this presentation is about What are GMO’s? and its contents include How does this differ from Mendel and his peas? Why to do it? Benefits of Genetic Engineering and Modifying, Risks associated with Genetic Modification, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Guidelines for GMO creation and release, Transformation of plant cells, Gene flow, Patent protection can be conferred on plant materials in the following ways and Genetically Modified Plants: Patent Protection

1. TOPIC- Genetically Modified Organism
PRESENTED BY:
TAHURA MARIYAM
MSc. MICROBIOLOGY (Sem -II)
P.ID: 19MSCMB009
PRESENTED TO: Dr. O.P Verma (Assistant professor)
DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY
JACOB INSTITUTE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIO-ENGINEERING
SAM HIGGINBOTTOM UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE,TECHNOLOGY, AND SCIENCES,
PRAYAGRAJ

2. CONTENT
 What are GMO’s?
 How does this differ from Mendel and his peas?
 Why to do it?
 Benefits of Genetic Engineering and Modifying
 Risks associated with Genetic Modification
 Canadian Food Inspection Agency
 Guidelines for GMO creation and release
 Transformation of plant cells
 Gene flow
 Patent protection can be conferred on plant materials in the following ways
 Genetically Modified Plants: Patent Protection

3. What are GMO’s?
 A genetically modified organism
contains DNA that has been altered
using genetic engineering. Genetically
modified animals are mainly used for
research purposes, while genetically
modified plants are common in today’s
food supply.

4. How does this differ from Mendel and
his peas?
GM vs. Selective breeding
Selective breeding –
 slow -imprecise
 modification of genes that naturally occur in the organism
GM
 very fast
 precise
 can introduce genes into an organism that would not occur naturally!

5. Why to do it?
 Rice: not high in essential nutrients
 Modification:
 + daffodil genes and a bacterium = betacarotene content drastically increased
 + genes from a french bean = double the iron content.
 Tomatoes: Introduce genes to increase shelf life.
 Potato : modified to produce a beetle killing toxin
 Yellow squash : modified to contain to viral genes that resistant the most common viral
diseases
 Develop foods that contain vaccines and antibodies that offer valuable protection
against diseases such as cholera, hepatitis, and malaria
 Canola : modified to resist one type of herbicide or pesticide

6. Benefits of Genetic Engineering and
Modifying
1. Higher yielding crops, more efficient use of land
2. Can save money and promote higher profits
3. Longer shelf life, less waste. Example: Tomatoes from genetically modified seeds stay
fresh longer.
4. Enhanced taste and quality
5. Reduced maturation time
6. Increased and improved nutrients and stress tolerance
A single gene genetically engineered into cauliflower can increase production of beta-carotene
100 times.
A gene can be implanted into a soybean upgrading the soy protein
Society
Increased food security for growing populations and growth challenges

7. Risks associated with Genetic Modification
 Safety
 Potential human health implications.
 Potential environmental impact.
 Out-crossing
 Inevitable out-crossing of transgenic plants with naturally occurring ones.
 Creation of super-weeds
 Creation of biological weapons.
 Access and Intellectual Property
 Domination of world food production by a few companies and developing countries.

8.  Ethics
 Tampering with nature by mixing genes among species.
 Labeling
 Not mandatory in some countries (e.g., Canada and the United
States).
 Mixing GM crops with non-GM confounds labeling attempts.
 Society
 New advances may be skewed to the interests of rich countries.

9. Canadian Food Inspection Agency
 Genetically modified foods are currently regulated by the CFIA
 works collaboratively with Environment Canada, Health Canada, and
Fisheries and Oceans
 Goal: to ensure that products of biotechnology are considered safe to
human and animal health and the environment.
 According to the CFIA, the assessment process for GE foods is very
rigorous

10. Guidelines for GMO creation and
release
 Early planning and design of GMO-s to reduce environmental risks (reduce
risks of sterility, lower fitness,
 The promoter should be inducible rather than constitutive
 Selection markers should be removed before cultivation
 Prevent large-scale or commercial releases if scientific knowledge exist
about possible risks
 Post-release monitoring to detect environmental risks
 Thorough risk- assesment, experts should have multidisciplinary training

11. Transformation of plant cells
 Using a disease causing pathogen, Agrobacterium tumefaciensis (for
dicotyledonous plants)
 Particle bombardement ( mostly for monocots)
 Physical methods
 Chemical methods
 The transformation process is very inefficient (Birch, 1997)
 Transgene is linked to a selectable marker, encoding
 herbicide-resistance
 antibiotic-resistance

12. Gene flow
 Transgenes are inherited and have the potencial to disperse (Quist and
Chapella, 2001, 2002, Beckie et al, 2003)
 Crop to crop
 Crop to wild (Ellstrand et al. 1999, 2003, and Messeguer, 2003)
Fitness transgenes conferring resistance has an effect on plant population
dynamics (Power, 2002, Mitchell and Power 2003, Callaway et al. 2004, Snow et al.
2003)

13. Patent protection can be conferred on plant
materials in the following ways
 Through US model of utility patents.
 Through normal patents on plants and cells.
 Through patenting plant varieties.
 Through providing Sui generis form of Plant Variety Protection (PVP), e.g.-
Plant Breeders Rights.
 Through allowing patents on DNA sequence, gene, transformed plants by
these and seed and progeny of these plants.
Agreement on Trade-Related aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs)
does not mention the issue that whether the genes should be patentable. This
issue is left for national legislation. The only specific requirement is for
protection of plant varieties and micro-organisms.

14. Genetically Modified Plants: Patent
Protection
 The status of patent protection for GM plants is presently uncertain in
India and is a debate rife with economic and ethical considerations. It is
relevant to note the legislative intent of the Patents Act and follow the
history of its revisions to become TRIPS (the Agreement on Trade-Related
Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) compliant to understand the issues
surrounding the patentability of plant-related inventions in a broader
context (Declaration on Patent Protection – Regulatory Sovereignty under
TRIPS 2014.

15. REFERENCE
 https://www.lawyered.in/legal-disrupt/articles/patent-protection-
genetically-modified-organisms-gmos/
 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-13-8102-7_16
 https://www.vectorstock.com/royalty-free-vector/genetically-modified-
organisms-vector-15452736