The four kingdoms in the microscopic world.

1. The Four Kingdoms
Science assignment(45%)

2. What are the Four Kingdoms
• In the world of micro-organism there are four kingdoms named the
Fungi kingdom, Monera kingdom, Protoctista kingdom and the virus
kingdom.
Mushroom Bacteria
Cilliate
Virus

3. Fungi Kingdom
• The fungi kingdom consists of small plants with caps, these are called
mushrooms or spores. You would usually find different types of
mushrooms in the forests.
• Fungus aren’t classified as a plant nor an animal for this they have
their own class. The fungus kingdom. Fungus usually grow in
mycelium.
Mushroom risotto

4. Edible and inedible mushrooms
• There are many, many different types of mushrooms. Most
mushrooms are edible but some can be poisonous about 3% of the
worlds mushrooms are poisonous.
How to identify good and bad mushrooms
• Here’s how to identify a poisonous mushroom: avoid mushrooms
with white gills and a skirt or ring on the stem and bulbous or sack
like base called a volva, avoid mushrooms with red caps, and don’t
consume any mushrooms unless you are 100% certain its safe.
Chanterelle Mushroom
an edible mushroom
Fly Agaric a poisonous
mushroom

5. Inside of a mushroom
• Inside of a fungus contains multiple threads of something called
hyphae. The hyphae is rooted to where the fungus is growing.
Mushrooms can’t make food by themselves like plants so when they
grow on for example trees, they use their hyphae to secrete its
digestive enzymes to dissolve organic matter and absorb the
liquefied goop.
Did you know: most fungus are decomposers

6. Reproduction of fungi
• Mushrooms can reproduce asexually in three ways fragmentation,
budding, and reproducing spores.
Budding is a way of reproduction of
fungi mainly yeast. Small buds that
form in nucleus will multiply. All the
bud cells will form a bigger bud
attached to the hyphae and grows
into a new network.
Mushrooms can release spores and the
spores act like seeds being released by
the adult mushroom wherever they land
they will grow into more mushrooms if
conditions are right.
The simplest way a mushroom can
make more mushrooms is by
fragmentation. Fragmentation
happens when pieces of hyphae of
the mushroom break apart and form
new mycelium

7. Monera kingdom
• The Monera kingdom are a group of organisms that only have one cell
and have no nucleus.
• There are TWO main groups.
Eubacteria Archaebacteria Bacteria, type: salmonella
For Example
Eubacteria or ”true bacteria” are more
commonly found around the world
than Archaebacteria. Eubacteria are
used for making medicine.
Archaebacteria are more primitive than
eubacteria meaning it can be the oldest
organism on earth. Archaebacteria can survive
harsher environments than eubacteria, and
appear lesser than eubacteria.

8. Protoctista Kingdom
• Organisms in the Protoctista kingdom have one cell and have a
nucleus.
• All of the Protoctista are eukaryotic organisms meaning they have one
or more cells that have nuclei and organelles.
• Most Protoctista are aquatic, some can be found in moist, damp
areas.
• There are a few multicellular Protoctista like the giant kelp.
Amoeba Ciliate

9. 3 Main groups of Protoctista
• There are three main groups of Protoctista Animal-like, Plant-like and
Fungus-like. They are defined by how they move and obtain nutrients.
Animal-like Plant-like Fungus-like
This is a Protozoa. Its usually found
in water or moist areas. Its animal-
like because it shares similar traits
such as movement and they eat
things outside instead of producing
its own food. Flagellates, ciliates and
sporozoans are animal-like.
This is Algae. It usually thrives in
lakes, ponds or any areas with lots
of water. Its considered plant-like
because it has chlorophyll and does
photosynthesis. There are single cell
diatoms and multicellular seaweed.
This is Mold. Mold can grow in moist
areas and on paper products, sometimes
on decaying matter. They are considered
fungus-like because they look like fungi
and reproduce with spores.

10. Virus Kingdom
• Viruses have no cell structures. Viruses are infectious organisms, they
invade other organisms, such as humans and use the human cells to
replicate itself. If not treated can be fatal.
• Viruses are much smaller than bacteria. It can even infect bacteria, plants
and animals. Viruses can mutate causing it to be either stronger or weaker.
This is the diagram of a flu
virus. This flu virus is the
reason many children have
to take a flu shot.
This is the recent Covid-19. This virus
has been discovered in 2019 and has been
spreading until 2021. So please wash your
hands and stay at home.
Bacteria is being compared to virus.

11. Plant Species
• Plant species are organisms that can do photosynthesis and release
oxygen using carbon dioxide.
• There are 5 plant species in the world algae, liverworts and mosses,
ferns , conifers and flowering plants.
Algae Moss Ferns Hibiscus flower

12. Algae
• Algae’s are aquatic plants (some may call them proctists). Which means
algae grows above the surface of water in lakes, ponds and rivers.
• Algae do not have roots, stems and leaves but they are green so they
posses chlorophyll, which allows them to do photosynthesis.
Algal bloom
What if farmers use too much fertilizers and some enters into a river
filled with algae. This will create an algal bloom, which results into an
overgrowth of algae. Too much algae when it starts to die, decomposing
bacteria will use oxygen to consume the algae, leaving no oxygen for
fishes.

13. What can algae be used for
• On the good side of algae, it can be used for making plastics,
feedstocks, fertilizers and cosmetics.
Biofuel
Algae are like plants, so single-celled microalgae can produce large
quantities of fat, which can be used for biofuel.
Edible algae
Did you know some algae are edible such as the seaweed
Chlorella and Spirulina
A water pouch made
from seaweed for
replacement of plastic
Algae in tubes
Seaweed salad Blue spirulina in yoghurt

14. Liverworts and Mosses
Mosses
The formal name of moss is Bryophyte. Mosses are non-vascular
plants and will grow in places with enough moisture trees, fallen logs,
roots, walls, buildings and rocks. Moss gets nutrition from their leaves
and also do photosynthesis. It releases spores to reproduce.
Rhizoids
Mosses do not have roots they have Rhizoids, which are small hair
like structures that anchors the plant to the surface.
Green Moss

15. Liverworts
• Liverworts are called that because they look like a lobbed liver. It also grows
in moist areas, It is a flowerless green plant that get its nutrients and water
from diffusion and absorption. It also does photosynthesis
Similarities between liverworts and mosses
Liverworts and mosses have Rhizoids, and both are non-flowering plants. Both
release spores to reproduce and both can do photosynthesis.
Differences between liverworts and mosses
Mosses have a spiral leaf while liverworts have a lobbed thallus. Chlorophyll
and stomata in liverworts are absent but are present in mosses. Seta growth
for liverworts are faster than mosses.
Liverworts

16. Ferns
• Ferns are a vascular plant( meaning they have a xylem and a phloem)
and has roots and stems, it has large fronds and reproduce using
spores.
Reproduction
Ferns do not use pollen to reproduce they use spores to. The spores
will develop on the underside of the leaf.
Did you know: Ferns are considered to be
the oldest plant to form on
Earth.

17. Conifers
• Conifers are trees that bear cones, Fir and pine trees grow these fruits
in cooler areas. And they have needle-like leaves that are evergreen.
Reproduction
They reproduce by using their cones. Male cones will release pollen,
then carried by the wind. If it lands on a female cone it will produce a
seed.
Needle-like
leaves
Cones Fir Trees
Did you know: Fir trees are used for
making Christmas trees.

18. Flowering plants
• Flowering plants are plants that produce flowers and fruits. A place where
it gets enough water and sunlight to grow. There are many different
species of flowering plants in the world, about 369,400 known species!
Life cycle of flowering plants
First the plant is a seed then it grows, when it slowly grows into an adult
small buds starts to form. A corolla which protects the flower when its
growing starts to form, then a flower is produced.
Flower
A flower consist of leaves, petals, stem, roots, sepals, filament, anther, style,
stigma, ovary, leaves, sepal and petals.

19. Stamen and Carpel
Stamen is the male and carpel is the female part of the flower. filament
and anther are in stamen and stigma, style and ovary are in carpel.
Obtaining water and nutrients
Plants obtain water and nutrients by their roots, their roots dig into the
soil which absorbs all the water and minerals for the plant and
transport it to the rest of the flower.
Durian Flower

20. What is Photosynthesis
• All flowering plants can do photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the
process which plants make food for themselves. So the plant can
grow.
How does photosynthesis work
When the leaves absorb carbon dioxide and water it uses sunlight to
form glucose which is the food of the plant, the byproduct of this
process is oxygen, that’s why many people plant trees to absorb access
carbon dioxide.
Did you know: Most of the oxygen made
from plants comes from the ocean.

21. Reproduction and dispersion
• The way flowering plants reproduce is by pollen.
Pollination
When a bee or any flying insect comes to collect nectar from flowers,
it picks up pollen which form in the anther then carries it to another
flower to get the nectar, but the pollen on the insects body is picked
up by the female part of the flower know as the stigma. This process is
pollination.
Cross-pollination and self-pollination
Cross pollination occurs when the bee carries the pollen to another
flower. Self-pollination occurs when the bee carries the pollen to
another flower on the same plant.

22. Dispersion
• Dispersion means the scattering of seed of the flowering plant. If the
seeds aren’t scattered it will fight for sunlight with its parent plants.
The process
The process of dispersion starts with the flower becoming a fruit then
the seeds in the fruit are dispersed in three ways.
Air Water animals
The dandelion seeds is being
blown by the wind and being
dispersed to grow elsewhere.
Mangrove seeds are being
carried away by water.
When animals eat fruit they might eat the
seed, when it defecates the seed is dispersed.