vipul 604 biosafety and gm crops.pptx

CCS Haryana Agricultural University
Agriculture is supreme wealth
Hisar (125004)
Vipul
2022A55D
doc.vipbajwa00@hau.ac.in
Department of Plant Pathology
PP-604

CCS
Haryana
Agricultural
University,
Hisar
Agriculture
is
supreme
wealth
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
• GMOs are organisms (microbe, plant or animal) produced by gene
transfer techniques.
• This technology is called ‘gene technology’, or ‘rDNA technology’ or
‘genetic engineering’ and the resulting organism is ‘genetically modified’,
‘genetically engineered’ or ‘transgenic’.
• Major producers of transgenic crops - USA, Argentina, Brazil, India, Canada,
China, Paraguay, South Africa.
• Bt cotton is grown mainly in six states, i.e., Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat,
Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
• First crop introduced was Flavr Savr tomato in USA in 1995.
• Now transgenic mustard has been approved for multilocation trials
in country

CCS
Haryana
Agricultural
University,
Hisar
Agriculture
is
supreme
wealth

Hisar (125004)
5
Years Pioneer workers Discovery
1972 Paul Berg First rDNA molecule (DNA from a monkey virus with that of
the lambda virus)
1973 Herbert Boyer &
Stanley Cohen
First genetically modified organism (GMO)
1987 Insect-resistant (tobacco) plants by incorporating genes that
produced insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis
1990 Virus resistant papaya developed in response to a Papaya
ringspot virus (PRV)
1994 Calgene approved for commercial release of Flavr Savr tomato
(first GM food)
1995 Insect resistant Potato approved for release in USA
2002 Commercial cultivation of Bt cotton (Cry1Ac) - first transgenic
crop in the country was approved by GOI (MECH-12, MECH-
162 & MECH-184)-MAHYCO)

CCS
Haryana
Agricultural
University,
Hisar
Agriculture
is
supreme
wealth
6

Hisar (125004)
7

CCS
Haryana
Agricultural
University,
Hisar
Agriculture
is
supreme
wealth
8
Crop Organization Trait
Brinjal IARI, New Delhi Insect Resistance
Castor Directorate of Oilseeds Research (DOR),
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad
Insect Resistance
Sorghum National Research Centre for Sorghum
(NRCS),Hyderbad
Insect Resistance
Groundnut ICRISAT, Hyderabad Fungal disease resistance
Potato Central Potato Research Institute (CPRI), Shimla Leaf blight disease resistance
Rice IARI, New Delhi
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University
Mahyco, Mumbai
Fungal diseases resistance and
drought tolerance
Tomato IARI, New Delhi Virus disease resistance

Hisar (125004)
Phases in transgenic development
Gene Discovery
Genetic Transformation
Transgenic Development
Evaluation of Transgenics
Molecular Breeding
Commercialisation

Hisar (125004)
• Biosafety’ or ‘biological safety’ means the management
of risks to human and animal health and safety, and to the
conservation of the environment, as a result of activities
with genetically modified organisms.
• Biosecurity has been defined as “the avoidance of risk
to human health and safety, and to the conservation
of the environment, as a result of the use for research
and commerce of infectious or genetically modified
organisms”

Hisar (125004)
BIOSAFETY CONCERNS
ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY
FOOD SAFETY TO HUMAN AND ANIMAL HEALTH
RISK MANAGEMENT

Hisar (125004)
1.Direct effects on non-target
organisms
In May 1999, it was reported that pollen from
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insect resistant corn had a
negative impact on Monarch butterfly larvae. This
report raised concerns and questions about
potential risks to Monarchs and perhaps other non-
target organisms

Hisar (125004)
2. Development of insect resistance
• The use of Bt crops is that it will lead to the
development of insect resistance to Bt
• Insect resistance management plans have been
developed by government, industry, and scientists to
address this issue
– These plans include a requirement that every
field of insect-resistant crops must have an
associated refuge of non-GM crops in order
for the insects to develop without selection to the
insect resistant varieties.

Hisar (125004)
3. Gene flow
• Accidental cross breeding between GMO plants and
traditional varieties through pollen transfer can
contaminate the traditional local varieties with GMO
genes resulting in the loss of traditional varieties of
the farmers.
• Studies with transgenic herbicide-tolerant rapeseed
(Brassica napus) in the UK, showed that the gene flow
rates through cross pollination ranged between
0.0156% and 0.0038% at 200 m and 400 m,
respectively.

Hisar (125004)
• Weedness means the tendency of the plant to
spread beyond the field where it was first
planted
• There are apprehensions about GM crops
becoming weed.
• eg. A salt tolerant GM crop if escape into
marine areas could become a potent weed
there.
• A weed that can acquired the herbicide tolerant
gene due to genetic contamination (Horizontal
gene transfer)
4. Increased weediness

Hisar (125004)
4. Loss of Biodiversity
• Reduction in the genetic
diversity in cropping systems
by the development and global
spread of improved crop
varieties to the green
revolution.
• This genetic erosion will
occurred with monocultures.

Hisar (125004)
5. Change in soil ecology
• Many plants leak chemical
compounds into the soil through their
roots.
• There are concerns that transgenic
plants may leak different compounds
than conventional plants, due to
unintended sequence of their changed
DNA.
• Change the ecology of the soil in
terms of functional composition and
biodiversity as these exudates may be
harmful for soil microorganisms.

Hisar (125004)
6. Genetic Contamination
• Introduced GMOs may
interbreed with the wild type
or sexually compatible
varieties.
• The novel trait may disappear
in the wild types unless it
confers a selective advantages
to the recipient.

Hisar (125004)
1.Toxicity
• Any compound entering the food
supply is subject to specific scrutiny
for food safety.
• For example, a potentially toxic
transgenic product, such as Bt toxin,
must pass the same standards for
safety that are applied to any
biochemical pesticide products.

Hisar (125004)
1. Allergenicity
• Another concern related to food safety is the
potential for genetically modified food to
introduce allergens into the food supply
• If the gene product is a known allergen, then
it will also be an allergen in a transgenic
plant. As an example, when a Brazil nut
albumin was expressed in soybean to boost
methionine content
• Allergen transferred unintentionally from Brazil
nut to GM soybean
• It was found that serum from Brazil nut
allergic subjects reacted with the transgenic
soybean extracts

Hisar (125004)
Toxic and allergenic effects of some compounds
Compounds Role in plant defense Toxic effects Allergenicit
y
Lectins Fungus and insect
resistance
Weight loss and hyper growth
of small intestine in rats
Allergenic
Proteinase
inhibitors
Insect resistance Pancreas enlargement,
hyperplasia and adenoma
Allergenic
Thionins Antifungal Toxic on intravenous injection,
nontoxic orally
-
Phytoalexins Fungus and insect
resistance
Toxicity problem -
Virus coat
protein
Virus resistance Toxicity not reported -
Cry protein
(Starlink
corn), 2002
Insect resistance - Allergenic

Hisar (125004)
Bio-safety and Cartagena Protocol
• The Cartagena Protocol on Bio-safety is the first international regulatory
framework for bio-safety, negotiated under the aegis of the Convention
on Biological Diversity (CBD).
• The Protocol deals primarily with LMOs (Live Modified Organism) that
are to be intentionally introduced into the environment (such as seeds,
trees or fish) and with genetically modified farm commodities (such as
corn and grain used for food, animal feed or processing).
• The Protocol was adopted on 29th January 2000 and entered into force
from September 11, 2003. As on date, 135 countries have ratified the
Protocol.
• India ratified the Protocol on January 23, 2003 and the Ministry of
Environment & Forests (MoEF) is the nodal ministry for implementation
of Cartagena Protocol.

Hisar (125004)
Major elements of the protocol:
1. Advance informed Agreement procedure
2. Simplified system for agricultural commodities
3. Risk assessments
4. Risk management and emergency procedures
5. Export documentation
6. Bio-safety clearing House
7. Capacity-building and finance
8. Public awareness and participation
9. Issue of non-parties.

Hisar (125004)
Only one crop approved.
14 crops under various stages of contained field trials.
Include brinjal, cotton, cabbage, groundnut, pigeon pea,
mustard, potato, sorghum, tomato, tobacco, rice, okra and
cauliflower.
Traits include insect resistance, herbicide tolerance, virus
resistance, nutritional enhancement, salt tolerance, fungal
resistance.
Biosafety (Indian Status)
‘Biosafety’ means the need to protect human and animal health and
environment from the possible adverse effects of the products of modern
biotechnology.

Hisar (125004)
Biosafety guideline in India
• All products obtained using recombinant DNA
technology shall be subject to general regulation
normally applicable for such product.
• Pre-release tests of GMOs in agriculture should include
elucidation of requirements for veg. growth.
• The controlled release of GMOs should be done under
appropriate containment facilities to ensure safety.
• The Department of Biotechnology has a RCGM which
reviews all the approval of ongoing on GMOs and Several
other issue.
• Physical containments to limit the spread of dangerous Ms
by good laboratory practices safety equipments.

Hisar (125004)
• The Department of Biotechnology (DBT) and the
Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF) are the
two apex regulatory bodies.
• Guidelines for safety have been issued by the
Department of Biotechnology (DBT) in 1990 covering
research in biotechnology, field trials and commercial
applications.
26

Hisar (125004)
Presently, there are six competent authorities for
implementation of regulations and guidelines in the
country:
1. Recombinant DNAAdvisory Committee (RDAC)
2. Review Committee of Genetic Manipulation (RCGM)
3. Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (GEAC)
4. Institutional Biosafety Committees (IBSC) attached to every
organization engaged in rDNA research
5. State Biosafety Coordination Committees (SBCC)
6. District Level Committees (DLC)

CCS
Haryana
Agricultural
University,
Hisar
Agriculture
is
supreme
wealth
28

CCS
Haryana
Agricultural
University,
Hisar
Agriculture
is
supreme
wealth
Conclusion
• Evidences clearly reveal that, the acreage of transgenic
crops is increasing day by day and will play a major
role in coming future.
• This technology has vast opportunities to sustain
agriculture in terms of food and nutritional security.
• However the perspectives are quite controversial and
require stringent policies to be undertaken by the
regulatory authorities and government for the release
of transgenic crop varieties, to assure human health
and environment safety.

Everything else can wait,
agriculture can’t
Thank you
CCSHAU is a member of the ICAR
No technology is 100% risk free

vipul 604 biosafety and gm crops.pptx

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vipul 604 biosafety and gm crops.pptx