glass and glazing

1. GLASS AND
GLAZING

2. GLASS
• Hard brittle inorganicsubstance
• Ordinarily transparent or translucent
• Produced by meltinga mixtureof silica, a
flux, and a stabilizer
• Can be molten, blown, drawn, rolled,
pressed, or cast to a variety of shapes

3. MANUFACTURING
GLASS
• Sheet glass
• Also known as ordinary window glass
• Surface is good but never free from distortion
• Plateglass
• High qualityglass sheet with same chemical
composition as sheet glass
• Floatglass
• Aflatglassproduced by a new process
• It combines the fire-finish of sheet with the
perfect flatness of plate frit
• Raw materials are melted in an oil or gas fired
furnace

4. CLASSIFICATION OF
SHEET GLASS
• WindowGlass
• Used for glazing windows and doors in
residential buildings
• Heavy sheet glass
• Used for display cases, shelving,
window ventilators,furniture tops,
• jalousies
• Greater strength but slight distortion
• PictureGlass
• Used for covering pictures,
photographs, maps, charts projector
slides, and instrumentdials

5. Types of Glass

6. Reflective
glass
• Used to control glare and
• reduce solar heat
• The reduced light transmission
also diminishes interior glare
and brightness
• Coated with micro-thin
• layers of metallic film

7. Rolled and Rough
Cast Glass
• Like the process of making
• plate glass
• Used where clear vision is not
required such as by factory roofs
and walls, windowsfor halls and
staircases, skylights, partitions in
offices
• Diffuses light
• Low reflecting and
• absorptionindex

8. Cathedral and
Figured Glass
• Like the process of making
• rolled and rough cast glass
• Contains pattern or texture
• by a patterned roller
• Also known as pattern glass
• Thickness vary from 1/8 to 3/8 in.

10. Wired Glass
• Rolled glass with wire mesh
inserted during the process
• Increases the resistance to
shattering through impact
• Thickness: 7/32, ¼, 3/8 in
• Stock widths: 47-49in.
• Lengths: 178in.

11. Heat-Absorbing
Plate Glass
• Absorbs a significant
percentage of the sun’s
radiantenergy.
• Used for glazing in offices,
schools and hospitals

12. Tempered
Plate Glass
• 3-5 times stronger than a
regular plate glass of same
thickness
• Made by reheating and
• suddenly cooling plate glass
• Highlyresistant to breakage
• Used for swinging doors,
sliding doors, windows in
gymnasiumsand sports
area, skating rinks, etc.

15. UL – UNDERWRITERS LABORATORIES

16. Vitreous Colored
Plate
• Polished plate glass
• Opaque glass widely used
in curtain wall
construction, store fronts,
showrooms, laboratories,
and industrial buildings.
• Not used as glazing
material but should be
applied against a backup
of masonry

17. Laminated
Safety Glass
• Bullet proof glass
• Widely used in automotive
industry and transportation
• Can withstand firearm
• attack and explosion
• Made of two plate or sheet
glass bonded by a thin,
though layer of polyvinyl
butyral resin (transparent
plastic)

19. Insulating
Glass
• Consists of two sheets of
plate or sheet glass,
separated by an air space
and joined around the
edges to produce a
hermitically sealed unit.
• Can be sealed by lead
• Provide thermal insulation
and restrict condensation
• Reduceexternal noise

20. Obscure
Glass
Obscure glass is textured
glass that allows light into
the room but also provides
privacy. Comes in variety
of different patterns and
can be used as a beautiful
decorative element for any
space. Most commonly
used in bathrooms and
other privacy rooms.

21. THICKNESS OF
GLASS
ACCORDING TO
USAGE

22. Glass commercial thickness
• 1-1.25mm: Microscope slide (not tempered)
• 2mm: for photo frames
• 4mm: small cabinet door, insulated units, photo frames, small
tabletops
• 5mm: small tabletops, window glass, small bathroom, shelves,
shower enclosures
• 6mm: window glass, interior & exterior door pane, shelves, framed
shower doors
• 8mm: glass walls, shower enclosure doors, shelves, tabletop,
partitions

23. Glass commercial thickness
• 10mm: glass walls, shower enclosure, shelves, tabletops, partitions
• 12mm: glass walls, shower enclosure, shelves, tabletops, partitions
• 16mm: glass floors, very large tabletops, very large shelves
• 20mm: glass floors, very large tabletops, very large shelves

24. GLASS BLOCKS

25. Glass blocks
Unit masonry but have
the added feature of
transmitting light
High thermal efficiency
and sound insulation

26. Two types of glass blocks:
• Functional blocks: direct or diffuse the daylight
• A light directing block
• A light diffusing block
• General purposes block
• Decorative or architectural glass: available in wide range of styles
and patterns.

27. Glazing

28. Glazing
• The action, process, or trade of fitting windows with glass

29. Types of Glazing

30. Single
Single glaze, also known
as single-pane windows,
use just one piece of
glass and has become
uncommon because
they are the least
energy efficient kind of
windows and are less
effective at filtering out
noise.

31. Double Glaze
Double glaze, also known as
dual-pane windows, use
two panes of glass
separated by a spacer and
air space within an opening
to improve insulation
against heat transfer and
sound transmission. Dual-
pane windows are the most
common energy efficient
glazing type on the market
today.

32. Triple Glazing
Triple glazing has three panes
instead of two for double
glazing. The big difference
between double and triple
glazing is that the triple
glazed unit has two air gaps,
not just one, to reduce
thermal transmission. Twice
the air gaps of double glazed
units and twice the buffer
against cold air.

33. WHAT IS GLAZING
GLAZING, WHICH DERIVES FROM THE MIDDLE ENGLISH FOR 'GLASS', IS A PART OF
A WALL OR WINDOW MADE OF GLASS.
GLAZING IS WHEN YOU PAINT A THIN LAYER OF MINERALS AND GLASS ONTO A FIRED OR
UNFIRED CERAMIC PIECE.
THE ACT OF INSTALLING GLASS IN WINDOWS, DOORS OR FIXED OPENINGS.
IN PRACTICALLY , IT WOULD BE THE ACTUAL INSTALLATION OF A PIECE OF GLASS WITHIN A
FRAME.
HISTORY
• GLAZES HAVE BEEN DISCOVERED TO HAVE BEEN USED IN THE DECORATION OF CERAMICS
AS FAR BACK AS THE EARLY EGYPTIAN PERIOD.
• POWDERED GLASS WAS ORIGINALLY USED AS THE BASE OF HISTORIC GLAZES.
• MINERALS AND WATER-SOLUBLE SALTS WERE ADDED WHICH ALTERED THE COLOUR AND
TEXTURE OF THE FINAL PRODUCT.

34. TYPES OF
GLAZING
COMMONLY USED INNOVATIVE GLAZING SYSTEMS ARE:
STRUCTURAL GLAZING
1. BOLTED GLAZING
2. CABLE STYED GLAZING
3. FIN SUPPORTED GLAZING
CURTAIN WALLS
1. SYICK SYSTEM
2. UNITIZED SYSTEM

35. 1. STRUCTURAL GLAZING
STRUCTURAL GLAZING, IN THEIR SIMPLEST FORM
CONSISTING OF GLASS THAT IS BONDED TO A STRUCTURE WITHOUT THE
USE OF CONTINUOUSLY GASKET ALUMINUM PRESSURE PLATES .
WHY STRUCTURAL GLAZING ?
CREATE A GREATER TRANSPARENCY .
LESS VISUAL INTERRUPTIONS.
SEAMLESS, CONTINUOUS GLASS LOOK.
LESS THERMAL BRIDGING WITH STRUCTURAL GLAZING, SAVING ON
ENERGY CONSUMPTION COSTS.
STRUCTURAL
GLAZING

36. STRUCTURAL GLAZING
• THE FACADES ARE USED IN LONGER SPANNING APPLICATIONS WHERE AN ALUMINUM
EXTRUSION AS THE PRIMARY SPANNING MEMBER BECOMES IMPRACTICAL OR
IMPOSSIBLE.
• STRUCTURAL GLAZING IS A SYSTEM OF BONDING GLASS TO A BUILDING’S
STRUCTURAL FRAMING MEMBERS UTILIZING A HIGH STRENGTH, HIGH
PERFORMANCE SILICONE SEALANT SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED AND TESTED FOR
STRUCTURAL GLAZING.
• IN STRUCTURAL GLAZING APPLICATIONS, DYNAMIC WIND LOADS ARE
TRANSFERRED FROM THE GLASS, BY THE STRUCTURAL SILICONE SEALANT, TO
THE PERIMETER STRUCTURAL SUPPORT.
• STRUCTURAL GLASS FAÇADE TECHNOLOGY EMBRACES A
DESIGN OBJECTIVE OF HIGH TRANSPARENCY AND EXPRESSED
STRUCTURE, AND INCORPORATES SOME TYPE OF GLASS AS THE
CLADDING MATERIAL.
STRUCTURAL
GLAZING

37. 1. BOLTED GLAZING
1. SPIDER GLAZING IS AN IMPORTANT CONCEPT FOR GLAZING .
2. SPIDER GLAZING ACT AS STRUCTURAL SUPPORT FOR ANY HIGH-END EXTERIOR DESIGNS.
3. TOUGHENED GLASS AND VARIOUS OTHER COMPONENTS INVOLVED IN SPIDER GLAZING .
4 .SPIDER GLAZING CONCEPTS PROVIDES SAFETY AND SECURITY FOR THE END USERS.
5 . TOUGHENED GLASS LIKE 12MM ,15MM TOUGHENED GLASS AND 19MM TOUGHENED GLASS.
6. STRUCTURAL SUPPORT FOR THE SPIDER GLAZING CAN BE TAKEN FROM STRUCTURE OF THE BUILDING AND FOR THE
LARGER ELEVATIONS STRUCTURAL SUPPORT SHOULD BE CREATED WITH MILD STEEL OR STAINLESS STEEL. IN SPIDER
GLAZING CONCEPT FIN GLASS OF 15MM IS USED AS DEAD WEIGHT AND PRESSURE WITH STANDING FORCE.
7 . SPIDER GLAZING FITTINGS AVAILABLE LIKE 4 WAY SPIDERS,2 WAY SPIDERS AND SINGLE WAY SPIDER FITTINGS TO
FACILITATE VARIOUS SPIDER GLAZING DESIGN OPTIONS.
BOLTED
GLAZING
• SPIDER GLAZING IS GENERALLY INSTALLED IN A AREAS WHERE MAXIMUM VISIBILITY IS REQUIRED AND THE SYSTEMS ARE
CHOOSEN
BASED UPON THE HEIGHT OPENING AVAILABLE.
• SPIDER GLAZING IS A MAJOR CONCEPT FOR FACADE GLAZING AND ELEVATION GLAZING USING SPIDER GLASS HARDWARE.
ALMOST ALL THE EXTERIOR DESIGN CONCEPTS CAN BE DONE WITH SPIDER GLAZING CONCEPTS. SPIDER GLAZING IS THE
ONLY OPTION AVAILABLE FOR THE LARGER OPENING ELEVATION IN THE EXTERIOR AND ENTRANCE OF COMMERCIAL AND
RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS. SPIDER GLAZING ACT AS STRUCTURAL SUPPORT FOR ANY HIGH-END EXTERIOR DESIGNS. SPIDER
GLAZING CAN BE CUSTOMIZED FOR VARIOUS DESIGNED BUILDINGS WITH THE HELP OF SPIDER GLAZING HARDWARE.

38. FIN
SUPPORTED
GLASS FINS REPRESENT THE EARLIEST FORM OF
STRUCTURAL GLASS
FACADE
A GLASS FIN IS REPLACES A FRAME OR MULLION.
THE REACTION LOAD TRANSFERRED TO THE TOP & BOTTOM OF THE
FIN SHOE.
FIN SYSTEMS ARE ALSO DESIGNED WITH BOLTED JOINTS.
IT CREATE GREATER VISIBILITY & INCREASE THE NATURAL LIGHT IN
INTERIORS.
2. FIN SUPPORTED GLAZING

39. CABLE
SUPPORTED
• TENSION FACADES USE HIGH TENSILE CABLES
OR STAINLESS STEEL RODS TO IMPOSE THE
LOADS OF THE FACADE ON THE MAIN
STRUCTURE. THIS DECREASES THE AMOUNT OF
SOLID STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS VISIBLE ON THE
PROJECT, THEREFORE INCREASING THE
TRANSPARENCY OF THE FACADE. THE TWO
MAIN TYPES IN THE INDUSTRY ARE TENSION
ROD FACADES AND CABLE NET WALLS.
• THIS STRUCTURAL SYSTEM SUPPORTS GLASS
BY A NET GEOMETRY OF PRE-TENSIONED
CABLES.
• CABLE NETS ARE REMARKABLY MINIMAL
STRUCTURES WHEN THE BOUNDARY STEEL
REQUIRED TO ACCOMMODATE TYPICALLY HIGH
PRESTRESS LOADS IS IGNORED.
• CABLE PRESTRESS MUST BE APPLIED IN THE
FIELD VIA COMPLEX HYDRAULIC JACKING
PROCESSES. INSTALLATION MEANS AND
3. CABLE SUPPORTED GLAZING

40. ADVANTAGES AND CONCLUSION
• ALLOWS FOR BROADER ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN FLEXIBILITY
• INCREASES THE THERMAL EFFICIENCY OF BUILDINGS
• REDUCES OR ELIMINATES WATER AND AIR INFILTRATION
• REDUCES THE POTENTIAL FOR THERMAL BREAKAGE OF GLASS
• ADVANCED GLAZING'S WILL BE DYNAMIC ELEMENTS IN FACADES THAT ARE FULLY INTEGRATED
INTO BUILDING OPERATIONS, PROVIDING DAY LIGHTING AND NATURAL VENTILATION.
• BY USING THE MODERN TECHNOLOGY OF GLAZING, WE CAN SIMPLIFY THE CONSTRUCTION
PERIOD, GIVE MORE STABILITY AND GOOD
STRUCTURAL
GLAZING

41. A curtain wall system is an outer covering of a building in which the outer walls are non- structural,
but merely keep the weather out and the occupants in.
Curtain walls are non structural members and are made of a lightweight material reducing
construction costs. When glass is used as the curtain wall, a great advantage is that natural light can
penetrate deeper within the building.
The curtain wall façade does not carry any dead load weight from the building other than its own
dead load weight.
Curtain wall systems must be designed to handle all loads imposed on it as well as keep air and water
from penetrating the building envelope.
CURTAIN WALL
When a curtain wall is designed the
following are taken into
consideration,
Loads
Air Infiltration
Water Penetration
Deflection
Strength
Thermal criteria
Common types of curtain wallsystems
for high-rise buildings
1. Stick system
2. Unit system
3. Unit and mullion system
4. Column-cover and spandrel system
5. Various types of glass wall system
The glass and aluminum curtain wall system is a
marvel of engineering and architecture. A totally
non combustible system of glass and aluminum
requiring minimal maintenance and providing
years of aesthetic quality and building envelope
performance. It is the most advanced exterior
window wall system available for buildings.
8
CURTAIN
WALLS

42. ADVANTAGES:
▪ GREAT FLEXIBILITY - SITE MODIFICATION IS POSSIBLE.
DISADVANTAGES:
▪ - DIFFICULTIES IN QUALITY CONTROL.
▪ - RELIES HEAVILY ON SITE WORKMANSHIP.
▪ - REQUIRES DIFFERENT TRADE MEN.
▪ - DIFFICULT TO ACCOMMODATE BUILDING
MOVEMENT.
▪ - DIFFICULT TO CONTROL WATER DRAINAGE TO
INDIVIDUAL FLOORS.
▪ - TOO MANY LOSS PARTS AND COMPONENTS ON
SITE.
▪ - POOR ACOUSTIC AND THERMAL INSULATION.
▪ - DETERIORATION OF EXPANSION AND SEALANT
JOINTS.
Vertical curtainwall Convex contoured Curtain wall
Concave contoured
curtain Curtain wall
Application of curtain wall
CURTAIN
WALLS
VERTICAL ELEMENTS: MULLIONS
HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS: RAILS (SOMETIMES
MULLIONS) - TYICALLY
FRAME SHORT DISTANCE FROM MULLION TO
MULLION AND TRANSFER
GRAVITY WEIGHT OF GLASS TO MULLIONS

43. UNITIZED CURTAIN WALLS ENTAIL FACTORY FABRICATION AND ASSEMBLY OF
PANELS AND MAY INCLUDE FACTORY GLAZING. THESE COMPLETED UNITS ARE HUNG
ON THE BUILDING STRUCTURE TO FORM THE BUILDING ENCLOSURE. UNITIZED
CURTAIN WALL HAS THE ADVANTAGES OF: SPEED; LOWER FIELD INSTALLATION
COSTS; AND QUALITY CONTROL WITHIN AN INTERIOR CLIMATE CONTROLLED
ENVIRONMENT. THE ECONOMIC BENEFITS ARE TYPICALLY REALIZED ON LARGE
PROJECTS OR IN AREAS OF HIGH FIELD LABOR RATES.
ADVANTAGES
-WATERPROOFING
-ENSURING AESTHETIC FEATURES THANKS TO ITS SYNCHRONOUS SURFACE
-EASY FOR INSTALLATION
-THE INSTALLATION IS TIME SAVING THEREFORE ENSURING THE
PROGRESS FOR PROJECTS .
-ACCOMMODATES BUILDING MOVEMENTS.
-MINIMIZES SITE OPERATIONS.
-SHORTER CONSTRUCTION DURATION. - ENABLES OTHER TRADES TO COMMENCE
WORK MUCH EARLIER.
DISADVANTAGES
-THE INSTALLATION WORK NEED TO BE DONE BY HIGH-SKILLED
WORKERS
-THE PRICE OF UNITIZED CURTAIN WALL IS HIGHER THAN STICKS.
-THE TRANSPORTATION OF PANELS IS MORE COMPLICATED.
-UNITS ARE ASSEMBLED AND GLAZED UNDER CONTROLLED SHOP CONDITIONS.
-FULL PRESSURE EQUALIZATION DRAINAGE SYSTEM AT EACH FLOOR.
UNITIZED SYSTEMS
CONTENT

44. THE VAST MAJORITY OF CURTAIN WALLS ARE INSTALLED LONG PIECES
(REFERRED TO AS STICKS) BETWEEN FLOORS VERTICALLY AND BETWEEN
VERTICAL MEMBERS HORIZONTALLY. FRAMING MEMBERS MAY BE
FABRICATED IN A SHOP, BUT ALL INSTALLATION AND GLAZING IS TYPICALLY
PERFORMED AT THE JOBSITE.
STICK CURTAIN WALLS ARE PROCESSED, MANUFACTURED AT FACTORY AND
ASSEMBLED, INSTALLED AND COMPLETED AT SITE. THIS KIND OF CURTAIN
WALL CAN BE USED FOR ALL OUTSIDE SURFACE TYPES OF BUILDINGS AND
ESPECIALLY SUITABLE FOR SOPHISTICATED AND MULTIPLE JOINT STRUCTURE
ARCHITECTURE.
ADVANTAGES
-WATERPROOFING
-EASY FOR TRANSPORTATION
DISADVANTAGES
-DIFFICULTIES IN QUALITY CONTROL.
-RELIES HEAVILY ON SITE WORKMANSHIP.
-REQUIRES DIFFERENT TRADE MEN.
-DIFFICULT TO ACCOMMODATE BUILDING MOVEMENT.
-DIFFICULT TO CONTROL WATER DRAINAGE TO INDIVIDUAL FLOORS.
-TOO MANY LOSS PARTS AND COMPONENTS ON SITE.
-POOR ACOUSTIC AND THERMAL INSULATION.
-DETERIORATION OF EXPANSION AND SEALANT JOINTS.
STICK
SYSTEM
CURTAIN
WALLS

45. • STRUCTURAL GLAZING IS A SYSTEM OF BONDING GLASS TO A
BUILDING'S STRUCTURAL FRAMING MEMBERS UTILIZING A HIGH
STRENGTH, HIGH PERFORMANCE SILICONE SEALANT SPECIFICALLY
DESIGNED AND TESTED FOR STRUCTURAL GLAZING IN STRUCTURAL
GLAZING APPLICATIONS, DYNAMIC WIND LOADS ARE TRANSFERRED
FROM THE GLASS, BY THE STRUCTURAL
• A CURTAIN WALL SYSTEM IS AN OUTER COVERING OF A BUILDING IN
WHICH THE OUTER WALLS ARE NON-STRUCTURAL, UTILIZED TO
KEEP THE WEATHER OUT AND THE OCCUPANTS IN. SINCE THE
CURTAIN WALL IS NON-STRUCTURAL, IT CAN BE MADE OF
LIGHTWEIGHT MATERIALS, THEREBY REDUCING CONSTRUCTION
COSTS
COMPARISSI
ON
STRUCTURAL GLAZING CURTAIN WALLING
• WHILE CLOSELY RELATED, THERE ARE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CURTAIN WALLS AND STRUCTURAL GLASS FACADES.
DIFFRENCE BETWEEN STRUCTURAL GLAZING AND CURTAIN WALLS
• CURTAIN WALLS TYPICALLY SPAN ONLY FROM FLOOR TO FLOOR,
THE PRIMARY SPANNING MEMBER BEING AN ALUMINUM
EXTRUSION. CURTAIN WALLS ARE SEPARATE FROM THE BUILDING
FRAMING SYSTEM, BUT ATTACHED TO AND SUPPORTED BY IT.
• THE PANEL STRUCTURE MAY BE EXPRESSED, OR COMPLETELY
COVERED ON BOTH THE INSIDE AND OUTSIDE OF THE BUILDING.
• STRUCTURAL GLASS FAÇADE TECHNOLOGY EMBRACES A DESIGN
OBJECTIVE OF HIGH TRANSPARENCY AND EXPRESSED
STRUCTURE, AND INCORPORATES SOME TYPE OF GLASS AS THE
CLADDING MATERIAL.
• THE FACADES ARE USED IN LONGER SPANNING APPLICATIONS
WHERE AN ALUMINUM EXTRUSION AS THE PRIMARY SPANNING
MEMBER BECOMES IMPRACTICAL OR IMPOSSIBLE.