = 1160
19’ 12”
αDE = 2440
50’ 54”
αED = 640
50’ 54”
E = 920
04’ 42”
αEA = 3320
46’ 12”
αAE = 1520
46’ 12”
A = 1010
24’ 12”
αAB = 510
22’ 00” Check
51
0 22’00”
1010
24’12”
1490
13’12”
80
0 58’42”
1160
19’12”
92
0 04’42”
B C
D
E
A

6. Compute Lats and Deps - Step 3
Leg Azimuth Distance Lat (DCosα) Dep (DSinα)
AB 510
22’ 00” 401.58 250.720 313.697
BC 820
08’ 48” 382.20 52.222 378.615
CD 1810
10’ 06” 368.28 -368.203 -7.509
DE 2440
50’ 54” 579.03 -246.097 -524.130
EA 3320
46’ 12” 350.10 311.301 -160.193
Total -0.057 0.480
Total Traverse Distance = 2081.19
Linear Misclosure = √(0.057)2
+ (0.480)2
= 0.483
Precision = 0.483/2081.19 = 1/4305 …… 1/4300

7. Compass Rule/Bowditch Adjustment – Step 4
Correction to Lats = - Traverse leg distance * Lat Misclosure
Total traverse distance
Correction to Deps = - Traverse leg distance * Dep Misclosure
Total traverse distance
Leg Lats Deps Corrn Lat Corrn Dep Adj Lats Adj Deps
AB 250.720 313.697 0.011 -0.093 250.731 313.604
BC 52.222 378.615 0.010 -0.088 52.233 378.527
CD -368.203 -7.509 0.010 -0.085 -368.193 -7.594
DE -246.097 -524.130 0.016 -0.134 -246.081 -524.264
EA 311.301 -160.193 0.010 -0.081 311.311 -160.274
Total 0.057 -0.480 0.000 0.001
Final Lats and Deps should be rounded to 2 decimal places

8. STEP 5 – Calculate Final Coordinates
Using adjusted lats and deps and the coordinates of your
starting point (A), compute coordinates of all traverse points
(B, C, D, E)

9. Orientation of Link Traverse
355-40-40
75-20-30
255-20-36
110-36-42
290-36-40
80-22-26
260-22-30
111-25-29
291-25-24
82-25-20
262-25-26
Orientation Point
with known X,Y
Traverse Terminal
with known X,Y
Traverse Station
with unknown X,Y
A
B
O1
T1
T2
T3
T4
355-40-45
170-26-20
O2
170-26-15
500.364
600.556
625.484 480.253 674.374

10. Pt. Reduced FINAL COORDINATES
Hor. Dist ∆X ∆Y ∆X ∆Y ∆X ∆Y X Y
Deg Min Sec (Dep) (Lat) (Dep) (Lat) (Dep) (Lat)
A -5306.890 8387.480
75 20 36 500.364 484.082 126.605 -0.0073 0.0097 484.0745 126.6149
T1 -4822.815 8514.095
110 36 37 600.5560 562.1183 -211.4014 -0.0088 0.0112 562.1095 -211.3902
T2 -4260.706 8302.705
80 22 24 625.4840 616.6761 104.5982 -0.0092 0.0123 616.6670 104.6105
T3 -3644.039 8407.315
111 25 24 480.2530 447.0709 -175.4153 -0.0070 0.0089 447.0639 -175.4063
T4 -3196.975 8231.909
82 25 21 674.3740 668.4850 88.9278 -0.0099 0.0133 668.4751 88.9411
B -2528.500 8320.850
B -2528.500 8320.850
2881.0310 2778.4322 -66.6855 2778.3900 -66.6300
Sh.be 2778.3900 -66.6300 2778.3900 -66.6300
Misclosure 0.0422 -0.0555 -0.0422 0.0555 0.0000 0.0000
Linear Misclosure 0.0697
Precision 1/ 41000
Adjusted Azimuth Provisional Corrections. Final
Adjustment of Link Traverse

11. Short Legs in Traverses
A
B
O1
T1
T2
T3
T4
Carrying the orientation through from T2 to T3 will thus
result in a significant displacement of all subsequent legs in
the traverse. Although all observations may be of high
quality, the shape of the traverse gets distorted. Applying the
Bowditch rule to the linear displacements ∆X and ∆Y will
NOT correct the distortion.
Because of the relatively short distance T1-T2, the angular
observations at T1 and T2 will be less accurate than the
other observations in the traverse.