Full Paper:
Xiaoqing Wang, Xibing Gong, Kevin Chou, Scanning Speed Effect on Mechanical Properties of Ti- 6Al-4V Alloy Processed by Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing, Procedia Manufacturing 1 (2015) 287–295. doi:10.1016/j.promfg.2015.09.026.
Available at: https://www.academia.edu/29967143/Scanning_Speed_Effect_on_Mechanical_Properties_of_Ti-_6Al-4V_Alloy_Processed_by_Electron_Beam_Additive_Manufacturing
NAMRC 2015_Scanning speed effect on mechanical properties of ti-6al-4v alloy processed by electron beam additive manufacturing
1. Scanning Speed Effect on Mechanical Properties
of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Processed by Electron Beam
Additive Manufacturing
Xiaoqing Wang, Xibing Gong , Kevin Chou
Mechanical Engineering Department
The University of Alabama
June 11, 2015
1
2. Outline
Introduction of EBAM
Motive of this study
Experiments
Manufacturing & samples preparation
Nanoindenation test
Results and discussion
Mechanical properties
Microstructure analysis
Summary
2
3. Introduction of EBAM
1997, Arcam in Sweden
Freedom of design
High productivity
Excellent material properties
Too-less manufacturing
3
Arcam A2X
http://www.arcam.com/technology/products/arcam-a2x-3/
Making full-density functional metallic parts or cellular parts
Complex and strong components used in aerospace industries and
medical implant (Orthopedic)
4. 4
Introduction of EBAM
Electrons
Kinetic energy: ~ 60 KeV
Temperature: > 2500 °C
In vacuum environment
Layer thickness: 0.05 ~ 0.2 mm
Manufacturing process:
Powder spreading
Pre-hearting
Contour melting
Hatch melting
Oak Ridge NL National Laboratory https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M_qSnjKN7f8&list=PLUMSQMrg3EMs7uEcy-AF0ua087ErJH2r8
5. 5
Introduction of EBAM
Electron beam technology
Fast beam translation
High scan speed
Efficient manufacturing
High energy beam
High melting capacity
Ultimately high productivity
Vacuum environment
Eliminates impurities
Warm process
Decreases the residual stresses & distortion
Arcam Q10
6. Outline
Introduction of EBAM
Motive of this study
Experiments
Manufacturing & samples preparation
Nanoindenation test
Results and discussion
Mechanical properties
Microstructure analysis
Summary
6
7. 7
Motivation of this study
The effects of beam scanning speed
Microstructure
Mechanical properties (E, H)
Nanoindentation test
8. Outline
Introduction of EBAM
Motive of this study
Experiments
Manufacturing & samples preparation
Nanoindenation test
Results and discussion
Mechanical properties
Microstructure analysis
Summary
8
9. 9
Experiments / Manufacturing of Ti-6Al-4V parts
Table 1. Compositions of Ti6Al4V powder
Composition Al V C Fe O N H Ti
Arcam Ti6Al4V
(wt. %)
6 4 0.03 0.1 0.15 0.01 0.003 Balance
*1 Torr=0.0013157895 atm
Powders diameter: 45 ~ 100 µm
10. 10
Experiments / Manufacturing of Ti-6Al-4V parts
EBAM parts
(60 (L) × 5.5 (W) × 25 (H) mm )
Process parameters
Beam size: 0.5 mm
Upper chamber
7.5 × 10−7
Toll*
Keep beam quality
Fabrication chamber
7.5 × 10−5 Torr
Avoid oxidation
Layer thickness: ~ 70 um
*1 Torr=0.0013157895 atm
14. Outline
Introduction of EBAM
Motive of this study
Experiments
Manufacturing & samples preparation
Nanoindenation test
Results and discussion
Mechanical properties
Microstructure analysis
Summary
14
16. 16
Nanoindentation test
Applied Load Function
Load Function
Control: Open loop
Shape: Trapezoid
Maximum load: 5000 uN
Loading Rate: Constant
Dwell Time: 10 s
Unloading Rate: Constant
17. 17
Test
Pattern: 5 × 5
Spacing: 5 um
Thermal equilibrium time: 0.5 h
Test time: 3
Nanoindentation test
19. Outline
Introduction of EBAM
Motive of this study
Experiments
Manufacturing & samples preparation
Nanoindenation test
Results and discussion
Mechanical properties
Microstructure analysis
Summary
19
23. 23
Results and discussion / H – X-Plane
5.24
6.00
6.52
5.62
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
20 36 50 65
H,GPa
Speed Function
24. 24
Results and discussion / E – Z-Plane
115.4 116.3 119.0
114.3
80
90
100
110
120
130
20 36 50 65
E,GPa
Speed Function
25. 25
Results and discussion / E – X-Plane
Z-plane vs. X-plane
113.2 111.7
125.3
108.2
80
95
110
125
140
20 36 50 65
E,GPa
Speed Function
>
26. 26
Results and discussion
The principle of the EBAM
Layer by layer → Weaker bonding force on the
X-plane → Building defects (↑)
27. Outline
Introduction of EBAM
Motive of this study
Experiments
Manufacturing & samples preparation
Nanoindenation test
Results and discussion
Mechanical properties
Microstructure analysis
Summary
27
28. 28
Microstructure / X-Plane
Prior β grains
Grew along the build direction
Across multiple layers
Typical in high-energy materials processing
Align the steepest temperature gradients
29. 29
Microstructures / X-Plane
Martensitic phase, α′, appears as plates
Transformed from the β phase / high cooling rate / >
410 ℃/s
Commonly observed in Ti-6Al-4V alloy / rapid
solidifications / selective laser melting & electron
beam welding
34. Outline
Introduction of EBAM
Motive of this study
Experiments
Manufacturing & samples preparation
Nanoindenation test
Results and discussion
Mechanical properties
Microstructure analysis
Summary
34
35. 35
Elastic Modulus: 111.7~119.0 Gpa
Hardness: 5.24~6.52 Gpa
EBAM vs. Wrought: Superior / Comparable
Z-plane vs. X-plane: > Strengths (E, H)
Summary
36. 36
Effect of Speed function
Beam scanning speed (↑) → E & H (↑)
Attributed to the finer microstructure
Optimized mechanical properties
SF36 ~ SF50
Summary
39. 39
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