3341905 LAB_MANUAL_PREPARED BY_VIPUL HINGU

LAB
MANUAL
Prepared By
Mr. Vipul Hingu
METROLOGY & INSTRUMENTATION
SUBJECT CODE :- 3341905

LAB PRACTICAL LIST S.B. POLYTECHNIC, SAVLI M & I (3341905)
Prepared By Mr. Vipul Hingu Page 1 of 1
PRACTICAL LIST
Practical No. Aim of Practical
1 Preperatory Activity
2 Linear Measurement - Vernier Caliper
3
Linear Measurement - Outside & Inside
Micrometer
4 Linear Measurement – Telescopic Gauge
5 Angular Measurement - Bevel protector
6 Angular Measurement - Sine Bar
7 To Study Straightness Testing
8 To Study Flatness Testing
9
To Study Squareness, Perpendicularity And
Parallity
10
To Study Roundness, Cylindricity,
Concentricity, Run Out and Ovality
11
To Study about Measurement of Surface
Roughness
12 To Study about Gear Measurement
13 To Study about Thread Measurement
14 To Study about Limit Gauges
15 To Study about Non-Destructive Testing-NDT
16 To Study about Temperature Measurement
17 To Study about Pressure Measurement
18 To Study about Flow Measurement

EXPERIMENT NO. 1 S.B. POLYTECHNIC, SAVLI M & I (3341905)
EXPERIMENT NO. 1
AIM: → Preperatory Activity.
In This Experiment We Study about S.I. basic, Supplementary and Derived units and their
conversions.
Objective :
 To Study about SI Units and their conversions.
Introduction
Throughout the centuries, many measurement systems have been developed. Evolving from
numerous origins, they have been modified by custom and local adaptations. Most therefore lack
rational structure. The Imperial system, which uses measurements such as the yard, quart, and
pound, is an example of poorly correlated units.
About 200 years ago, France invented the metric system to bring order to its measures.
Although strongly opposed at first, this new system proved effective and gained popularity, so
much so that 98 per cent of the world's population now lives in countries that have adopted or are
changing to the metric system. These countries include the USA, where conversion to SI is further
advanced than is superficially apparent
Finally, in 1960, the International System of Units was established as a result of a long series
of international discussions. This modernized metric system, called SI from the French name le
Systeme International d'unites replaced all former systems of measurement, including former
versions of the metric system. Canada, too, decided to adopt SI.
SI includes familiar metric units such as the metre and kilogram. There are, however, a
number of changes from former metric systems. For instance, the centigrade temperature scale is
called the Celsius scale. This is a change in name only, so that 20°C, formerly read as "twenty
degrees centigrade" is now read as "twenty degrees Celsius". No change occurs in the scale, only in
the name. Water still freezes at 0°C and boils at 100°C. This kind of change is not difficult for those
who are familiar with older metric systems. Other changes which are of a more specialized nature
will be examined later.
Before universal approval of SI, the Imperial and various metric systems were the prevalent
expressions of measurement in the world. The use of SI has eliminated confusion by:
1) Providing a coherent system of units.
2) Ensuring that quantities and units are uniform in concept and style.
3) Minimizing the number of multiples and submultiples in use.
Names and symbols for basic SI units
SI has three types of units:
(A) SI Base units.
(B) SI Derived units.
(C) SI Supplementary units.

(A) SI Base Units
SI is founded on seven units called "base units". All derived units are a
variation of these seven units. ANY PHYSICAL QUANTITY CAN BE EXPRESSED IN SI BY
APPROPRIATE COMBINATIONS OF THE BASE UNITS; as given in Table No. 1.1
(Table No. 1.1)
Base quantity
SI Base Units
Name Symbol
Length Meter m
Mass Kilogram kg
Time Second s
Electric current Ampere A
Thermodynamic Temperature Kelvin K
Amount of substance Mole mol
Luminous itensuty candela cd
(B) SI Derived units
Other quantities, called derived quantities, are defined in terms of the seven
base quantities via a system of quantity equations. The SI derived units for these
derived quantities are obtained from these equations and the seven SI base units.
Examples of such SI derived units are given in Table No. 1.2, where it should be
noted that the symbol 1 for quantities of dimension 1 such as mass fraction is
generally omitted.
(Table No. 1.2)
Derived quantity
SI Derived Units
Name Symbol
Area square meter m2
Volume cubic meter m3
Speed, Velocity meter per second m s-1
Acceleration meter per second squared m s-2
Wave number Reciprocal meter m-1
Mass density kilogram per cubic meter kg m-3
Specific volume cubic meter per kilogram m3
kg-1
Current density ampere per square meter A m-2
Magnetic field strength ampere per meter A m-1
Amount of substance
concentration
mole per cubic meter mol m-3
Luminance candela per square meter cd m-2
Mass fraction
kilogram per kilogram.
which may be
represented by the
number 1
kg kg-1
= 1

(C) Supplementary Units
For ease of understanding and convenience, 21 SI derived units have been
given special names and symbols, as shown in Table No 1.3
(Table No. 1.3)
Derived quantity
SI Derived Units
Name Symbol
Expression in
terms of
other SI
units
Expression in terms
of SI Base units
Plane angle radiana
rad - m m-1
=1b
Solid angle steradiana
src
- m2
m-2
=1b
Frequency hertz Hz - s-1
Force newton N - m kg s-2
Pressure, Stress pascal Pa N m2
m-1
kg s-2
Energy, Work, quantity of
heat
joule
J N-m
m2
kg s-2
Power, Radiant flux watt W J s-1
m2
kg s-3
Electric charge, Quantity of
electricity
coulomb
C -
s A
Electric potential
difference, Electromotive
force
volt
V W A-1
m2
kg s-3
A-1
Electric capacitance farad F C V-1
m-2
kg-1
s4
A2
Electric resistance ohm Ω V A-1
m2
kg s-3
A-2
Electric conductance siemens S A V-1
m-2
kg-1
s-3
A2
Magnetic flux weber Wb V s m2
kg s-2
A-1
Magnetic flux density tesla T Wb m-2
kg s-2
A-1
Inductance henry H Wb/A m2
kg s-2
A-2
Celsius temperature degree celsius C - K
Luminous flux lumen Lm Cd src
m2
m-2
cd = cd sr
Illumination lux lx Lm m-2
m2
m-4
cd = m-2
sr cd
Acticity (of a radionuclide) becquerels Bq - s-1
Absorbed dose, specific
energy (imparted), kerma
gray
Gy J kg-1
m2
s-2
Dose equivalent sievert Sv J-1
kg m2
s-2
Hear,
b
= In practice, the symbols rad and sr are used where appropriate, but the derived unit "1" is
generally omitted
c
= In photometry, the unit name steradian and the unit symbol sr are usually retained in
expressions for derived units.

Conversions
1) Length
Length Length
1 meter = _________ mm 1 inch = _________ mm
1 meter = _________ cm 1 inch = _________ cm
1 meter = _________ inch 1 inch = _________ meter
Length Length
1 yard = _________ foot 1 mm = _________ meter
1 foot = _________ inch 1 mm = _________ cm
1 mm = _________ micro 1 mm = _________ inch
1 mile = _________ km
1 km = _________ meter
2) Area
Area Area
1 mm2
= _________ inch2
1 inch2
= _________ mm2
1 mm2
= _________ cm2
1 inch2
= _________ cm2
1 mm2
= _________ meter2
1 inch2
= _________ meter2
Area
1 meter2
= _________ mm2
1 meter2
= _________ cm2
1 meter2
= _________ inch2
Define
1) Axis: An imaginary line about which a body rotates.
2) Center: The point that is equally distant from every point on the circumference of a circle or
sphere.
3) Angle: The space (usually measured in degrees) between two intersecting lines or surfaces
at or close to the point where they meet.
4) Plane: A flat surface on which a straight line joining any two points on it would wholly lie.
5) Solid angle: A three-dimensional analogue of an angle, such as that subtended by a cone or
formed by planes meeting at a point. It is measured in steradians.

EXPERIMENT NO. 2
AIM: → Linear Measurement - Vernier Caliper
To determine the Length, Width & Thickness of the given specimen by using Vernier Caliper.
Objective
 To understand the constructional parts of Vernier Caliper.
 How to calculate least count of Vernier Caliper?
 How to take measurement with the help of Vernier Caliper?
Apparatus Required
 Vernier Caliper,
 Work piece.
Procedure
1) Clean the main scale, Vernier scale and measuring jaws of the Vernier Caliper.
2) The Vernier Caliper is checked for zero error.
3) Place the measuring jaw such that it touches the surface to be measured from the Smooth
surface.
4) Measure the main scale reading and Vernier scale coincidence of the Vernier Caliper.
Least count
The smallest value that can be measured by the instrument is known as its least count.
There are two methods to find the least count of Vernier Caliper.
1. First Method
 Length of 49 divisions on main scale = Length of 50 divisions on Vernier
scale.
 It means it follows that for the same length if there is n division on main
scale then there should be n+1 division on Vernier Scale for the same
distance.
 Value of smallest division on main scale = 1 mm and
 Value of smallest division on Vernier scale = 49/50 = 0.98 mm
Therefore,
Least count = Value of smallest division – Value on smallest division
on main scale on Vernier scale
=1 – 0.98
= 0.02 mm
2. Second Method
Smallest division on Main scale = 1 mm
Total no. of divisions on Vernier Scale = 50 markings

Prepared By Mr. Vipul Hingu Page 1A
(Fig, 2.1) Basic Vernier Caliper

Therefore,
Least Count =
=
= 0.02 mm
Reading a Vernier Caliper
Formulae for calculating total reading with the help of Vernier caliper is
Total
Reading = (Main Scale
Reading) +
(Least
Count
of V.C.
X
Vernier division exactly
coincides with main
scale division)
= 12 + 0.02 X 0.42
= 12.84 mm
Formula & Calculation
Total
Reading =
(Main Scale
Reading) +
(Least
Count of
V.C.
X
coincides with main
scale division)
= ____ + (____ X ____)
= _____ mm
Drawing of the Job

(How to measure different measurement by using Vernier Caliper)

Readings Table
No
Main scale
reading
(A)
No of Vernier scale
division in coincidence
Vernier scale division X
Least count
(B)
Total Reading
(A + B)
Length
Width
Thickness
Applications
Vernier Caliper is extensively used in the engineering for measuring external and internal
diameters, lengths, thickness, depth and other dimensions.
Conclusion
Now we've got to use this Vernier Caliper.

EXPERIMENT NO. 3
AIM: → Linear Measurement - Outside & Inside Micrometer
To determine the Length & Inside & Outside Diameter of the given specimen by using Outside &
Inside Micrometer.
Objective
 To understand the constructional parts of Outside & Inside Micrometer.
 How to calculate least count of Outside & Inside Micrometer?
 How to take measurement with the help of Outside & Inside Micrometer?
Apparatus Required
 Outside Micrometer,
 Inside Micrometer,
 Work piece.
Procedure
1) Clean the main scale, Circular scale and measuring jaws of the Outside & Inside Micrometer.
2) The Outside & Inside Micrometer is checked for zero error.
3) Place the Object between measuring anvil and Spindle such that it touches the surface to be
measured from the Smooth surface.
4) Measure the main scale reading and Circular scale coincidence of the Outside & Inside
Micrometer.
Least count
Micrometer works on the principle of screw and nut. We know that when a screw is
turned through nut byone revolution, it advances by one pitch distance i.e. one rotation of
screw corresponds to a linear movement of adistance equal to pitch of the thread. If the
circumference of the screw is divided into number of equal parts say “n”,its rotation
through one division will cause the screw to advance through (Pitch/n) length.
Least count =
Thus by reducing the pitch of the screw thread or by increasing the number of
divisions on the circumference of screw, the length value of one circumferential division
(L.C.) can be reduced and accuracy of measurement can be increased considerably
 Micrometer has a screw of 0.50 mm pitch
 With a thimble graduated in 50 divisions
Therefore,
Least count =

(Fig, 3.1) Outside Micrometer

=
= 0.01 mm
Reading Outside & Inside Micrometer
Formulae for calculating total reading with the help of Outside & Inside Micrometer is
Calculation
Total
Reading =
(Linear Scale
Reading) +
(Least Count of
Outside/Inside
Micrometer)
X
(Circular scale
division exactly
coinciding with any
main scale division)
= 23.00 + ( 0.01 X 15 )
= 23.00 + ( 0.15 )
= 23.00 mm
Total
Reading =
(Linear Scale
Reading) +
(Least Count of
Outside/Inside
Micrometer)
X
(Circular scale
division exactly
coinciding with any
main scale division)
= ____ + ( ____ X ____ )
= ____ + ( ____ )
= ____mm

(Fig, 3.2) Inside Micrometer)

Drawing of the Job
Readings Table
No
Linear scale
reading
(A)
No of Circular scale
Circular scale division X
Least count
(B)
Total Reading
(A + B)
Length
Outer
Dia.
Inner
Dia.
Applications
Outside/Inside Micrometer is extensively used in the engineering for measuring external and
internal diameters, lengths, thickness, depth and other dimensions.
Conclusion
Now we've got to use this Outside/Inside Micrometer.

EXPERIMENT NO. 4
AIM: → Linear Measurement – Telescopic Gauge
To Study and Use of Telescopic Gauge
Objective
 To understand the constructional parts of Telescopic Gauge.
 How to take measurement with the help of Telescopic Gauge?
Apparatus Required
 Telescopic Gauge,
 Vernier Caliper OR Outside Micrometer,
 Work piece.
Telescopic Gauges
The telescopic gauge is used for measuring internal diameter of holes, slots and grooves etc.
It consists of a handle with two rods in a tube at one end and a working screw at the other end. The
rods having spherical contacts can slide within a tube and are forced apart by an internal spring.
The locking screw can lock the rods at any desired position through a spring. While taking
measurements, the rods are pressed closer and inserted into the hole to be measured. The rods
then open out to touch the metal surface, of the hole on both sides. They are then locked in
position by means of a locking screw. The telescopic gauge is then taken out from the hole. The
dimension across the tips is measured by micrometer or Vernier Caliper.
(Fig, 4.1) Telescopic Gauge
Applications
Telescopic Gauge is extensively used in the engineering for measuring internal diameters,
Width of slot.
Conclusion
Now we've got to use this Telescopic Gauge.

EXPERIMENT NO. 5
AIM: → Angular Measurement - Bevel protector
To measure the angle in the given work piece using Bevel Protractor.
Objective
 To understand the constructional parts of Bevel Protractor.
 How to calculate least count of Bevel Protractor?
 How to take measure Angle with the help of Bevel Protractor?
Apparatus Required
 Bevel Protractor,
 Work piece.
Procedure
1) Clean the Bevel protractor with the fine cotton cloth.
2) The work piece whose angle to be measured is placed between the stock and the blade.
3) Note down the main scale reading and Vernier scale coincidence.
4) Tabulate the readings.
Least count
There are two methods to find the least count of Vernier Caliper.
1. First Method
 Minimum angle on Main Scale = 1O.
 No. of Division on Vernier Scale = 12
Therefore,
Least Count =
Minimum angle on Main Scale
No.of Division on Vernier Scale
=
10
12
=
60′
12
= 5’ (Minutes)
2. Second Method
On Vernier Scale 12 Division = On Main Scale 23 Division
Therefore, On Vernier Scale 12 Division = 230
(Because, On Main Scale 1 Division = 10)

(Fig, 5.1) Mechanical Bevel Protector
(Fig, 5.2) Optical Bevel Protector

Therefore, On Vernier Scale 1 Division =
230
12
Therefore, On Vernier Scale 1 Division = 1
110
12
Therefore, On Vernier Scale 1 Division =
230
12
Therefore, Minimum Difference between this two Scales
= 20 - 1
110
12
(Because, On Vernier Scale Minimum Value of
Angle is greaterthan 10)
=
10
12
=
60′
12
= 5’ (Minutes)
Reading a Bevel Protractor
Formulae for calculating Angle with the help of Bevel Protractor is
Total
Reading = (Main Scale
Reading) +
(Least
Count
of B.P.
X
coincides with main
scale division)
= 650
+ 5’ X 3
= 650
15’
Total
Reading =
(Main Scale
Reading) +
(Least
Count of
B.P.
X
coincides with main
scale division)
= ____ + (____ X ____)
= ______

(Fig, 5.3) Measurement of angles using bevel protractor
(a) Acute angle Attachment
(b) Inside bevelled face angle measurement
(Fig, 5.4) Angles and their supplements
(a) Blade oriented with base
(b) Blade turned clockwise
(c) Blade turned counter clockwise

Drawing of the Job

Readings Table
Work Piece 1
Sr. No
Main scale
reading
(A)
No of Vernier scale
Least count
(B)
Total Reading
(A + B)
1
2
3
AVERAGE
Work Piece 2
Sr. No
Main scale
reading
(A)
No of Vernier scale
Least count
(B)
Total Reading
(A + B)
1
2
3
AVERAGE
Applications
Bevel Protector is extensively used in the engineering for measuring external and internal
Angles from 00 to 3600 with an accuracy of 5’ (Minutes).
Conclusion
All the way we have discussed the Construction of Bevel Protractor, and its working
principle, and taking an angular measurement with the Bevel protractor.

EXPERIMENT NO. 6
AIM: → Angular Measurement - Sine Bar
To measure the taper angle of the given specimen using Sine Bar Method.
Objective
 To understand the constructional parts of Sine Bar.
 How to calculate least count of Sine Bar?
 How to take measure Angle with the help of Sine Bar?
Apparatus Required
 Sine Bar,
 Surface Plate,
 Work piece.
Procedure
1) The given component is placed on the surface plate.
2) One roller of sine bar is placed on surface plate and bottom surface of sine bar is seated on
the taper surface of the component.
3) The combination of slip gauges is inserted between the second roller of sine bar and the
surface plate.
4) The angle of the component is then calculated by the formula given above.
Formulae for Calculating Angle with the help of Sine Bar is
sin 𝜃 =
H
L
Where, H - Height of the slip gauge
L - Distance between the centres
θ - Inclined angle of the specimen

(Fig, 6.1) Working of Sine Bar
(Fig, 6.2) Working of Sine Bar

Drawing of the Job
Readings Table
Work
Piece
Sr. No
Length of the sine
bar (L)
“mm”
Height of the combination
of slip gauge
(H) “mm”
Taper Angle (θ) in
‘degree’
1
2
Applications
 Measuring known angles or locating any work to a given angle.
 Checking of Unknown angles.
 Checking of unknown angles of heavy components.
 Inspection of a conical objects (Having male and female centers) between centers.)
Result
Thus the angle in the work pieces were Determined using Sine bar
 Angle measured in work piece ,1 = ______ ‘degree’
 Angle measured in work piece ,2 = ______ ‘degree’

EXPERIMENT NO. 7
AIM: → To Study Straightness Testing
To Study method is use for measuring and checking straightness.
To Study Measurement of Straightness using Autocollimators Method.
Definition
Straightness: Linear uniformity of work surface measured from an external reference line is
called straightness
Objective
 To Study Measurement of Straightness using Autocollimators Method.
 To Study Limitation of Autocollimators Method using Measurement of Straightness.
Different types of Methods use for Straightness Testing
 Wedge Method
 Straight-edge Method,
 Light-gape and filler Gauge Method,
 Autocollimators Method,
 Precision Level Method.
Procedure
In this method autocollimator and slip gauge with reflected stand is used.
The method is explained in following steps.
1) A straight line is drawn on work surface and divide into equal parts. Length of each part is
equal to “l”, which is the distance the feet of reflector stand.
2) As Shown in Fig. No. – 7.1, reflector stands is kept on the equally divided parts, one by one
and reading of angular deviation is taken with autocollimator.
3) These reading are converted into mm. with conversion factor and rise and fall of points on
work surface are found out with reference to datum line.
4) The reading as achieved above are represented in the form of graph as shown in Fig. No. –
7.2
5) Now to bring the end point ‘H’ of the work surface profile at zero position like point A or H’
calculation as per Table No. 7.1 need to be done. After this calculation, new graph is drawn
as in Fig. No. 7.3 and straightness error is found out.

(Fig, 7.1)
(Fig, 7.2) Work Surface Profile
(Fig, 7.3) Graph of Work Surface

Calculation
Position
Mean reading
of spirit level
or
autocollimator
(sec)
Difference
from 1st
reading
(sec)
Rise of fall
for interval
length (l)
(mm)
Cumulative
rise of fall
(mm)
Adjustment
to bring both
ends to zero
(mm)
Error from
straight-line
(mm)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
a - - - 0 0 0
a-b θ1 0 0 0 -L/n -L/n
b-c θ2 θ2 − θ1 (θ2 − θ1) l (θ2 − θ1) l -2L/n (θ2 − θ1) l - 2L/ns
c-d θ3 θ3 − θ1 (θ2 − θ1) l
(θ2 − θ1) l
+ (θ3 − θ1) l
-3L/n
(θ2 − θ1) l
+ (θ3 − θ1) l -3L/n
- - - - - - -
- - - - - - -
- - - - - - -
h-i θn θn − θ1 θn − θ1
∑ (θn − θ1) l
= L
-L 0
With this method straightness of horizontal, vertical or inclined surface can be checked with
accuracy of 0.5”.
Limitations of this method
 Electricity is required.
 The method is tedious and cumbersome.
 Errors in autocollimator affect accuracy of testing.
Conclusion
With this method straightness of horizontal, vertical or inclined surface can be checked

EXPERIMENT NO. 8
AIM: → To Study Flatness Testing
To Study method is use for measuring and checking flatness.
To Study Measurement of Flatness using Optical Flat Method.
Definition
Flatness: Flatness is defined as the minimum distance between two parallel planes
which cover all the irregularities of the surface under examination.
Objective
 To Study Measurement of Flatness using Optical Flat Method.
 To Study Limitation of Optical Flat Method using Measuring and Checking flatness.
Different types of Methods use for Flatness Testing
 High Spot Method
 Liquid Wedge Method,
 Optical Flat Method,
 Precision Spirit Level Method,
 Autocollimator Method.
Procedure
The instruments used in this method are optical flat, slip gauges, standard flat, base plate
and monochromatic light source.
1) As Shown Fig. No. 8.1 slip gauges are fixed on base plate after wringing and monochromatic
light rays thrown on the same
2) A mirror angle is created at wage shape gap between slip gauge and optical flat. Even
though both of them are thoroughly cleaned the gap is created due to dust particles
between them.
3) Now on observing optical flat different interference fringe patterns can be observed as
shown in Fig. No. 8.2. This pattern is a map of contour of the surface of slip gauges observed
through optical flat. Details of flatness can be known from fringe patterns.
4) Fig. No. 8.3 indicates different fringe patterns. Patterns (a) & (c) indicates flat surface, (b)
indicated spherical surface (Concave or Convex), (d) indicates saddle shape surface and (e)
indicates cylindrical surface.

(Fig, 8.1) Checking Flatness using optical flat
(Fig, 8.2) Fringe patterns seen through optical flat

Applications
 Optical flats are used for testing the measuring surfaces of instruments like
micrometres, measuring anvils & similar other devices for their flatness &
parallelism.
 These are used to calibrate the standard gauges, like slip gauges, angle gauges &
secondary gauges in the workshops.
 In measuring the curvatures like convex and concave for surface of the standard
gauges.
 Need of Electric supply.
 Human error causes variations in the results.
 Flatness of only smaller surface can be checked.
 Exact value of flatness cannot be obtained.
Conclusion
With the help of this method flatness of slip gauges and other polished surfaces by lapping process
can be checked.

EXPERIMENT NO. 9
AIM: → To Study Squareness, Perpendicularity And Parallity
To Study methods are used for testing Squareness.
To Study Testing of Squareness using Dial Indicator Method.
Definition
Squareness: Two planes, two straight lines or a straight line and a plane are said to be
perpendicular when the error of parallelism in relation in relation to a standard square does not
exceed a given value.
Objective
 To Study Testing of Squareness using Dial Indicator Method.
 To Study Limitation of Dial Indicator Method using Squareness Testing.
Different types of Methods use for Squareness Testing
 Dial Indicator Method,
 Autocollimator Method
Procedure
The instruments used in this method are surface plate, dial indicator, standard square block/
work piece and Squareness tester.
1) As Shown Fig. No. 9.1 standards square block is kept on the surface plate and the
Squareness tester is kept in such a manner that its knife edge touches the surface AB of the
block.
2) Now, the plunger of the dial indicator attached on the tester is allowed to touch the surface
AB and reading is taken.
3) Similarly other surface of the square block BC, CD and DA are brought in contact with knife
edge of the tester and reading in taken.
4) If the two surfaces AB and CD are parallel to each other, then in both the conditions same
reading will be indicated. But if both the reading are different then they will indicate either
higher or lower than 900 in both the conditions. Thus the difference between both the
reading will be double of the Squareness error of length “l”.

(Fig. 9.1) Dial Indicator Method

 If vertical surface of the Squareness tester is not exactly perpendicular to the
surface plate then error comes in the reading.
 If axis of dial indicator and knife edge are not parallel then errors comes in the
reading.
Conclusion
With this method Squareness of standard square block or other work piece of same shape can be
checked with the accuracy 0.01 or 0.001 mm.

EXPERIMENT NO. 10
AIM: → To Study Roundness, Cylindricity, Concentricity, Run Out and Ovality
To Study methods are used for testing Roundness.
To Study Testing of Roundness using V-Block and Dial Indicator Method.
Definition
Roundness: Roundness is defined as the radial uniformity of the surface of the circular
part from its central line.
Objective
 To Study Testing of Roundness using V-Block and Dial Indicator Method.
 To Study Limitation of V-Block and Dial Indicator Method using Roundness Testing.
Circularity Error
As Shown in Fig. No. 9.1 the radial distance of the profit between minimum circumscribing
circle and maximum inscribing circle measured at perpendicular to the axis of the circle is called
circularity error.
(Fig. 10.1) Circularity or Roundness
Irregularities in a Circle Components OR Circular movements
a) Ovality: If two axis of a circular part which are perpendicular to each other (major
and minor axis) are not equal then this kind of error in called as Ovality as shown in
Fig. No. 9.2.
b) Lobbing: When distance between exactly opposite points on all the surface of
circular work piece is measure with micrometre and it appears same at different
points even though the work piece may not be circular, then this is called Lobbing
error as shown in Fig. No. 9.3.
c) Non Uniform Shape: When profit of the circular work piece surface is totally
irregular as shown in Fig. No. 9.4 then this kind of error is called of non-uniformity.
(D = D1 = D2 = D3)

EXPERIMENT NO. 10 S.B. POLYTECHNIC, SAVLI M & I (3341905
(Fig. 10.2) Ovality (Fig. 10.3) Lobbing
(Fig. 10.4) Non-Uniformity
(Fig. 10.5) Checking Roundness by Dial Indicator

Different types of Methods use for Roundness Testing
 Micrometre Method,
 V-Block and Dial Indicator Method,
 Bench Centre and Dial Indicator Method
Procedure
The instruments used in this method are surface plate, dial indicator with stand and V-Block.
1) Adjust V-Block and dial indicator withstand on surface plate as shown in Fig. No. 9.5.
2) Now mark 12 equal division on work piece and arranged the same on V-Block. Set Dial
indicator on any one part with zero reading.
3) Rotate work piece at 3600 and obtain reading of dial indicator at each part.
4) Draw the polar graph of each reading and find out the roundness.
Application
 This method is used to check roundness of different circular jobs such as shaft,
spindle, plunger etc. with the accuracy as per indicator such as 0.01, 0.001 mm.
 The method is tedious.
 When higher points touching the V-block and lower points are below the plunger
of dial indicator as well as when higher points are blow the plunger and lower
points are touching V-Block at that time indicator provides same reading and
therefore error cannot be detected.
Conclusion
With this method Roundness of circular jobs such as shaft, spindle, plunger etc. or other work piece
of same shape can be tested.

EXPERIMENT NO. 11
AIM: → To Study about Measurement of Surface Roughness.
To Study methods are used for Measurement of Surface Roughness.
To Study Measurement of Surface Roughness using Taylor Hobson Telysurf Method.
Surface Roughness
They are series of regularly repeated deviations in the form of a wave, with a ratio of pitch
to height. These deviations are produce, by the trace of an edged cutting tool and plastic flow of
the metal during machining. They are fine irregularities in the surface texture and are termed as
surface roughness. To describe the surface roughness, the height of the irregularities is measured in
microns whereas its width is measured in mm. If the surface is too rough, the initial, wear particles
are larger which acts as abrasives and wear continues at high rate. If the surface is too smooth the
initial wear will be very slow.
The factors affecting surface roughness are:
 Type of coolant used
 Cutting parameters such as feed, speed and depth of cut
 Type of machining
 Rigidity of the system, consisting of machine tool, fixture, cutting tool and work
 Vibrations
 Material of tool and work piece
Analysis of surface traces
A numerical assessment of surface finish can be carried out in a number of ways. These
numerical values are obtained with respect to a datum. In practice, the following three methods of
evaluating primary texture (roughness) of a surface are used:
a) Peak to valley height method
b) The average roughness
c) Form factor or bearing curve
Methods of Measuring Surface Finish
There are two methods used for measuring the finish of machined part:
1) Surface Inspection of Comparison Methods
2) Direct Instrument Measurements
In comparative methods, the surface texture is assessed by observation of the surface. But these
methods are not reliable as they can be misleading if comparison is not made with surfaces
produced by same techniques. The various methods available under comparison method are:

(Fig. 11.1)
(Fig. 11.2)
(Fig. 11.4) Representation of Surface Roughness

 Touch Inspection
 Visual Inspection
 Scratch Inspection
 Microscopic Inspection
 Surface Photographs
 Micro-Interferometer
 Wallace Surface
 Dynamometer
 Reflected Light Intensity
Conventional method for designing surface finish Ovality
a) L Stylus Probe Instruments
b) Profilometer
c) Tomlinson Surface Recorder
d) The Taylor- Hobson Telysurf
e) Replica Method
The Taylor- Hobson Telysurf Method:
Principle: The variation in the surface profile is sensed by the probe, which is attached
to the armature. The gap between the armature and E-shaped arm varies
according to the surface profile and due to this amplitude of the ac current
flowing in the coil is modulated.
Construction and working: Fig. No. 11.3 shows the various units of the Telysurf, which
operates on electrical principles. The measuring head is fitted with the probe
and the skid. The motion of the measuring head is given by a Gear Box, which
has a motor.
This unit can be moved up and down over the guide ways by a hand
wheel provided at the top and a lead screw. The diamond probe has a radius
of about 2 μm and the gearbox can give a max travel of 12 mm to it. The work
piece is mounted on a stand, which is mounted on a table.
The averaging meter and a pen recorder are provided for obtaining a
graphical record on a continuous graph paper. The arm carrying the stylus
forms an armature, which is pivoted on the centrepiece of E-shaped arm as
shown in Figure 6.7. On two legs of E-shaped arm there are coils carrying an
A.C. current.

(Fig. 11.3) Taylor- Hobson Telysurf Method
(Fig. 11.5) Basic Symbol

Advantages:
 Accurate reading can be obtained.
 Magnification to the tune of 500 to 1, 00,000 can be obtained in eight steps.
 Surface texture data can be obtained faster.
 CLA value of the roughness and permanents profile of the same can be obtained.
 Suitable for quality control during production.
Representation of Surface Roughness
As per IS: 696 surface texture specified by indicating the following / main characteristics in the
symbols:
1)
2) Machining allowance in mm.
3) Sampling length or instrument cut-off length in mm.
4) Machining/production method, and
5) (e) Direction of lay in the symbol form as = X, M, C, R
The surface is represented as shown in the Fig.6.8. If the machining method is milling, sampling
length is 3mm. Direction of lay is perpendicular to the surface, machining allowance is 1mm and the
representation will be as shown in Figure No. 11.4 and 11.5.
Conclusion
With this method Roughness of different jobs can be Measurement.

EXPERIMENT NO. 12
AIM: → To Study about Gear Measurement.
To Study methods are used for Gear Measurement.
To Study Measurement of Gear using Chordal Thickness Method.
Different Types of Gear
1) Spur Gear (Show Fig. No. 12.1)
2) Helical Gear (Show Fig. No. 12.2)
3) Bevel Gear (Show Fig. No. 12.3)
4) Worm and Worm Gear (Show Fig. No. 12.4)
5) Rack and Pinion (Show Fig. No. 12.5)
Terminology of Gear Tooth
We will understand different terminology of gear tooth with the help of Fig. No. 12.6
Methods of Measurement of Gear Tooth Thickness
As we know gear tooth thickness is an arc and hence its direct measurement is not possible.
It is generally measured on pitch circle and that is why also called as pitch line thickness. Following
two methods are in use for measuring gear tooth thickness.
1) Chordal Thickness
2) Constant Chord
Chordal Thickness
Tooth thickness is not same from its top to its base circle. Therefore its thickness is checked
on its pitch points. Tooth thickness at its pitch points is called Chordal Thickness. This is the distance
between both the flanks of a tooth on pitch point as shown in Fig. No. 12.7. For measuring gear
tooth vernier calliper is used.
Gear tooth vernier calliper is having two vernier scale perpendiculars to each other. Vertical
scale is set at “d” reading as calculated from following equation:
d =
𝑁𝑚
2
[1 +
2
𝑁
– cos (
𝑁𝑚
2
) ]
Where N = Number of teeth and m = module
With this setting gear tooth calliper is adjusted on gear tooth as shown in Fig. No. 12.7. This
will ensure auxiliary slide to touch on top of the teeth in such a manner that jaws of the horizontal
scale touch the tooth on pitch points. Thus horizontal scale will provide chordal thickness (W) of the
tooth. This actual measurement is compared with theoretical value of chordal thickness as obtained
from the following equation and by this way any error in the thickness can be know:
W = N m sin (
90
𝑁
)

(Fig. 12.1) – Spur Gear (Fig. 12.2) – Helical Gear
(Fig. 12.3) – Bevel Gear
(Fig. 12.4) Worm and Worm Wheel

Limitations of this Method
Since this method is dependent on number of teeth, even though module is same, separate
calculation is required for different gears having different number of teeth.
Conclusion
With this method gear tooth thickness of different gear can be Measure.

(Fig. 12.5) Rack and Pinion
(Fig. 12.6) Terminology of Gear Tooth
(Fig. 12.7) Gear Tooth Vernier Calliper

EXPERIMENT NO. 13
AIM: → To Study about Thread Measurement.
To Study methods are used for Thread Measurement.
To Study Measurement of Effective Diameter of External Thread.
Different Terminology Related with Screw
1) Terminology of External Thread (Show Fig. No. 13.1)
2) Terminology of Internal Thread (Show Fig. No. 13.2)
1) Screw Thread : It is a continuous helical groove of a specified cross section cut on the
external or internal surface of cylinder or cone.
2) Pitch : It is the distance measured from a point on a thread to a corresponding point
on adjacent thread, measured parallel to the thread axis.
3) Crest : It is the uppermost surface joining two sides of the thread.
4) Root : It is the bottom most part of a groove formed by joining two adjacent side of
the thread.
5) Flank : It is the straight surface joining crest and root of the thread. It is the contact
surface when external and internal thread are joined.
6) Lead : It is the axis distance travelled by screw in one complete revolution.
7) Depth of Cut : It is the distance between crest and root of the thread measured in
perpendicular direction to the thread axis.
8) Thread Angle : In is the angle between two flanks in the plane of the thread axis.
9) Flank Angle : It is the angle between flank and a line perpendicular to thread axis.
10) Lead Angle : It is the angle between helix of a straight thread and line perpendicular
to thread axis on pitch line.
11) Helix Angle : It is the angle between helix of a straight thread with thread axis on
pitch line.
12) Major Diameter : It is the diameter of an imaginary coaxial cylinder witch is touching
the crest of external thread or roots of internal thread. It is also called as external
diameter or crest diameter or outside diameter or full diameter in case of external
thread.
13) Minor Diameter : It is a diameter of an imaginary coaxial cylinder which is touching
roots of external thread or crest of internal thread. It is also called as core diameter
or root diameter.

(Fig. 13.1) – External Thread
(Fig. 13.2) – Internal Thread

Elements of Thread Measurements
1) Major Diameter
2) Minor Diameter
3) Effective Diameter
4) Pitch
5) Flank Angle
6) Crest and root profile
7) Concentricity of different diameter
Measurement of Effective Diameter
Following different methods are in use for measurement of effective diameter of external
thread.
(A) One Wire Method
As shown in Figure No. 13.3 one wire is kept in the thread and measurement is taken
with the help of micrometre. First of all measurement of standard gauge diameter is taken
which is equal to effective diameter of the thread. This is d1.
Thereafter wire is kept in the thread and measurement is taken, which is d2.
Effective Diameter = D ± (d1 - d2)
Where, D = Size of setting gauge
If d2 > d1 then +ve sign and If d2 < d1 then -ve sign.
(B) Two Wire Method
In this method as shown in Figure No. 13.4 two equal diameter standard setting
wires (best wire size wires) are kept in the threads so that they touches the flanks of the
threads. Micrometre reading ‘M’ on these wires are taken and effective diameter of the
screw thread can be found out from the following equation.
E = M – 3d + 0.866p
Where, E = Effective Diameter
M = Micrometre reading on wire
d = Best wire size
p =Pitch
(C) Three Wire Method
This method provides more accurate results compared to two wire methods
because while keeping three best size wires in place of two, micrometre reading is obtain in
the perpendicular direction to thread axis. As shown in Figure No. 13.5 three wires are
arranged in the thread and micrometre reading ‘M’ is taken. Now with the help of following
equation effective diameter can be obtained.
E = M – 3d + 0.866p
Where, E = Effective Diameter
M = Micrometre reading on wire
d = Best wire size
p =Pitch

(Fig. 13.3) One Wire Method
(Fig. 13.4) Two Wire Method
(Fig. 13.5) Three Wire Method

EXPERIMENT NO. 14
AIM: → To Study about Limit Gauges.
To Study uses of Different types of Limit Gauges.
.
Definitions of Gauge and Gauging
Gauge: Gauge is an inspection tool used to check product dimension with reference
to its maximum and minimum acceptable limits. It is generally used to
segregate acceptable and non-acceptable products in mass production,
without knowing exact value of dimensions.
Gauging: It is the process of checking whether the product is within its specified higher
and lower limits, without knowing its actual measurement.
Advantages of Limit Gauges
1) Faster checking regarding whether product within its specified limits or not can be
done.
2) Less dependence on operator skill and hence results are not getting affected by
operator judgment.
3) Gauges are economical than measuring instruments.
4) More than one dimension of product can be checked at a time as well as properties
such as roundness, taper etc. also can be checked at a time.
Limitations of Limit Gauges
1) Exact value of product dimension cannot be known.
2) Accuracy of gauge is getting affected due to wear and tear with passage of time.
3) It is useful only for smaller products because it is difficult to manufacture and
maintain large size gauges.
Precautions to be observed while using Limit Gauges
1) Go and not Go members of the gauge should be used properly during gauging.
2) Proper matching of gauge with product surface should be checked through feeling of
touch.
3) Accuracy of gauges should be checked periodically since is getting affected by wear
and tear.
4) To prevent atmospheric effect grease and plastic coating should be applied on the
gauges and kept in a tight box when not in use.

(Fig. 14.1(a) (Fig. 14.1(b)
Double Ended Plug Gauge Progressive Plug Gauge
(Fig. 14.1(c) – Single Ended Plug Gauge
(Fig. 14.1(d) – Flat Type Plug Gauge (Fig. 14.2(a) – Adjustable Gap Gauge
(Fig. 14.2(b) – Double Ended Snap Gauge (Fig. 14.2(c) – Progressive type Snap Gauge

(Fig. 14.3(a) – Radius Gauge
(Fig. 14.3(b) – Filer Gauge
(Fig. 14.3(c) – Template Gauge
(Fig. 14.3(d) – Taper Plug Gauge

Classification of Gauges
According to type / use
1) Standard Gauge
2) Limit Gauge
According to application
1) Work shop Gauge
2) Inspection Gauge
3) Master / Reference Gauge
According to from
1) Plug Gauge (Fig. No. 14.1(a), (b), (c), (d) )
2) Snap and Wring Gauge (Fig. No. 14.2(a), (b), (c) )
According to design / Construction
1) Fixed limit Gauge
2) Indicating Gauge
3) Combination Gauge
According to specific application
1) Screw pitch Gauge
2) Template / Form Gauge (Fig. No. 14.3(c) )
3) Radius Gauge (Fig. No. 14.3(a) )
4) Filer Gauge (Fig. No. 14.3(b) )
5) Taper Gauge (Fig. No. 14.3(d) )
Use of Various Gauges
Apart from that some specific applications will be briefly explained in this section.
1) Pin Gauge
As Shown in Fig. No. 14.4 Pin Gauge is used to check bore of large size hole.
2) Receiving Gauge
These gauges are used to speedily check certain specific shape of the product
such as shaft having square or rectangular cross section, splined shaft etc.
Fig. No. 14.5 shows receiving gauges.
3) Length Gauge
Length gauges are used to check length of the component as shown in Fig.
No. 14.6
4) Combined Gauge
This gauge is used to check large size holes. Here go and no-go members are
provided at one side of the same gauge body. Gauge is inserted in the hole to
check go dimension and then tilted to check no-go dimension. This is shown
in Fig. No. 14.7
5) Angle Gauge
To check angle of a product in mass production special kind of angle
gauges are prepared. One such angle gauge is shown in Fig. No. 14.8
6) Position Gauge
These gauges are used to check position of one surface of the work-piece
with reference to another surface as shown in Fig. No. 14.9 (a) & (b)

(Fig. 14.4) – Pin Gauge (Fig. 14.5) – Receiving Gauge
(Fig. 14.6) (Fig. 14.7) (Fig. 14.8)
Length Gauge Combined Gauge Angle Gauge
(Fig. 14.9(a) & (b) – Position Gauge

EXPERIMENT NO. 15
AIM: → To Study about Non-Destructive Testing-NDT.
To Study Ultrasonic Test.
Principle
Ultrasonic sound waves (frequency more than 20,000 cycles / second) are produced
by piezo-electric effect and transmitted to the component under testing and reflection of
the same are received and converted into electronic single which can be analysed.
Procedure
 As shown in Fig No. 15.1 ultrasonic sound waves are transmitted to the component
by transmitter probe.
 The waves are produced with the help of quartz crystal, which is a piezo-electric
material which converts electrical energy in to mechanical energy as well as
mechanical energy in to electrical energy.
 When electric pulse is passed in the probe containing quarts crystal, during first half
cycle the crystal contracts and during remaining half cycle it expands producing
mechanical vibration, that is, sound waves.
 In case if there is no defect in component the sound wave will travel through entire
cross section thickness of the component and then reflects back as an echo.
 This echo wave is received by another probe (receiver probe) and the crystal inside
the probe vibrates and converts mechanical energy in to electrical energy, which is
converted in to wave form and observed on CRT screen.
 If defects are there, then sound waves will reflect back from the same and a wave
form will appear between first echo and back echo as shown in Fig No. 15.1
 With Suitable calibration on CRT screen distance of the defect from the probing
surface (depth of the defect) can be known.
 Many times instead of two different probes single probe is used which can perform
the operation of transmission as well as receipt of sound waves
Advantages
1) Components having thickness to the tune of 10 meter can be tested.
2) Defects can be located more accurately than other NDT methods.
3) Speedy and reliable technique.
4) Instrument can work on rechargeable battery and hence can be carried to different
inspection locations.
5) The method in economical for mass production.

(Fig. 15.1) - Ultrasonic Testing

Limitations
1) Surface of the component should be smooth and machined before test.
2) Complex contour create difficulties in testing.
3) Training is required for testing inspector.
4) Skilled and experienced inspectors are necessary.
Application
 This test I widely used for engineering products.
 Generally it can detect up to 10 meters thickness of the component.
 It is mainly used for all types of steels.
 This test creates some difficulty in coarse grained structure such as cast iron.

EXPERIMENT NO. 16
AIM: → To Study about Temperature Measurement.
To Study about Thermocouple.
Principle
As shown in Fig. No. 16.1 when the two dissimilar metals are joined together to form
a closed loop circuit, two junctions are formed. When one of the junction is heated the
current flow in the circuit, which can be measured with the galvanometer. The polarity and
magnitude of the current depends on the properties of the metals and the junction
temperature difference.
Construction and Working
The measuring junction of the thermocouple is kept in a protective metal sheath and
head assembly. The measuring junction is connected with the voltmeter and reference
junction with the help of extension wire.
This extension wire is also known as compensating lead. The properties of the
compensating lead. The properties of the compensating leads must be same as that of the
thermocouple but should have low resistance and must be cheaper. When the
thermocouple is heated, EMF is produced which is measured by the voltmeter connected to
it. As the voltmeter is calibrated for temperature. It shows the temperature of the
measuring junction.
Temperature Compensation
The EMF produced by the thermocouple is proportional to the temperature
differences between the cold and hot junction. As the ambient temperature changes, the
temperature of the cold junction also varies and it results in the variations in the EMF
produced by the thermocouple and results in the measurement error. This error can be
reduced or eliminated by using Wheatstone bridge circuit. This arrangement is called as cold
junction compensation.
Advantages
1) Rugged construction
2) Faster measurement
3) Easy in operation
4) High accuracy
5) Remote indication is possible

(Fig. 16.1) – Thermo electric effect in Thermocouple
(Fig. 16.2) – Components of Thermocouple

Disadvantages
1) Span of the measurement is only 33% of maximum temperature to be measure.
2) Temperature of the reference junction must is constant throughout the
measurement or the temperature compensation devices should be used.
3) Amplifiers are required in some applications.
4) Expensive accessories are required for control applications.
Application
 To measure temperature of furnace in industries.
 To measure temperature below zero 0C.
 Average temperature of the different points can be measured by using more than
one thermocouples in parallel.
 For differential temperature measurement.
 One thermocouple can be connected with two reading instruments.

EXPERIMENT NO. 17
AIM: → To Study about Pressure Measurement.
To Study about Bourdon Tube Pressure Gauge.
Principle
When an elastic transducer (bourdon tube in this case) is subjected to a pressure, it
defects. This deflection is proportional to the applied pressure when calibrated.
Description
The main parts of this instruments are as follows:
An elastic transducer, which is bourdon tube which is fixed and open at one end to
receive the pressure which is to be measured. The other end of the bourdon tube is free and
closed.
The cross-section of the bourdon tube is eliptical. The bourdon tube is in a bent form
to look like a circular arc. To the free end of the bourdon tube is attached an adjustable link,
which is in turn connected to a sector and pinion as shown in diagram. To the shaft of the
pinion is connected a pointer which sweeps over a pressure calibrated scale.
Operation of Bourdon tube
The pressure to be measured is connected to the fixed open end of the bourdon
tube. The applied pressure acts on the inner walls of the bourdon tube. Due to the applied
pressure, the bourdon tube tends to change in cross – section from ellipitcal to circular. This
tends to straighten the bourdon tube causing a displacement of the free end of the bourdon
tube.
This displacement of the free closed end of the bourdon tube is proportional to the
applied pressure. As the free end of the bourdon tube is connected to a link – section –
pinion arrangement, the displacement is amplified and converted to a rotary motion of the
pinion.
As the pinion rotates, it makes the pointer to assume a new position on a pressure
calibrated scale to indicate the applied pressure directly. As the pressure in the case
containing the bourdon tube is usually atmospheric, the pointer indicates gauge pressure.
Advantages
1) These Bourdon tube pressure gauges give accurate results.
2) Bourdon tube cost low.
3) Bourdon tube are simple in construction.
4) They can be modified to give electrical outputs.
5) They are safe even for high pressure measurement.
6) Accuracy is high especially at high pressures.

(Fig. 17.1) – Bourdon Tube Pressure Gauge

Disadvantages
1) They respond slowly to changes in pressure
2) They are subjected to hysteresis.
3) They are sensitive to shocks and vibrations.
4) Ampilification is a must as the displacement of the free end of the bourdon tube is
low.
5) It cannot be used for precision measurement.
Application
 They are used to measure medium to very high pressures.

EXPERIMENT NO. 18
AIM: → To Study about Flow Measurement.
To Study about Venturi Meter.
Principle
The working of venturi meter is based on the principle of Bernoulli’s equation.
Bernoulli’s Statement: It states that in a steady, ideal flow of an incompressible fluid, the
total energy at any point of the fluid is constant. The total energy consists of pressure
energy, kinetic energy and potential energy or datum energy.
Mathematically
Here all the energies are taken per unit weight of the fluid.
The Bernoulli’s equation for the fluid passing through the section 1 and 2 are given by
Construction
The construction of venturimeter is shown below:
It has three main parts
1) Short converging part: It is a tapered portion whose radius decreases as we
move forward.
2) Throat: It is middle portion of the venturi. Here the velocity of the fluid
increases and pressure decreases. It possesses the least cross section area.
3) Diverging part: In this portion the fluid diverges.
Fig No. 18.1 shows the schematic diagram. A U-tube manometer is used to measure
pressure head difference “h” between inlet and throat as shown. By using following
expression flow rate can be calculated.

(Fig. 18.1) – Venturi MEter

Working
The venturimeter is used to measure the rate of flow of a fluid flowing through the
pipes. Let’s understand how it does this measurement step by step.
 Here we have considered two cross section, first at the inlet and the second one is at the
throat. The difference in the pressure heads of these two sections is used to calculate
the rate of flow through venturimeter.
 As the water enters at the inlet section i.e. in the converging part it converges and
reaches to the throat.
 The throat has the uniform cross section area and least cross section area in the
venturimeter. As the water enters in the throat its velocity gets increases and due to
increase in the velocity the pressure drops to the minimum.
 Now there is a pressure difference of the fluid at the two sections. At the section 1(i.e. at
the inlet) the pressure of the fluid is maximum and the velocity is minimum. And at the
section 2 (at the throat) the velocity of the fluid is maximum and the pressure is
minimum.
 The pressure difference at the two section can be seen in the manometer attached at
both the section.
 This pressure difference is used to calculate the rate flow of a fluid flowing through a
pipe.
Applications
1) Flow rate of low pressure, high flow rate pipelines of large size.
2) Process fluid,
3) Waste materials,
4) Gas,
5) Dirty liquid,
6) Liquid containing solid particles.
Advantages
1) Less pressure drop,
2) Used for large flow rate,
3) The divergent part helps to lower the permanent pressure loss.
Disadvantages
1) Occupies more apace
2) Not suitable for pipe diameter less than 76.2 mm
3) Costly.

3341905 LAB_MANUAL_PREPARED BY_VIPUL HINGU

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