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PRIMERA UNIDAD
SEGUNDA PARTE
ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES LINEALES
ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES DE PRIMER ORDEN.
Sea la ecuación diferencial ordinaria.
𝒂𝟏 𝒙
𝒅𝒚
𝒅𝒙
+ 𝒂𝟐(𝒙)𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙 … . . (𝟏)
Donde 𝒂𝟏 , 𝒂𝟐 y 𝒇 𝒙 son funciones solamente de 𝒙 o constantes.
Suponiendo que 𝒂𝟏 𝒙 ≠ 𝟎, luego al dividir, se tiene
𝒅𝒚
𝒅𝒙
+
𝒂𝟐(𝒙)
𝒂𝟏(𝒙)
𝒚 =
𝒇(𝒙)
𝒂𝟏(𝒙)
, entonces
𝒅𝒚
𝒅𝒙
+ 𝒑(𝒙)𝒚 = 𝑸 𝒙 … (2)
Es una ecuación diferencial lineal de primer orden en 𝒚.
Si 𝑸 𝒙 = 𝟎, la ecuación diferencial (2) toma la forma:
𝒅𝒚
𝒅𝒙
+ 𝒑(𝒙)𝒚 = 𝟎, ecuación diferencial lineal homogénea de variable separable
⟹
𝒅𝒚
𝒚
= −𝒑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 ⇒ න
𝒅𝒚
𝒚
= න −𝒑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 ⇒ 𝒚 = 𝒆− ‫׬‬ 𝒑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Es solución de la ecuación diferencial lineal homogénea.
Si 𝑸 𝒙 ≠ 𝟎, entonces
𝒅𝒚
𝒅𝒙
+ 𝒑 𝒙 𝒚 = 𝑸 𝒙 ⇒
𝒑 𝒙 𝒚 − 𝑸 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 ..(3),
𝝏𝑴
𝝏𝒚
= 𝒑 𝒙 𝒊
𝝏𝑵
𝝏𝒙
= 𝟎
La ecuación (3), no es una ecuación diferencial exacta. Si multiplicamos por el factor integrante 𝑼(𝒙) la ecuación (3), se
convierte en una ecuación diferencial exacta.
Es decir, se tiene
𝑼(𝒙) 𝒑 𝒙 𝒚 − 𝑸 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝑼 𝒙 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎…(4), es exacta, luego se tiene
𝑴 𝒙 = 𝑼(𝒙) 𝒑 𝒙 𝒚 − 𝑸 𝒙 , 𝑵(𝒙) = 𝑼 𝒙 ,
Entonces se tiene
𝝏𝑴
𝝏𝒚
= 𝑼(𝒙)𝒑 𝒙 Y
𝝏𝑵
𝝏𝒙
=
𝒅𝑼(𝒙)
𝒅𝒙
por ser exacta se cumple
𝑼 𝒙 𝒑 𝒙 =
𝒅𝑼(𝒙)
𝒅𝒙
,
integrando se tiene ‫׬‬ 𝒑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ‫׬‬
𝒅𝑼(𝒙)
𝑼(𝒙)
⇒ 𝒍𝒏𝑼(𝒙) = ‫׬‬ 𝒑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 ⇒ 𝑼 𝒙 = 𝒆‫׬‬ 𝒑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
en la ecuación diferencial (4) se Tiene
𝒆‫׬‬ 𝒑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒑 𝒙 𝒚 − 𝑸 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒆‫׬‬ 𝒑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒆‫׬‬ 𝒑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒑 𝒙 𝒚𝒅𝒙 + 𝒆‫׬‬ 𝒑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚 = 𝒆‫׬‬ 𝒑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝑸(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 ⇒
𝒅(𝒚𝒆‫׬‬ 𝒑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
) = 𝒆‫׬‬ 𝒑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝑸(𝒙)𝒅𝒙
integrando se tiene
𝒚𝒆‫׬‬ 𝒑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
= ‫׬‬ 𝒆‫׬‬ 𝒑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝑸 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒄 ⇒ 𝒚 = 𝒆− ‫׬‬ 𝒑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
( ‫׬‬𝒆‫׬‬ 𝒑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝑸 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒄 ),
es la solución de la ecuación diferencial lineal no homogénea (2).
EJEMPLO:
Resolver la ecuación diferencial 𝒙
𝒅𝒚
𝒅𝒙
− 𝟐𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐
Solución:
𝒅𝒚
𝒅𝒙
−
𝟐
𝒙
𝒚 = 𝒙, donde 𝒑 𝒙 = −
𝟐
𝒙
y 𝑸 𝒙 = 𝒙, luego la solución general es:
𝒚 = 𝒆− ‫׬‬ −
𝟐
𝒙
𝒅𝒙
(‫׬‬ 𝒆‫׬‬ −
𝟐
𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒄) ⇒ 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐(𝒍𝒏𝒙 + 𝒄), solución de la ecuación diferencial propuesta.
ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES DE BERNOULLI.
Son de la forma:
𝒅𝒚
𝒅𝒙
+ 𝒑 𝒙 𝒚 = 𝑸 𝒙 𝒚𝒏, 𝒏 ≠ 𝟏 … … (𝟏) , es una ecuación diferencial de Bernoulli.
La ecuación (1) no es una ecuación diferencial lineal, entonces la ecuación (1) se transforma en una ecuación
diferencial línea.
Se multiplica por 𝒚−𝒏
𝒚−𝒏 𝒅𝒚
𝒅𝒙
+ 𝒑 𝒙 𝒚𝟏−𝒏 = 𝑸 𝒙 ⇒ (𝟏 − 𝒏)𝒚−𝒏 𝒅𝒚
𝒅𝒙
+ 𝒑 𝒙 (𝟏 − 𝒏)𝒚𝟏−𝒏 = (𝟏 − 𝒏)𝑸 𝒙 , sea 𝒁 = 𝒚𝟏−𝒏 ⇒
𝒅𝒛
𝒅𝒙
=
(𝟏 − 𝒏)𝒚−𝒏 𝒅𝒚
𝒅𝒙
⇒
𝒅𝒛
𝒅𝒙
+ 𝟏 − 𝒏 𝒑 𝒙 𝒛 = 𝟏 − 𝒏 𝑸(𝒙),
es una ecuación diferencial lineal en 𝒁 de primer orden.
EJEMPLO:
Resolver la ecuación diferencial
𝟐𝒙
𝒅𝒚
𝒅𝒙
+ 𝟐𝒚 = 𝒙𝒚𝟑
Solución: 𝟐𝒙
𝒅𝒚
𝒅𝒙
+ 𝟐𝒚 = 𝒙𝒚𝟑 (−𝟐) 𝒚−𝟑 ⇒ −𝟐𝒚−𝟑 𝒅𝒚
𝒅𝒙
−
𝟐
𝒙
𝒚 = −𝟏 … (2), sea 𝒁 = 𝒚−𝟐 ⇒
𝒅𝒛
𝒅𝒙
=
− 𝟐𝒚−𝟑 𝒅𝒚
𝒅𝒙
, en (2) se tiene
𝒅𝒛
𝒅𝒙
+
𝟐
𝒙
𝒛 = −𝟏 es una ecuación diferencial en 𝒁. Y la solución general es:
𝒁 = 𝒆− ‫׬‬
𝟐
𝒙
𝒅𝒙
( ‫׬‬ 𝒆‫׬‬ −
𝟐
𝒙
𝒅𝒙
(−𝟏)𝒅𝒙 + 𝒄 ) ⇒ 𝒚−𝟐 = 𝒙 + 𝒄 𝒙𝟐.
ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES DE LAGRANGE Y CLAIROUTS.
a). Las ecuaciones diferenciales de Lagrange son de la forma:
𝒚 = 𝒙 𝒇 𝒚, + 𝒈( 𝒚, ) …(1), para resolver la ecuación diferencial de Lagrange se transforme en otra
ecuación diferencial lineal en x, haciendo
𝒅𝒚
𝒅𝒙
= 𝒑 ⇒ 𝒅𝒚 = 𝒑𝒅𝒙, luego reemplazando en la ecuación (1), se obtiene una ecuación diferencial
lineal.
b). Las ecuaciones de Clairouts son de la siguiente forma:
𝒚 = 𝒙 𝒚, + 𝒈( 𝒚, ), se obtiene siguiendo el mismo procedimiento del caso de la ecuación diferencial
de Lagrange.
EJEMPLO: Resolver las siguientes ecuaciones diferenciales:
1). 𝟐𝒚 = 𝒙𝒚, + 𝒚, 𝒍𝒏𝒚, 2). 𝒚 = 𝒙𝒚, + (𝒚, )𝟐
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Unidad 1 (segunda parte)

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  • 31. ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES LINEALES ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES DE PRIMER ORDEN. Sea la ecuación diferencial ordinaria. 𝒂𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒂𝟐(𝒙)𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙 … . . (𝟏) Donde 𝒂𝟏 , 𝒂𝟐 y 𝒇 𝒙 son funciones solamente de 𝒙 o constantes. Suponiendo que 𝒂𝟏 𝒙 ≠ 𝟎, luego al dividir, se tiene 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒂𝟐(𝒙) 𝒂𝟏(𝒙) 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒂𝟏(𝒙) , entonces 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒑(𝒙)𝒚 = 𝑸 𝒙 … (2) Es una ecuación diferencial lineal de primer orden en 𝒚. Si 𝑸 𝒙 = 𝟎, la ecuación diferencial (2) toma la forma: 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒑(𝒙)𝒚 = 𝟎, ecuación diferencial lineal homogénea de variable separable ⟹ 𝒅𝒚 𝒚 = −𝒑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 ⇒ න 𝒅𝒚 𝒚 = න −𝒑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 ⇒ 𝒚 = 𝒆− ‫׬‬ 𝒑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 Es solución de la ecuación diferencial lineal homogénea. Si 𝑸 𝒙 ≠ 𝟎, entonces 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒑 𝒙 𝒚 = 𝑸 𝒙 ⇒ 𝒑 𝒙 𝒚 − 𝑸 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 ..(3), 𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝒚 = 𝒑 𝒙 𝒊 𝝏𝑵 𝝏𝒙 = 𝟎
  • 32. La ecuación (3), no es una ecuación diferencial exacta. Si multiplicamos por el factor integrante 𝑼(𝒙) la ecuación (3), se convierte en una ecuación diferencial exacta. Es decir, se tiene 𝑼(𝒙) 𝒑 𝒙 𝒚 − 𝑸 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝑼 𝒙 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎…(4), es exacta, luego se tiene 𝑴 𝒙 = 𝑼(𝒙) 𝒑 𝒙 𝒚 − 𝑸 𝒙 , 𝑵(𝒙) = 𝑼 𝒙 , Entonces se tiene 𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝒚 = 𝑼(𝒙)𝒑 𝒙 Y 𝝏𝑵 𝝏𝒙 = 𝒅𝑼(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 por ser exacta se cumple 𝑼 𝒙 𝒑 𝒙 = 𝒅𝑼(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 , integrando se tiene ‫׬‬ 𝒑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ‫׬‬ 𝒅𝑼(𝒙) 𝑼(𝒙) ⇒ 𝒍𝒏𝑼(𝒙) = ‫׬‬ 𝒑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 ⇒ 𝑼 𝒙 = 𝒆‫׬‬ 𝒑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 en la ecuación diferencial (4) se Tiene 𝒆‫׬‬ 𝒑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒑 𝒙 𝒚 − 𝑸 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒆‫׬‬ 𝒑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒆‫׬‬ 𝒑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒑 𝒙 𝒚𝒅𝒙 + 𝒆‫׬‬ 𝒑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 = 𝒆‫׬‬ 𝒑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝑸(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 ⇒ 𝒅(𝒚𝒆‫׬‬ 𝒑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 ) = 𝒆‫׬‬ 𝒑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝑸(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 integrando se tiene 𝒚𝒆‫׬‬ 𝒑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ‫׬‬ 𝒆‫׬‬ 𝒑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝑸 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒄 ⇒ 𝒚 = 𝒆− ‫׬‬ 𝒑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 ( ‫׬‬𝒆‫׬‬ 𝒑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝑸 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒄 ), es la solución de la ecuación diferencial lineal no homogénea (2).
  • 33. EJEMPLO: Resolver la ecuación diferencial 𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 Solución: 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙 − 𝟐 𝒙 𝒚 = 𝒙, donde 𝒑 𝒙 = − 𝟐 𝒙 y 𝑸 𝒙 = 𝒙, luego la solución general es: 𝒚 = 𝒆− ‫׬‬ − 𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 (‫׬‬ 𝒆‫׬‬ − 𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒄) ⇒ 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐(𝒍𝒏𝒙 + 𝒄), solución de la ecuación diferencial propuesta. ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES DE BERNOULLI. Son de la forma: 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒑 𝒙 𝒚 = 𝑸 𝒙 𝒚𝒏, 𝒏 ≠ 𝟏 … … (𝟏) , es una ecuación diferencial de Bernoulli. La ecuación (1) no es una ecuación diferencial lineal, entonces la ecuación (1) se transforma en una ecuación diferencial línea. Se multiplica por 𝒚−𝒏 𝒚−𝒏 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒑 𝒙 𝒚𝟏−𝒏 = 𝑸 𝒙 ⇒ (𝟏 − 𝒏)𝒚−𝒏 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒑 𝒙 (𝟏 − 𝒏)𝒚𝟏−𝒏 = (𝟏 − 𝒏)𝑸 𝒙 , sea 𝒁 = 𝒚𝟏−𝒏 ⇒ 𝒅𝒛 𝒅𝒙 = (𝟏 − 𝒏)𝒚−𝒏 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙 ⇒ 𝒅𝒛 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟏 − 𝒏 𝒑 𝒙 𝒛 = 𝟏 − 𝒏 𝑸(𝒙), es una ecuación diferencial lineal en 𝒁 de primer orden.
  • 34. EJEMPLO: Resolver la ecuación diferencial 𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝒙𝒚𝟑 Solución: 𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝒙𝒚𝟑 (−𝟐) 𝒚−𝟑 ⇒ −𝟐𝒚−𝟑 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙 − 𝟐 𝒙 𝒚 = −𝟏 … (2), sea 𝒁 = 𝒚−𝟐 ⇒ 𝒅𝒛 𝒅𝒙 = − 𝟐𝒚−𝟑 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙 , en (2) se tiene 𝒅𝒛 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐 𝒙 𝒛 = −𝟏 es una ecuación diferencial en 𝒁. Y la solución general es: 𝒁 = 𝒆− ‫׬‬ 𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 ( ‫׬‬ 𝒆‫׬‬ − 𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 (−𝟏)𝒅𝒙 + 𝒄 ) ⇒ 𝒚−𝟐 = 𝒙 + 𝒄 𝒙𝟐. ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES DE LAGRANGE Y CLAIROUTS. a). Las ecuaciones diferenciales de Lagrange son de la forma: 𝒚 = 𝒙 𝒇 𝒚, + 𝒈( 𝒚, ) …(1), para resolver la ecuación diferencial de Lagrange se transforme en otra ecuación diferencial lineal en x, haciendo 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒑 ⇒ 𝒅𝒚 = 𝒑𝒅𝒙, luego reemplazando en la ecuación (1), se obtiene una ecuación diferencial lineal. b). Las ecuaciones de Clairouts son de la siguiente forma: 𝒚 = 𝒙 𝒚, + 𝒈( 𝒚, ), se obtiene siguiendo el mismo procedimiento del caso de la ecuación diferencial de Lagrange. EJEMPLO: Resolver las siguientes ecuaciones diferenciales: 1). 𝟐𝒚 = 𝒙𝒚, + 𝒚, 𝒍𝒏𝒚, 2). 𝒚 = 𝒙𝒚, + (𝒚, )𝟐