Here are information about general description of brinjal crop, flower biology, breeding and biotechnology methods in brinjal.

2. PRESENTATION ONPRESENTATION ON
BREEDING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY OFBREEDING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY OF
BRINJALBRINJAL
SPEAKERSPEAKER
Virendra Singh ShekhawatVirendra Singh Shekhawat
M.Sc. (Agri.) GPBM.Sc. (Agri.) GPB
Roll no. :- 33Roll no. :- 33
Submitted to
Dr. D.R. MehtaDr. D.R. Mehta
Assoc. Prof.,Assoc. Prof.,
Dept. of G.P.B.,Dept. of G.P.B.,
J.A.U., Junagadh.J.A.U., Junagadh.
Major-Guide
Dr. R.S. TomarDr. R.S. Tomar
Assistant Prof.,Assistant Prof.,
Dept. of Biotechnology,Dept. of Biotechnology,
J.A.U., Junagadh.J.A.U., Junagadh.

3. CONTENTS
1. Intoduction and Basic information of
crop
2. Floral biology
3. Selfing and crossing techniques
4. Genetics of important qualitative and
quantitaive characters of crop
5. Breeding methods
6. Major Breeding objectives
7. Central and state released improved
varieties and hybrids
8. Research centres of the crop

4. INTRODUCTION

5. BRINJALBRINJAL
 Common Name:- Brinjal/Eggplant/Aubergine
 Botanical Name: - Solanum melongena L.
 Family:- Solanaceae
 Chromosome no. :- 2n = 24
 Mode of pollination:- Self-pollinated
 Out-crossing % :- < 5%

6.  Brinjal is one of the most common principle vegetable in
most parts of the world.
 In it’s natural habit, it is a perennial plant but cultivated
as annual.
 An erect bushy plant with compact and well branched
stem and deep root system.
 The brinjal is of much importance in the warm areas of
Far East, being grown extensively in India, Bangladesh,
Pakistan, China and the Philippines.
 It is also popular in Egypt, France, Italy and United
States.

7. Origin:
Brinjal is native of Indonesia and India, with
China as a secondary centre.
More than 16 species of brinjal are found to grow
wild in various parts of the country.
Distribution:
Brinjal is cultivated in most parts of the world.
Leading countries are USA, China, India, France,
Bangladesh and Philippines.

8. TAXONOMYTAXONOMY
 Kingdom : Plantae
 Class : Magnoliopsida
 Subclass : Asteridae
 Order : Solanales
 Family : Solanaceae
 Genus : Solanum
 Species : melongena

9. Solanum is very large genus. Among the 22
Indian species, there is a group of 5 related ones.
All are prickly and diploid with 2n = 24, which
are: -
Solanum melongena
Solanum coagulans
Solanum xanthocarpum
Solanum maccanii
Solanum indicum

10. Floral BiologyFloral Biology
INFLORESCENC
E
Inflorescence is
solitary or cluster of
2-5 flowers.

11. FlowerFlower
Flowers areFlowers are
actinomorphic,actinomorphic,
Hypogynous,Hypogynous,
Hermaphrodite withHermaphrodite with
pistil sorrounded by thepistil sorrounded by the
stamens.stamens.
White or pinkish inWhite or pinkish in
colour, depending oncolour, depending on
the cultivars.the cultivars.

12. There are four types of flowers depending onThere are four types of flowers depending on
the length of the style and size of the ovarythe length of the style and size of the ovary
viz:-viz:-
1.1.Long styled with big sized ovary,Long styled with big sized ovary,
2.2.Medium styled with medium sized ovary,Medium styled with medium sized ovary,
3.3.Pseudo styled with rudimentary ovary,Pseudo styled with rudimentary ovary,
4.4.True short styled with very rudimentaryTrue short styled with very rudimentary
ovary.ovary.

13. Diagram of FlowerDiagram of Flower

14. CALYXCALYX
5 gamosepalous,
Light green in colour
and persistent.
It forms a cup like
structure at the base.
COROLLACOROLLA
5 gamopetalous,
Purple or white in
colour.
Lobes are short.

15. ANDROECIUMANDROECIUM
Stamens are 5 erect,
Large anthers, small
filaments are attached at
the base of petals,
Stamens surrounding
the pistils and anther
dehiscence is
longitudinal.

16. GYNOECIUMGYNOECIUM
Capitate stigma is
found either above or
on the same level or
below the stamens.
Ovary is bilocular
with many ovules,
hypogynous,
bicarpellary,
syncarpous and with
basal placentation.

17. Floral Formula andFloral Formula and
DiagramDiagram

18. Anthesis and PollinationAnthesis and Pollination
 Anthesis starts in morning around 7:30 am andAnthesis starts in morning around 7:30 am and
continues till 11:00 am.continues till 11:00 am.
 Peak flower opening at 08:30 am to 10:30 am.Peak flower opening at 08:30 am to 10:30 am.
 Essentially a Self-Pollinated crop as stamensEssentially a Self-Pollinated crop as stamens
surrounding the pistil &stamens dehisce at thesurrounding the pistil &stamens dehisce at the
same time the stigma is receptive.same time the stigma is receptive.
 Self pollination varies between 80-92 %.Self pollination varies between 80-92 %.
 Pollen viabiity is retained for 8-10 days at 20-30Pollen viabiity is retained for 8-10 days at 20-30
degree Celsius and R.H. of 50-55%.degree Celsius and R.H. of 50-55%.

19. Selfing techniquesSelfing techniques
 Bagging of young bud.Bagging of young bud.
 Manual transfer of freshly collected pollenManual transfer of freshly collected pollen
on stigma of flowers of the same plant.on stigma of flowers of the same plant.

20. Crossing techniquesCrossing techniques
Crossing techniques includes:Crossing techniques includes:
Hand emasculation,
Pollen collection,
Artificial pollination or Pollen dusting.
For emasculation, a healthy long or medium styled,
well developed bud from the central portion of the
plant is selected. The bud is opened gently with the
help of fine pointed forceps one or two days before
the opening of the bud and all the five anthers are
carefully removed.

21.  For pollination,
freshly dehiscing
anthers are picked up
and are silt vertically
with fine needle to
get sufficient pollen
flower bud. It is
labeled and covered
with small pollination
bag.

22. Genetics of important qualitativeGenetics of important qualitative
and quantitative charactersand quantitative characters
 In India, the National Bureau of Plant Genetic
Research is the nodal institute for management
of germplasm resources of crop plants and
holds more than 2500 accessions of brinjal in
its gene bank
 The wide regional variations for plant, flower
and fruit descriptions revealed enough scope
for improvement of yield characters by
selection.

23. Characteristics Gene Effects
Plant height Dominant/Partial dominance
Early flowering Additive/Dominance/Partial
dominance
Fruit shape index Partial dominance
Fruit length Additive/Partial dominance
Fruit girth Additive
Fruit weight Additive dominance
Fruit number Additive/Dominance/Partial
dominance
Number of flowers/inflorescence | Additive
Branches/plant Dominance
Seeds/fruit Dominance
Fruit yield/plant Additive/Dominance

24. Qualitative genesQualitative genes
Trait Genetics
Hypocotyl colour Purple dominant over green, monogenic.
Stem colour Purple dominant over green, monogenic.
Prickly nature
Prickly nature dominant to non-prickly.
Monogenic
Fruit clusterness
Clusterness partially dominant to solitary
nature. Monogenic.
Spines
Presence of spines dominant over absence,
monogenic
Plant height Tall dominant over dwarf, monogenic
Table : Qualitative Genes in
Brinjal

25. Traits Genetics
Fruit colour
Purple dominant over green, green dominant
over white, monogenic, digenic, trigenic
Fruit shape
Elongated dominant over round, round
dominant over oval, 3-4 gene control
Fruit flesh colour Green dominant over white, monogenic
Bearing habit
Clustering dominant over solitary fruiting,
single gene
Male sterility ms 1 and ms 2
Style erectness Incurred dominant over straight, monogenic
Bacterial wilt Single dominant gene for resistance
Chadha (1993) and kalloo (1993)

26. Quantitative charactersQuantitative characters
 Quantitative characters like yield, size, shape,
number of branches and number of fruits are
poly-genetlcally inherited in brinjal even
resistance to diseases and pests is sometimes,
poly-genetically controlled.
 Studies on plant, stigma, corolla, fruit and flesh
colour, presence or strips and spines prove that
they are also of the qualitative characters found
to be inherited of offsprings (Thakur et al.
1969).

27.  Peter and Singh (1973) observed additive gene
action in respect of number of fruits per plant,
fruit length, number of flowers per
inflorescence, number of long styled and
medium-styled flowers in brinjal.
 Gill et al. (1976) and Gowda (1977) observed
in brinjal, that additive gene effects to be more
important than dominance in most of the
economic characters.

28. Breeding objectives
The main objectives are to evolve hybrids that have
following traits.
 High yield
 Earliness
 Fruit shape, size and colour as per the consumers
preference
 Low proportion of seed and more pulp
 Soft flesh
 Low olanine content
 Upright sturdy plant free from lodging

29.  Give flowering and fruiting at very and high
temperatures
 Having straight growth habit
 Good attractive colour
 Less fruit thickness
 Resistance to:
1. Bacterial wilt (Pseudomonas solanacearum)
2. Phomopsis blight (Phomopsis vexans)
3. Little leaf (Mycoplasma like bodies)
4. Root knot nematodes
5. Shoot and fruit borer
6. To frost.

30. Breeding methodsBreeding methods
 Pure Line Selection
 Pedigree Method
 Bulk Method
 Back Crossing Method
 Heterosis Breeding
 Mutation Breeding
 Resistant Breeding

31. Pure line selectionPure line selection
 Pureline is the progeny of a single self-
fertilized homozygous individual.
 Pure line improvement is adopted to improve
heterogeneous foundation stocks and as a
result, varietal improvement is possible.
 Pusa Purple Long : -
 Selection from the Batia cultivar in Punjab.
 Long fruit, shine skin, early maturity
 C.O.1:-
 Duration 160 days, fruits are oblong and medium
sized with pale green shade.

32.  Pant Samrat : -Pant Samrat : -
 From GBPUAT, PantnagarFrom GBPUAT, Pantnagar
 Selection in local germplasmSelection in local germplasm
 Resistance to bacterial wiltResistance to bacterial wilt
 Tolerant to fruit and shoot borer.Tolerant to fruit and shoot borer.
 Pusa Purple Cluster : -Pusa Purple Cluster : -
 IARI, Selection from local materialIARI, Selection from local material
 Medium early, erect, tall sturdy plant, fruit inMedium early, erect, tall sturdy plant, fruit in
clusters of 4-9, 10-12 cm long, deep purpleclusters of 4-9, 10-12 cm long, deep purple
 Resistance to bacterial wiltResistance to bacterial wilt

33.  This method was adopted to develop material
as well a variety for high yield, earliness,
quality and resistance to pests, diseases and
stress conditions.
 In this method, single plant selection is
followed up to F5 or F6generations and in
advance generations, families are selected on
the basis of their phenotypic performance.
 Pusa Kranti : - PPL × Hyderpur × Wynad giant
 Plant medium tall, upright erect,, less seeded
Pedigree MethodPedigree Method

34. Bulk methodBulk method
 This method consists of growing large populations in
each generation and harvesting the seeds in bulk and
planting a sample of seeds in the following years
 No selection is made in F2 and bulk populations
grown up to F5 or F6.
 No selection is made in F2 and bulk populations
grown up to F5 or F6.
 At the end of the bulking period, individual plants are
selected and evaluated in a similar manner as in the
pedigree method of breeding.

35. Back Crossing MethodBack Crossing Method
 In the back cross method, the hybrid and the
progenies in the subsequent generations are
repeatedly back crossed to one of the parents.
 This method involves the selection of two parents
where one is the recurrent (agronomic) and the other
is the non-recurrent (donor) parent.
 The F1 population is grown in rows and tested for
resistance.
 This method is best executed in self-fertilized crops
than in cross fertilized crops and is usually applied to
transfer-resistance characteristics controlled by major
genes in cultivars.

36. Heterosis BreedingHeterosis Breeding
 It is the superiority of F1 hybrid over both the
parents in terms of an increased vigour, size,
growth rate, yield and a number of other
characteristics.
 Emasculation is done on buds, which are about
to open on the next day morning. Normally,
single, long styled flowers are selected for
crossing.
 After emasculation, the flowers are covered
with butter paper cover and pollination is done
on the next day morning.

37.  Arka Navneet : -Arka Navneet : -
 Developed from IIHR, Bengaluru
 Cross between IIHR 22-1 × Supreme
 Fruit oval and free from bitterness, skin attractive,
deep purple, flesh soft, white with few seeds, yield
650-700 q/ha (highest yielding variety in India).
 COBHI : -COBHI : -
 It is a cross between EP45 x CO2.
 The fruits are medium sized, oblong and purple
deep in colour,
 Yield potential is 55-60 tonnes per hectare.

38. Mutation BreedingMutation Breeding
 PKM-1 : -PKM-1 : -
 Developed at TNAU, Periakulam.
 It is an induced 1 mutant (gamma rays) of a
local type called "Puzhuthi Kathiri“.
 It is a drought tolerant and can with stand long
transportation,
 Yielding on an average 34.75 tonnes per
hectare in a duration of 150-155 days.
 The fruit weighs 45-to 65 g.

39. Resistance BreedingResistance Breeding
 Brinjal like any other vegetable crop is susceptible to
number of diseases, pests and root knot nematode.
 Chakraborty and Choudhury (1975) -reported
selection of three brinjal lines viz. Sel.212-1, Sel.
252-1 and Sel.252-1-2 as free from little leaf disease
out of 164 germplasms tested.
 According to Swaminathan and Srinivasan, 1971) S.
melongena var. insanum carries a single dominant
gene for resistance wilt and cultivar Black Beauty and
Vijaya are tolerant to root-knot nematodes (M.
incognito) as reported by Yadav et al. (1975).

40. Pathogen Sources
Diseases
Fusarium wilt S. indicum, S. integrifoium, S. incanum
(single dominant gene)
F. oxysporum and
phomopsis vexans
F4 plants from S.melongena × S. imdicum
F. oxysporum K 61, K 72, Ghana Local
Verticilium wilt PI 1649, PI 174362
V. dahlia LF 3, S. sodomaeum
V. dahlia ‘Florida market’, Harris hybrid 7763
V. dahlia S. torvum, S. sisymbriifolium
V. dahlia Ten lines
Phomopsis fruit rot (P.
vexans)
S. gilo, S. integrifolium
Bacterial wilt
(Pseudomonas
solanacearum)
‘Kopek’, ‘Black Beauty’
Bacterial wilt S. integrifolium, SM 6-1, PPC, ARU2C
SM6-1,SP, SM-6-1-M, SM-6-7-SP
Table: Sources of resistance to diseases, insect pests and
nematodes

41. Insect pests
Leucinodes orbonalis F3 progenies of S. melongena × S. incanum
‘Pusa Purple Cluster’, AM-62
S. integrifolium. S. sisymbriifolium, S.
xanthocarpum
Jassid (Amrasca biguttula
biguttula)
S 488-2, S 34, S 258 ‘Manjari Gota’
Aphis gossypii AC 49A, S.sisymbriifolium, S. mammosum
Tetranychus urticae S. macrocarpon
Root knot nematodes
Meloidogyne incognita S. sisymbriifolium
M. incognita, M. arenaria S. torvum, S. sisymbriifolium
Meloidogyne spp. S. torvum, MM 392, MM 450, S. aethiopicum
Meloidogyne spp. ‘Gulla’
M. incognita race 1 & 2 ‘Gulla’
Source: kalloo and bergh

42. Breeding for Quality, Processing andBreeding for Quality, Processing and
Physiological traitsPhysiological traits
 The quality of eggplant fruit mainly depends upon its
physical appearance. Generally colour and shape are
important. Anthocya
 Flavour quality is linked with the presence of
glycoalkaloids with the solasonine structure which are
concentrated in the placental pulp, and saponin which
occurs manly in the seeds and pulp. nin controls the colour
of fruits.
 Frequent harvesting produced better-quality fruits.
 Screening should be done at biological ripeness or before,
and the seed or seed vessel should be tested in order to
develop varieties with low solanin contents.

43. BIOTECHNOLGYBIOTECHNOLGY
 India’s First Vegetable Biotech crop.
 Regeneration in vitro protoplast fujuon and
embryo culture have been the imttortant
areas of study in tissue culture.
 Genetic engineering attempts have been
made to transfer genes through
Agrobacterium.

44.  RegenerationRegeneration
 Regenerated plants were obtained from excised hypocotyl
segments of Fi hybrid cultured on modified Murashige and
Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with indoleacetic acid
(IAA).
 Hypocotyl explants of 14 cultivars were cultured, and
regenerated whole plants were obtained from embryogenic
callus after transfer to an IAA-free medium.
 Genotypic differences in response to naphthalene acetic acid
(NAA) medium and regeneration were observed.
 Three-year-old stem pith was cultured on MS plus various
concentrations and combinations of IAA and
isopentenyladenine as induction medium; upon transfer to
MS medium supplemented with 0.1 micrometer ascorbic
acid Plants were produced.

45.  Optimum regeneration of multiple shoot buds
accompanied by rooting occurred on MS
medium supplemented with 1 mg/1 IAA and 1
mg/l tinetin or benzyladenine (BA).
 Hypocotyl explants gave rise to embryoids on
medium with a wide range of NAA
concentrations (4-20 mg/1); 7-9 mg/l was
optimal.
 Transfer of callus to NAA-free medium
induced organogenesis.

46.  Embryo cultureEmbryo culture
 Embryo culture has been used to produce hybrids
between S. melongena and S. torvumy with the latter
used as pollen parent.
 The F1 was sterile. No progeny was obtained either by
selling or backcrossing to S. melongena. Partial fertility
was obtained in an amphidiploid obtained by colchicine
treatment of F1.
 A salt-tolerant cell line of 'Pusa Purple Round' was
isolated as a spontaneous variant by screening cell
suspension cultures on medium containing 1% NaCl.
Sak-tolerant cells accumulated higher Na+
levels than did
control cultures.

47. Genetic engineering for the ImprovementGenetic engineering for the Improvement
of Brinjalof Brinjal
 Gene encoding insecticidal proteins of Bacillus
thuringiensis has been introduced into egg plant to develop
resistance to Colorado potato beetle and shoot and fruit
borers.
 A fascinating instance of genetic manipulation for
parthenocarpy (seedless fruit) has been achieved by altering
auxin levels in the developing ovules of transgenic egg
plants.
 The engineered plant expresses a natural insecticide derived
from the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), making it resistant to
the fruit and shoot borer (FSB), a highly destructive pest.

48. Bt BrinjalBt Brinjal
 Bt. Brinjal is a transgenic brinjal created out of inserting a
gene (cry 1 Ac) from the soil bacterium Bacillus
thuringiensis in to brinjal.
 The insertion of the gene into the cell in young cotyledons
has been done through Agrobacterium-mediated vector,
along with other genes like promoters, makers etc.
 When infested by the FSB larvae, the 'Bt protein is activated
in the gult leading to lyses and death of the larvae.
 Mahyco are working on this project with a view to increase
production of Eggplant.
 Indian Institute of Horticultural Research is also developing
the FSB resistant Brinjal by incorporating CrylAb gene.

49. Steps in making Bt BrinjalSteps in making Bt Brinjal
a) Indentification of particular character in any
organism(Microorganism- Bacillus thuringirnsis),
b) Find the genes for desired character (toxic to shoot
and fruit borers),
c) Isolate gene,
d) Prepare gene construct (consistence of promoter
sequence, terminator sequence and marker genes for
successful integration and expression in plant),
e) Plant transformation is uptake and establishment
introduced DNA by two means:-
i. Agrobacterium tumifaciens,
ii. Genegun method.

50. Cantral and State released ImprovedCantral and State released Improved
Varieties and HybridsVarieties and Hybrids

51.  Long purple: - Pusa Purple Long, Pusa Purple
Cluster, Pusa kranti, KT-4, DBSR-31, Arka sheel,
Azad kranti, ARV-1, S-16, Punjab barsati, Punjab
sadabahar, Pant samrat, NDB-25, BB-26, JB-15, Pant
Hybrid-1, MHB-1, Pusa bhairav.
 Long green: - Arka kusumakar, Arka shirish,
Krishnanagar green long.
 Round purple: - PB-91-2, T-3, K-202-9, H-8, KS-
224, DBR-8, AB-1, Pusa Hybrid-6, Vijay Hybrid,
NDBH-1, JVH-1, Round 14, Azad Hybrid, Pusa purple
round, Black beauty, Jamuni gola, Krishnanagar purple
round, Pant rituraj, surti gota, T-3.

52.  Round green: - Banaras giant, Ramnagar
giant
 Small round: - Aruna, DBSR-44, PLR-1,
DBSR-91, Phule Hybrid-2.
 Oval or Oblong purple: - Arka navneet, H-4,
Pusa anmol, Suphal (F1 Hybrid).
 Round with strips (purple white) : - Manjari,
Manjari Gota.
 Round white : - Swarna shree.

53. Varieties developed by InstitutionsVarieties developed by Institutions
 IIHR Bangalore: - Arka kusumakar, Arka sheel,
Arka nidhi, Arka shirish, Arka neelkanth, Arka
keshav.
 IARI, New Delhi: - Pusa kranti, PPC, PPL, Pusa
anupam(KT-4), DBR, Pusa purple round, Pusa
Bhairav, Pusa Uttam, Pusa Utkar, Pusa Bindu, Pusa
Ankur.
 GBPUA&T, Pantnagar: - Pant Rituraj, Pant Samrat.
 PAU, Ludhiana: - Punjab Barsati, Punjab Neelam,
Punjab sadabahar, PH-4.
 KAU, Kerala : - Surya, Swetha, Haritha.

54. Varieties released from GujaratVarieties released from Gujarat
1. Junagadh long (Doli-5 × Panchmahal)
2. Junagadh Bhattu
3. Surati Gota
4. Gulabi dorla
5. Gujarat oblong Brinjal-1 (Through selection)
6. Anand Brinjal Hybrid-1 (ABH-1/GBH-1)
7. Junagadh oblong
8. GBL-1
9. GBH-2
10. ABH-2
11. ABSR-2

55. Research CentresResearch Centres
 World Vegetable Centre, Shanhua, Taiwan.
 Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR),
Hassargatta, Bengaluru.
 Indian Institute of Vegetable Research (IIVR),
Varanasi.
 Maharashtra Hybrid Seeds Company Ltd
(MAHYCO), Jalna, M.H.
 National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology
(NRCPB), New Delhi.
 Main Vegetable Research Station, N.D.U.A.T.,
Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh.

56.  Vegetable Research Centre, G.B.P.U.A. & T.,
Pantnagar.
 Division of Vegetable Science, I.A.R.I., New
Delhi.
 Vegetable Research Station, A.N.G.R.A.U.,
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad.
 Vegetable Research Scheme, M.A.U.,
Parbhani, Maharashtra.
 Main Vegetable Research Station, A.A.U.,
Anand.
 Vegetable Research Station, J.A.U., Junagadh..