5. Circulatory System
Composed of:
Cardiovascular Organs- heart, blood, and
blood vessels
Lymphatic system- lymph nodes, lymph
vessels, lymph glands, and spleen
Functions:
1. Distribute oxygen and nutrients to cells
2. Transport cell waste and CO2
3. Transport water, electrolytes, hormones,
and enzymes
4. Protect against disease
5. Prevent hemorrhage by forming blood clots
6. Regulate body temperature
5
6. Digestive System
Composed of:
Alimentary Canal- mouth,
pharynx, esophagus, stomach,
small intestine, large intestine,
and anus
Accessory organs- salivary
glands, liver, gallbladder, and
pancreas
Functions:
1. Prepare food for absorption
by cells.
2. Eliminate waste.
6
7. Respiratory and Urinary Systems
Composed of:
Nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx,
trachea, and bronchial tree
Functions:
1. Supply oxygen to blood and cells
2. Eliminate CO2 from blood
3. Regulate acid-base balance of
blood
Composed of:
Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
Functions:
1. Regulate chemical composition
2. Eliminate many wastes
3. Regulate fluid and electrolyte balance and
volume
4. Maintain acid-base balance
7
8. Reproductive System
Male- testes, vas
deferens, prostate
gland, and penis
Female- ovaries,
uterine tubes,
uterus, and vagina
Make babies
8
9. Nervous and Muscular Systems
Composed of:
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia, and
special sense organs (eyes, ears)
Functions:
1. Regulates body activities
Composed of:
Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles
Functions:
1. Allows movement
2. Maintains posture
3. Produces body heat
9
10. Endocrine and Integumentary Systems
Composed of:
Ductless glands of body (testes,
ovaries, pancreas, adrenals,
thymus, thyroid, pituitary)
Functions:
1. Regulates body via hormones
Composed of:
Skin, and all structure derived from skin
(hair, nails, sweat, and oil glands)
Functions:
1. Protects the body
2. Eliminates waste through
perspiration
10
11. Axial and Appendicular Skeletons
Total Adult Skeleton—206 Separate Bones
Axial skeleton (80 bones)
• Central axis of body
• Skull, vertebral column, ribs, and
sternum
Appendicular (*appendages*) skeleton
(126 bones)
• Limbs
• Shoulder and pelvic girdles
11
12. • Small, oval shaped bone
embedded in tendons
• Not part of axial or appendicular
skeleton, except for patellae
(largest sesamoids)
Sesamoid bones
12
23. Quiz Me
Which of the following joints is classified as trochoidal?
A. Wrist joint
B. Metacarpophalangeal
C. Distal radioulnar
D. Shoulder
23
24. Quiz Me
Which of the following joints is classified as ellipsoidal?
A. Wrist
B. Interphalangeal
C. Ankle
D. Hip
24
25. Quiz Me
Which of the following joints is classified as bicondylar?
A. Metacarpophalangeal
B. First carpometacarpal joint
C. Proximal radioulnar joint
D. Knee
25
27. GeneralTerms
Radiography- process and procedures
to produce a radiograph
Radiograph- image of patient anatomy
by x-ray
Radiograph vs. x-ray film
27
Radiographic procedure (examination)
1. Positioning w/IR
&CR
2. Apply protection
3. Select exposure
factors
4. Instruct patient
breathing
5. Processing IR
^you
30. Body Planes- Sectional Images
•Longitudinal- lengthwise
regardless of position of
body, may be taken in
either sagittal, coronal,
or oblique planes
•Transverse or Axial
Sections (Cross-
sections)- right angles
along the longitudinal
axis
30
32. Planes of Skull
32
Base plane aka Frankfort horizontal plane- infraorbital margins
to superior EAM; used in orthodontics and carnial topography
Occlusal plane- between closed jaw, c-spine and skull radiography
62. Terminology Review
1. A projection that merely skims a body part?
2. A projection in which the hand is pronated, then is rotated
laterally 45?
3. Cr directed towards the head?
62
63. Terminology Review
4. A specific oblique position in which the right anterior aspect of the
body is closest to the IR?
5. A body position in which the patient is lying on the abdomen with
the x-ray beam directed horizontally?
6. A general body position in which the head is lower than the feet?
63
64. 64
Commonly Misused PositioningTerms
•RadiographicView- Describes the body part as seen by
the image receptor or other recording medium, such as a
fluoroscopic screen. Restricted to the discussion of a
radiograph or image.
•Radiographic position- Refers to a specific body position,
such as supine, prone, recumbent, erect, or
Trendelenburg. Restricted to the discussion of the
patient’s physical position.
•Radiographic Projection- Restricted to the discussion of
the path of the central ray.
ARRT, (2016). Radiographic examination content specifications, p.12
66. Positioning Accuracy
All pertinent anatomy
demonstrated
Multiple images aligned on
IR
Collimation
Rotation
Central ray (CR)
Goal is to not repeat, take
your time
66
67. Evaluation Criteria (Lateral
Forearm)
Anatomy demonstrated:
elbow and wrist joints
both included
Position: no rotation at
wrist and at elbow joints
Exposure: optimal
exposure factors
Image markers: “R”
marker visible
67
70. Positioning Rules and Principles
1. Minimum of two projections
• Anatomic structures superimposed
• Localization of lesions or foreign bodies
• Determination of alignment of fractures
70
71. Positioning Rules and Principles
2. Minimum of three projections when joints are in prime interest area
• AP or PA
• Lateral
• Oblique
71
