monoclonal antibodies are prepared in laboratories through hybridoma technique, which have their own significance in treating and diagnosing diseases like cancer detection and treatment, pregnancy test, locating blood clots, screening blood for HIU and diagnosing of various other diseases.

1. JECRC UNIVERSITY
MONOCLONALANTIBODIES &
ITS APPLICATION
Submitted by:-
“YASHIKA SAINI”
Department of Microbiology
Batch = 2018-2021
Submitted to:-
“Dr. MONA ARORA”
Department of Zoology

2. INTRODUCTION
• In 1975, Kohler and Milstein provided the most outstanding
proof of the clonal section theory by fusion of normal and
malingnant cells (Hybridoma Technology) for which they
received Nobel Prize in 1984.
• Antibodies can be used in medical and diagnostics in the
form of monoclonal antibodies (mAb).
• The word ‘Mono clonal’ means a ‘single’ ‘clone’.
• mAb are identical antibodies produced in laboratories from
a single clone of immune cells.
• mAb have high specificity which means they can recognise
and bind to a single antigen binding site. This means they are
targeted to a specific antigen and it makes them useful in
diagnosing and treating diseases.

3. What are Monoclonal Antibodies?
• Monoclonal Antibodies (mAb) are a single type of antibody that
are identical and are directed against a specific epitope and are
produced by B-cell clones of a single parent or a single hybridoma
cell line.
• A Hybridoma cell line is formed by the fusion of one B-cell
lymphocyte with a myeloma cell or tumor cell.

4. How they produced?
1) In the laboratories, a mice which is taken into
consideration, is vaccinated with target antigen.

5. 2) This stimulates the B-cell found in spleen to
produce antibodies against the target antigen.

6. 3) The spleen of the mouse is then removed and the B-cells
in the spleen are isolated and fused with the tumor cells.

7. 4) We need to fuse the antibody producing B-cells with
the tumor cells because the B-cells don’t have the
ability to divide but tumors however do easily divide.

8. 5) This fusion cell is called as the “Hybridoma Cells.”

9. 6) The Hybridoma cells reproduce rapidly to make donor
cells which all make the same antibody. These monoclonal
antibodies are collected and purified and ready for use.

10. 7) They match up perfectly with the target antigens in
the body and are made in huge quantities.

11. APPLICATIONS
Monoclonal antibodies can be used in a no. of ways like;
• Cancer treatment
and detection.
• Pregnancy test.
• Diagnosis of diseases.
• Locate blood clots.
• Screen blood for HIU.
(Monoclonal Antibodies present on the pregnancy test kit sticks to the HCG
hormone found on the urine of the pregnant women causing a colour change).

12. Advantages & Disadvantages.
Advantages
 Cheaper to develop than
conventional drugs because
it is based on tested
technology.
 They bind to specific
diseased or damaged cells
needing treatment.
 They treat a wide range of
conditions.
 Side effects can be treated
and reduced by mice-
human hybrid cells or by
using fractions of
antibodies.
Disadvantages
 Time consuming project (6
to 9 months)
 Very expensive and needs a
considerable efforts to
produce them.
 Hybridoma culture may be
subject to contamination.
 It is difficult to get the right
antibodies and attach a
compound to it.

13. Possible side effects of Monoclonal
Antibodies.
Monoclonal Antibodies are given intravenously (injected
into a vein). These are more common while the drug is
first being given.
Side effects can include symptoms like;
Fever Vomiting
Chills Diarrhoea
Weakness Rashes
Headache Low blood pressure
Nausea

14. THANK YOU