Saloni Jain ,One Year Residential Design Diploma Programme

RESIDENTIAL DESIGN
PORTFOLIO
DEZYNE E’COLE COLLEGE
SALONI JAIN
1 YEAR RESIDENTIAL DESIGN
DIPLOMA

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The project ‘Residential Space planning’ has enlighten me about various
aspect of planning a Residential Building.
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my mentor who gave
me the opportunity to do this project on ‘Residential Space Planning’. From
this project I came to know about how houses to be planned & designed
according to client. I would also like to thank my parents & my friends who
helped me a lot in finishing this project with the limited time.
Saloni Jain

PROJECT REPORT
Project report on
‘Residential pace planning ‘
At
Dezyne E’cole College, Ajmer
Submitted to
Dezyne E’cole College, Ajmer
The partial fulfillment of the Diploma
In Residential Design
By
Saloni Jain
Dezyne E’cole College,
106/10 , Civil Lines Ajmer
Phone no: 0145-2324679
www.Dezyneecole.com
2015-2016

GRADE SHEET
Dezyne E’cole College,
106/10 , Civil Lines
Ajmer : 305001 , Rajasthan
Fax : +91452624679
This project Report of Ms. Saloni Jain of Interior Design student of 1st year
Residential Design diploma has been graded as ___________
Thanking You
Principal
(Seal & Signature )

SYNOPSIS
Planning of my project is done according to the various byelaws, Louis Kahn's
principle and the concept of green building , orientation and daylight etc.
where the planning begins from the entrance on northern side then parking
area. The whole area is surrounded with landscaping.in my plan there are
two living room one is guest and other for family members. Where primary
living room is connected with kitchen and dining as per grouping principle
and living room act as watcher and leader. Where secondary living room is
planned with facilities of bathroom and closet.in the deck area swimming
pool with a view is made. Ground floor is connected with upper floor.
On the upper floor two rooms are planned one for parents , master bed room
and other for children. Both the room facilitates with closet and bathroom.
Outside view is created with using of picture window.
•

SALONI JAIN
INTERIOR DESIGNER
Email: modisaloni@gmail.com
PROFILE
SKILLS
• Drafting
• Anthropometric
• Good Aesthetic Sense
• Google Sketch up
• Material
INTERESTS
• Learning new things
• Reading books
• Music
LANGUAGE
• English
• Hindi
EXPERIENCE
• Design Development Project
• Portfolio Project Handling
• Group activity
EDUCATION
• One year Residential
Design Diploma –
Dezyne E’cole
College, Ajmer –
[2015-2016]
• Bachelor of
Commerce, Govt
College, Ajmer
• [2015-2016]
• High School
Queen Mary's girls
school 2012-2013
I Am A Hardworking Person
Believe In :-
Hard Work Beats Talent ,
When Talent Doesn’t Work Hard.

CONTENT
•INTRODUCTION OF
RESIDENTIAL DESIGN
•CASE STUDY
•SITE CONSIDERATION
•VENTILLATION AND
BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN
•SPACE PLANNING
•CONTEMPORARY
DESIGN AND DESIGNERS
•ELEVATION LAYOUTS
•ELEMENTS AND
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
•CHAIR TYPE
•ASSIGNMENT
•BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION OF INTERIOR DESIGN
“Design is not just what it looks like & feel like , Design is how it works”
According to above statement Design should be about how we feel in that
particular space . Design should be such that it “Capture the spirit of the
client and the essence of the space”. Design is essential part of our lives &
affects how we live, work , play & even heal. It should reflect person`s nature
how he behave , his lifestyle or habits.
Some people are of view that interior designer & interior decorator are one &
the same but the basic difference is that “ Designer may decorate but
decorator cannot Design”. While doing designing designer apply creative and
technical solution within a space that are functionally attractive and
beneficial to the occupant & enhance the quality of life & culture. Design
should respond to & coordinate within the building shell and acknowledge
the physical location and social context of the project. It must adhere to code
and regulatory requirement & encourage the Principle of environmental
sustainable.
Interior design is a process that follows a systematic and coordinated
methodology including research analysis and integration of knowledge into
the creative process to satisfy the client`s need & resources
In earlier times people used to think designer & decorator are same but the
basic difference as which we have already discussed earlier they used to think
designer are costly to hire , all work of designer can be done by any architect.
Designer can be hire or for richer section of the society. When time passes
designer are in need of market people started hir5ing designer and made
their design according to their need & comfort.” Good design solved a
problem Great design prevented it”
Interior design is a multi faceted profession in which creative and technical
solution are applied within a structure to achieve a built interior
environment. Design should be which enhance the working efficiency of the
person. While doing designing many thing should be considered things that
are selecting should provide comfort & relaxed i.e. person would love to sit or
live there.

Things of object should be selected according to the need, nature & lifestyle
of the occupant things like curtain, fabric , wall texture colors , accessories
etc.
Interior design include a scope of service performed by a professional
designers qualified by means of education, experience & examination to
protect and enhance the healthy life & welfare of the public.
Last but not the least design should be universal, universal design means
which is not for a particular group of person, age group, gender etc. it should
be accessible i.e. it meets the standard that allow people with disabilities to
enjoy and minimum level of access to environment and product . It should be
made according to the person who have
• Sensory impairment :- this include vision, hearing & speech impairment
including total & partial loss of function.
• Dexterity impairment :- this include people with limitation in the use of
their hands & fingers & suggest the “closed fist rule”.
• Mobility impairment :- this include people who use walker ,crutches,
canes and wheelchair.
According to the above discussion we can say scope of interior design is very
broad & even in profession & career.

INTRODUCTION OF RESIDENTIAL DESIGN
The term `Residential design` means build ‘homes’ that are comfortable and
enjoyable to live , in which removing compromises and adjustment .
Residential design should be maximizing solar energy and eliminate wastage
of space. Space should be efficiently used. Design should provide comfort,
enhance quality & standard of life. It also enhance the working efficiency of
the person. Design should be universal, it should be user responsive not for
particular age group or group of person. It should not be affected by any
weathering agent.
In early civilization period residential design are not in trend at that time
people need a space for shelter whether it provide comfort or fulfilling their
need or not. They used to live in a space where small cubical rooms are
divided from a plot. When time passes they start realizing the need of proper
space planning in an efficient manner. Rooms or sectional parts of the space
are not designed by any architecture. These sectional parts are full of
compromises people of early period are used to think designer can be hire or
for richer section of the society . When time designers are need of market.
People started knowing the value or need of designer. They started hiring
them to design their houses. Designs made by them are accessible i.e. can be
easily accessible by any age group with physical disability.
Residential building can be classified according to the various groups i.e.
lodging(separate sleeping accommodation for not more than 20 members)
dwelling can be detached house, semi detached , row of houses , flats duplex
sky scrapper, another one is dormitories (these are basically guest house ) ,
apartment and hotels.
These all are designed under residential design. Design should prove this
concept true that “A house should adjust according to the occupant , not
occupant adjust according to house “ needs of residential design varies from
person to person according to the income and social status in the society.
Likewise if a person from a rich family having good social status needs a
guest room ,big master room ,vestibule or a big garden, soho children's bed
room & other utility rooms while a middle class person needs a only a bed

room guest room or living room . Here other room are reduced like soho
garden instead of big garden a small garden other utility room. Designs are
totally depend according to the need , income or social status.

CASE STUDY
We Are Supposed To Make A Plan Of A House .The Land Area Of 50’X 60 ‘ For A Small
Family Of 4 Members A Husband , Wife & 2 Children . One Is Girl And One Is Boy.
Members
1 ) Sunil Jain ( business man )
Age 40 years
Need open and connected space with swimming pool
2} Manju Jain ( teacher )
Age 36 years
Need open kitchen with view
3) Adi jain and Ria jain ( student )
Age 13 and 14 years
Need – Study zone and garden

MINOR CASE STUDY
From the previous case study I am taking a part of it that is the living room for
design development

SITE CONSIDERATION
Before Starting Any Site Planning Consider The Following Points Like Topography Of
The Site , Its Orientation , Daylight , Window Placement, Water Bodies , These All Can
Be Determined With The Help Of Compass Placed In The Center Of The Site
Consider:-
• Street
• Main Road
• Landmarks
• Facilities Nearby – Hospital , School , Transportation , Bus Stand Etc.
Without Site Consideration Planning Is Not Possible That’s Why Site Consideration
Plays A Important Role In Planning .Site Consideration Is A Base Of Planning.

MAP OF INDIA
Various Points Have To Be Considered While Deciding Any Site Location Like Its
Longitude And Latitude , Orientation , Climatology . Longitude Of India Is 78 .8718 O E
And Latitude Of India Is 21.76o N. Orientation Of India IS Southern Side Which
Amounts To 180o Rotation Of The Map From The Standard Convention. Climatology
Of India Is Warm And Humid Climate .Construction Should Be Done According To The
Temperature , Climate , Wind Pressure Etc.

MAP OF RAJASTHAN
Before Deciding Or Planning Designer Should Consider Various Points Or Things That
Are Its Longitude And Latitude , Orientation , Climatology. Without Considering This
Planning Can’t Be Possible .L Longitude And Latitude Of Rajasthan Is 27.023o N &
74.21o E. Orientation Of Rajasthan In India's Map Is On Northern West Of India
.Climatology Of Rajasthan Is That It Has Tropical Desert Climate Extremely Cold From
October To Feb. & Extremely Hot From March To September {Site Location Is In
Ajmer } Where Longitude And Latitude Is 24.45o N & 74.94o E Ajmer Is Located At
Center Of Rajasthan.

MAP OF AJMER
Ajmer has a typical desert climate & hot & arid summers are hot with maximum
temperature 40o c while minimum temperature in winters 5o c. where longitude and
latitude is 24.45o N & 74.94o E.

SITE MAP
The distance from the major landmark :
• Shopping center : 1.2 km
• Railway station :2.5 km
• Bus stand : 1 km
• Hospital : 350 m
• Dimension of site : 50’X60’
• Area of site 3000 sq. ft.
Site

• colour produced by day will vary.
• contrast & glare : contrast is necessary for good visual perception the result of
luminous or brightness difference that in turn are dependent upon the IL
luminance failing on the task & the reflectivity of the task. Glare is usually
associated with brightness difference or with reflected light.
Many Factors Are Involved With The Use Of Daylight In Building :
• Aesthetics : The play of daylight from windows on surface and texture casting
interesting shadows, the endless variety of mood & appearance due to movement
of the sun.
• Psychological response : the sense of well being associated with daylight and the
sense of orientation that comes with being connected with the exterior.
• Health : improved resistance to infection , skin disorder , & cardiovascular
impairment .
• energy / cost : reduction in electric use & related air conditioning load from
electric lighting.

MACRO CLIMATE
The term Macro climate means the climate means the climate of a larger area such
as a region or a country. Basically macro climate is affected by the direction of wind,
temperature, precipitation, humidity altitude etc. of a place. Macro climate can`t be
affected by any design. Macro climate are uncontrollable. Climate & temperature
affect a lot in exterior of building .as our site is located in Rajasthan state Ajmer
district. There are various points to be considered regarding the direction of wind,
temperature, precipitation, humidity altitude etc.
Climate and temperature of Ajmer are ;
• CLIMATE : typical desert climate
• SUMMERS : hot with maximum temperature -40o minimum – 28o c.
• Winters : 5o c .
• longitude and latitude : 26. 27o east & 74.42 o north .
• rainfall: 55cm.

MICRO CLIMATE
Micro climate is a climate inside the boundary wall of the house that differs from
outside the boundary wall. Micro climate is totally depend on wind , daylight,
ventilation etc. many things can be done to maintain the micro climate like
landscaping around the building , construction of cavity wall , slanted roof, water
bodies or material that we are choosing for construction.
By proper landscaping temperature inside the boundary wall can be reduced by 10o -
12o . Deciduous trees should be planted on the southern side. These trees act as a
buffer zone for the house. Prevent hot air to enter inside the house in the summers
& allows daylight in the winters. Water bodies should be constructed on the
southern side. Air coming from that side makes the inner climate of the boundary
wall cooler. Also use low emissivity glass on that side. Construct cavity wall in order
to control the exterior temperature. In winters use plant & trees particularly to the
north of the building to allow the access of winter sun to north window. High
branching canopy trees to be used to shade the roof wall & window.

 Orientation Is Best Work In Rectangular Form As Compared To Square.
 Cheerful Side : East
 Activity Zone : Southern Side.
 Relaxing Zone : North.
 Windward Side : South- West.
 Levered Side : North - East .
Identification of orientation from the following points:
• Always use compass before starting any planning process.
• From this we get the direction east, west, north , south.
• Locate the activities which require energy and happiness among all direction
except north.
• Zone which require less sunlight need to be positioned toward north direction.
• Orientation of the residence should be north-south as compared to east-west
because this orientation allows more sunlight in the house.
• Devise cavity wall, water bodies, low emissivity glass on southern side.
N

DAYLIGHT
People Like Those Places Which Have Plenty Of Daylight. Design Based On Daylight
Could Aspire The To The Same Inspirational. People Consider It Valuable & When
They Have It They Will Be More Satisfied , Productive, & Active While Doing Work.
Daylight Can Be Employed To Conserve Energy.
Physiological Benefits Of Day Lighting :
• Full Spectrum Lighting : Daylight Helps In Improving Health Condition . It Prevents
Rickets Helps In Keeping The Skin In A Healthy Condition , Is Responsible For
Production Of Vitamin D & It Destroys Germs.
• Orientation : People Inside Building Who Lose Contact With The Exterior May Feel
Insecure About Possible Escape From Fire . People Are Frustrated & Distracted
When Not Able To Sense.
Psychological Benefits Of Day Light :
• Sunshine : The Presence Of Direct Sunshine In The Exterior Environment Is One
Of The Strongest Psychological Benefit .
• View : A View To Exterior Is Another Psychological Benefit To Building Occupant
Which Constitute A Valuable View. The Distance Between The Occupant &
Window . The Best View Are Those That Include Some Sky Horizon & Foreground.
• Brightness Gradient & Colour Constancy : Colour Seen With Daylight Will Appear
Real & Appropriate Through Something Called Colour Constancy Even Though The

ORIENTATION
The setting of plan of the building on its site with reference to the direction is
known as orientation. It plays a great role in in increasing its utility. From the view
point of climate consideration however an orientation of the building may either be
dictated by the prevailing circumstances or it may be decided by choice.
People inside building who lose contact with the exterior may feel insecure about the
possible escape from fire are frustrated and distracted (perhaps subconsciously).
When not able to sense what the weather is outside and to have some sense of
nature`s time (regarding both the daylight & orientation)
Some basic point regarding the orientation from designing orientation is best for any
site or plan i.e.
 If facing of the building is north then building orientation is east to west.
 East is best for entrance. As daylight enter, makes the person cheerful.

VENTILATION
Ventilation may be defined as supply of fresh outside air into an enclosed space or
the removal of inside air from the enclosed space. In other words ventilation the
removal of all the vitiated air from a building and its replacement with fresh air.
Necessity of ventilation :
• Creation of air movement.
• Prevention of undue accumulation of carbon dioxide.
• Prevention of flammable concentration of gas vapour.
• Prevention of accumulation of dust & bacterial carrying particle & odour caused
by decomposition of building material.
• Removal of smoke , odour & foul smell generated / liberated by the occupant.
• Prevention of condensation or decomposition of moisture on wall surface.
• Prevention of suffocation conditions in conference room , committee halls, big
room etc.
Ventilation may be achieved either by natural or by artificial or mechanical means.
Ventilation
Natural Ventilation : is one in which ventilation is effected by the elaborated use of
door & windows , ventilator , sky lights.it is usually considered for residential building
& small houses. Not for large building .
Mechanical Ventilation: is one in which some mechanical arrangement are made to
increase the rate of air flow . This system is more useful for large building , assembly
hall, factories , theatre etc.
Natural Ventilation
Mechanical Ventilation
• Exhaust fan
• Fresh air fan
• Air conditioner ( HVAC)

Natural ventilation
The rate of ventilation can be depend on two effects :
• Wind effect
• Stack effect
• Wind effect : in this the rate of ventilation is depend upon the direction &
velocity of outside wind. When wind blows at right angle to one face of the
building pressure difference are created. Positive pressure – windward face &
negative –leeward face.
In designing a system of natural ventilation the aim should be to make effective use
of wind forces. For design purpose the wind may be assume to come from any
direction within 45 degree of the direction of the prevailing wind . In case of pitched
roof the pressure will depend upon the pitch of the room.

• Stack effect : In this the rate of ventilation is effected by the convection
effect arising from temperature or vapour pressure or difference or both
between inside and outside of the room & the difference in the height between
the outlet & inlet opening.
When temperature inside is higher than the outside warmer air rises & passes
through opening located in the upper part of the room. Whereas incoming cool air
enter from the lower opening.

OVERHANG
Building overhang can be very useful for sun & rain control. Although they reduce
the quantity of daylight within the building particularly next to the window wall. They
are especially effective in reflecting light from outside ground planes back in to the
interior of the building . overhang are of two types :
 Slanted
 Straight
Slanted overhang control both solar & precipitation to enter inside. Straight overhang
stop precipitation with little sunlight.
These both type of overhang has its own pros & cons. This problem can be solved by
using overhang made up of glass material when light fall on glass it reflect inside the
building & also control precipitation.

BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN
• Bioclimatic design are that design which is environment friendly i.e. Which is
developed out of sensitivity to ecological & regional context & the need to
conserve energy & environmental resources.
• It approaches to architecture offers a way of design for long term & sustainable
use of environmental & material resources.
• It is an attempt to create comfortable condition in a building by understanding the
micro climate used with ventilation , day lighting , passive heating & cooling .
• Bioclimatic design is based on the natural flows of energy in an around the
building created by the interaction of sun , wind , precipitation , vegetation ,
temperature & humidity in the ground this can be explain with the help of
following diagram

STRATEGIES OF BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN
In winters objective of bioclimatic design is to resist loss of heat from the building
envelope & to promote gain of solar heat & vice versa in case of summers
various things can be done regarding to the above points i.e.
 Plant deciduous trees in the southern direction as these trees lose their leaves in
winters & help the building to enter inside the building . while in summer it
provide shade so that sunlight can`t be enter into building.
 Use water bodies in the southern direction because when the air flows from the
south into the house moving above the water bodies that carries moisture & in
turn become cooled & lower the inner temperature .
 Place more of window on western & southern side as this is windward direction of
the building.
 Devise cavity wall construction as it act as a wind break & low emmissivity glass.
 Avoid using concrete more on the landscape. Try using ground cover on the
landscape area.
 Make a rain water harvesting tank on the site as it increases the ground level
water.
 Use only vertical drainage mouth.
 Terracotta bricks & corrugated asbestos is also bad conductor of heat. Can be use
on face work .

GREEN BUILDING AS PER LEED CERTIFICATION
The term green building & sustainable design are used interchangeably to describe
any building designed in environmentally sensitive manner. Green building provide
healthy environment. Green building is greened by standard such as leadership in
energy & environmental design [LEED]. This provide a set of criteria that promotes
environmentally sustainable construction & design . This system as developed by US
GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL [USGBC].
USGBC has developed a no. of version of the LEED rating system.
• LEED – NC : New construction & major renovation.
• Leed –CI : commercial interior .
• Leed- CS : core /shell
• Leed- eb : existing building etc.
the LEED rating system for new construction addresses six major area of
development .
 Sustainable Site
 Water Efficiency
 Energy & Atmosphere
 Material & Resources
 Indoor Environmental Quality
 Innovation & Design Process.

UNIVERSAL DESIGN
• The goal of universal design could be said is create building places and details that
provide a supportive environment to the largest no. Of individual throughout life`s
variety of changing circumstances. All people experience changes in mobility ,
agility & perceptual acuity through out their life span , from childhood to
adulthood. Design should be for easier access , reduced accident easier way
finding and transit of people & goods and design details for people of all age
group , sizes and capacity & increases the working efficiency of the people in the
environment they live. Design should be accessible here accessible means that
design meets the standard that allow people with disabilities to enjoy a minimum
level of access to environment and product. Design should be made according to
the people who have:
• Sensory impairment : This include vision , hearing & speech impairment including
total & partial loss of function .
• Dexterity impairment : This include people with limitation in the use of their
hands and fingers and suggest the "closed fist rule”
• Mobility impairment : This include people who use walker , crutches , canes &
wheelchair.

Designer must listen to & hear from perceptive spokes people who can articulate the need
and response of :
• People of all stages of life from youngster to elder who have difficulty with mobility ,
lightning distraction and disorientation at transition points in a building .
• Wheel chair user and people with other physical disabilities or differences.
• People with visual or aural impairment .
• People who maintain and service our building , carrying heavy loads or other potential
impediments to safe travel.
• All people under condition of emergency.
This require that the process of universal design be broadly representative , User responsive
and Participatory.

PLANNING CONSIDERATION
• Building do not exist in isolation it influence by various factor that are responsible
for planning .” Planning to fail is fail to plan “. According to this various points
have to be considered in mind those points are:
 Principles Of Planning.
 Orientation
 Building Byelaws
 Louis Kahn Principles
 Anthropometrics
 Topography
 Daylight
 Ventilation
 Landscape
 Windows & Opening
 Wall Planes
 Approach
 Boundary Wall, Entrance
 Stairs
 doors
Here are detailed description of all these points :
1. Principles of planning : The main objective of planning is to insure that
different component of building are so well arranged that user can performed
desired function with ease & comfort. There are various principles which
should be kept in mind while planning . These principles are aspect, prospect,
grouping, privacy , circulation , furniture requirement , elegance etc. here are
detailed description of some of these principles :
• Aspect : Means the peculiarity of the arrangement of the door & window in the
external wall of the building which permits the person to enjoy sun ,breeze ,
outside scenery etc. . It help in providing comfort condition. A kitchen should be
as far as possible have eastern aspect so that rising sun purify or refresh the air .
Likewise bedroom have west or south west aspect & reading ,store should have
north aspect. Aspect plays an important role in planning.

• Prospect : Prospect is the term used to highlight architectural treatment given
to a building so as to make it pleasing from outside the building, like aspect
prospect of the building also require the disposition of external door & windows in
a building at particular place & in particular manner.
• Circulation : Circulation means internal access provided in a room or between
room on the same floor. There are basically two type of circulation i.e. Horizontal
& vertical . horizontal include passage halls & lobbied . perform the function of
circulation on the same floor& other one is vertical include stairs , ramps etc. . For
comfort & convenience all passages corridor halls should be well ventilated &
lighted up.
2.Orientation : Means setting of plan of the building on its site with reference to
the direction like wise east is best for entrance & kitchen so that early sunlight can be
gain & make environment cheerful. Bedroom & relaxing zone should be on northern
side. Activity zone should be given on southern side so that due to sunlight person
feel active. Water bodies & deciduous trees should be on southern side. It act as a
buffer zone & make the inner climate cool.

3.Building byelaws : Building byelaws consist of certain rules & regulation framed
by a municipal & town planning. Aim of framing the bye law is to ensure provision of
reasonable minimum requirement & standard & avoid construction in an haphazard
manner. It lays down regarding minimum front, side & rear setbacks, minimum
height & area of room, width of staircase , parking electric lines etc.
4.Louis Kahn principles: Every human being has a different personality that
consist of one or more characteristics. Their personality react in different in different
situation. Consider a space as a person , space has its own personality with spatial
characteristics. These characteristics are leading, grouping ,lonor, servant ,watcher ,
outreaching, worker.
• Leading /following : The space with a leading character gather spaces that
relates to it here living room act as a leader & other room act as following.
LEADING
FO
FO
FO
FO

• Watcher :This space needs to be located beside the boundary of project for
environmental attraction. The attractions can be different types of
environmental conditions like view, park etc.
• Grouping : The space that carry the same objective
or the grouping character.
• Loner : It include those spaces which require more
privacy here bed room act as a loner.
WA
WA
WA
GRGR
GR
LO

• Servant : A space that serves the other spaces in
some way here powder room , mud room ,
toilet etc. Act as servant.
•Worker :A space that offers supplies to other spaces,
secondary entrance.
• Outreaching :The space with this character is located
near the entrance. This type of space
represent an outgoing or sociable
behavior .
SERVANT
B
L
GR

5.Anthropometrics: The scientific study of human dimensions relating to
individual & group is called anthropometry. Dimension of human body varies
on the basis of age, sex, & even socio economic factor. Without studying the
human body dimension planning is not possible . Normally 95 % among
population is considered as standard. Anthropometrics help in doing planning
in a better way.
6.Topography : For aesthetic & economic as well as ecological reason the
general in developing a site should be to minimize the disturbance of existing
landform & feature while taking advantage of natural ground slope & the
micro climate of the site.
• Site development & construction should minimize disrupting the natural
drainage pattern.
• Avoid building on steep slopes subject to erosion.

• Pay particular attention to building restrictions on site located in or near a food
plain.
• Wet land & other wildlife habitat may require protection & limit the buildable area
of site.
7. Daylight : People like those places which have plenty of daylight. Design
based on daylight could aspire the to the same inspirational. People consider it
valuable & when they have it they will be more satisfied , productive, & active while
doing work. Daylight can be employed to conserve energy. Daylight should be
properly present . It create a cheerful environment in the house.
many factor are involved with the use of daylight in building .
• psychological response
• health improvement.
• energy cost .
Vertical windows are used for daylight . Horizontal is for view.

8. Ventilation : Ventilation may be defined as supply of fresh outside air into an
enclosed space or the removal of inside air from the enclosed space. Ventilation can
be either by natural or by artificial or mechanical. Artificial include exhaust fan.,
Fresh air fan , or HVAC .Ventilation helps in maintain the inner climate & prevention
of undue accumulation of carbon dioxide. Prevention of condensation or deposition
of moisture on wall surface.
9. Landscape : landscaping is an easy & inexpensive way to improve the energy
efficiency of the building and enhance the appearance & value of a property &
provide screening for privacy. Selected type of plant can be positioned to protect the
building from summer sun & chilling winter wind. Deciduous trees & vines are to be
planted toward southern side they act as a buffer zone. Makes the building
environment cool. Dense trees & shrubs can be positioned to deflect strong wind.
Screens are grouping of plant use to hide or cover unwanted view or object
.Grouping of plant should be used in such a way to clearly invite the viewer to the
designated place of entry .Water bodies are to be positioned toward southern side.

10. Windows & opening : A window may ne defined as an opening made
in a wall for the purpose of providing daylight, vision & ventilation. Windows opening
may be horizontal or vertical. Horizontal windows are for view only not for daylight.
These windows are fixed called as picture window. Vertical windows are for wind
daylight.
11.Wall planes: Wall planes defines the space organisation where space
organisation include :-
• Base plane
• Elevated base plane
• Depressed base plane
• Overhead
• L shape planes
• U shape plane

1. Base plane : A horizontal plane laying as a figure on contrasting background.
2. Elevated base plane : A horizontal plane elevated above the ground plane
establishes vertical surface along its edges
3. Depressed base plane : A horizontal plane depressed into the ground plane
utilizes the vertical surface of the lowered area to define a volume of space.

4. Overhead plane : A horizontal plane located overhead define a volume of
space between itself and the ground plane.
5. L shape planes : A l shape configuration of vertical planes define a field of
space diagonally from its corner outwardly. Corner may be introvert & extrovert
according to the configuration.
6. U shaped planes : A U shaped configuration of a vertical planes defines a field
of space that has an inward as well as outward

12 . Approach : A pathway or way create in such an interesting manner starts
from the main entrance to the door of the house . the person who is entering in the
house makes the image and personality of the house while entering. There are many
approaches how we can enter the person in an interesting manner.
o Straight approach
o Spiral approach
o Perpendicular approach
o Circular approach
Spiral and circular approach are used in those house having big space area

13. Boundary wall, entrance : On entrance various points have to be
considered like place for bell, light , cameras , name of the house & owner ,
placement of pillars, parking etc. If entry gate is bigger in size then pillar should be
minimum of 2’ .Dimension of pillars 1’*1’ if pillar is in underground then 3’ & above
ground is 5’ on pillar name plate , camera , house no. , Owner information, letter box
should be placed..
14. Doors : A door may be defined as a framework of wood ,steel, aluminum ,
glass or combination of these material served in a opening left in a wall for the
purpose of providing access to the user of the structure. It basically consist of two
parts 1. A frame 2. Shutter leaf. The door should be provided in opposite wall facing
each other. For privacy concern door should be as far as possible be located near the
corner of the room .Location of the door should meet the functional requirement

TYPES OF DOOR :
FRAMED AND PANELLED DOOR
• BATTENED &LEDGED DOOR
• GLAZED OR SASH DOORS
• FLUSH DOOR

• FLY PROOF DOOR
• REVOLVING DOOR
• SLIDING DOOR
• SWING DOOR

Stairs: a stairs may be defined as series of steps suitably arranged for the purpose
connecting different floor of building. Stairs should be designed in such a way that it
provide easy access, rendering comfort, and safety. Stair should be accident prone ,
well lighted up. Surface should not be highly polished, avoid glossy material , granite
and glass on stairs.
Types of stairs
o Straight
o Dog legged
o Open newel
o Circular
o Bifurcated
• Straight

• Dog legged stairs
• Open newel
• Circular

• Geometrical stairs
• Bifurcated stairs

Minor case study of living room
From the previous case study I am taking a part of it that is
the living room for design development

PLANNING OF BUILDING
• Introduction
All building exert direct and indirect influence on the people who use the building.as well as
the one`s who see the building. The direct influence is judged from the feedback as to how
far the building help in making occupant comfortable, healthy and cheerful. The
topographical feature of the site with the natural and artificial surrounding are taken into
account while planning and designing of building. The architect faced with either of two
situations while planning.
a) When the site for the proposed building is already earmarked.
b) When the site of the building is not decided and the choice is left to the planner.
In situation under a) above the architect has to evolve the scheme paying due regard to the
existing building and the given environment .
Where in situation b) the architect enjoys freedom in making choice of the site best suited
for the proposed building .
• Selection of site : following factor should be kept in view while making the selection of
site for a building.
1. Site should be on elevated and levelled ground Not on flood prone.
2. The soil at site should not be of black cotton.it should have good value of bearing
capacity.
3. The site should not be irregular in shape or have sharp corner.
4. site should be in a developed area having facilities like shopping , recreation , hospital
etc.
• Principles of planning : The main objective of planning is to insure that different
component of building are so well arranged that user can performed desired function
with ease & comfort. There are various principles which should be kept in mind while
planning . These principles are aspect, prospect, grouping, privacy , circulation , furniture
requirement , elegance etc. here are detailed description of some of these principles.

• Aspect : Means the peculiarity of the arrangement of the door & window in the
external wall of the building which permits the person to enjoy sun ,breeze , outside
scenery etc. . It help in providing comfort condition. A kitchen should be as far as
possible have eastern aspect so that rising sun purify or refresh the air . Likewise
bedroom have west or south west aspect & reading ,store should have north aspect
plays an important role in planning.
• Prospect : Prospect is the term used to highlight architectural treatment given to a
building so as to make it pleasing from outside the building, like aspect prospect of the
building also require the disposition of external door & windows in a building at
particular place & in particular manner.
• Circulation : Circulation means internal access provided in a room or between room
on the same floor. There are basically two type of circulation i.e. Horizontal & vertical .
horizontal include passage halls & lobbied . perform the function of circulation on the
same floor& other one is vertical include stairs , ramps etc. . For comfort &
convenience all passages corridor halls should be well ventilated & lighted up.
• Grouping : grouping consist in arranging various rooms in the layout plan of the
building in such a manner that all the room are connected in such a manner proper
correlation and proximity can be maintain. The basic aim of the grouping of the
apartment is to maintain the sequence of their function according to their interrelation
with least interference.
• Privacy : privacy is to be considered most important principle of planning in all
building specially in residential building the privacy within the building means
screening interior of the room from another room. Screening of all the apartment or
some of them from the entrance.

• Furniture requirement :the furniture requirement of a room or an apartment depend
upon the function required to be performed therein. Furniture requirement would be
different according to place.in case of residential building ,normally not much
thought is given to the furniture requirement .it is however desirable to prepare
sketch plan indicating required furniture as well its location in different rooms.
• Roominess : the effect produced by deriving the maximum benefit from the
minimum dimension of a room is termed as roominess. In case of residential design
where considerable storage space is needed for various purpose, adequate provision
of wall cupboard , loft , wooden /RCC shelves should be made according to space and
maximum utilization.
• Sanitation : the term sanitation covers not only sanitary convenience like W.C urinals ,
bathroom, wash basin etc. But also proper and adequate lighting ventilation and
facilities for general cleaning of the building. All parts of the building should be
ventilated and lighted. Elegance : elegance is the term used to express the effect
produced by the elevation and general layout of the building . Hence for a building to
be elegant , it is necessary that its elevation should be so evolved that it should be so
evolved that it should be aesthetically pleasing and its layout should fit in well in
relation to the environment and its site.
• Flexibility : flexibility means designing certain room required for specific purpose in
such a manner that they may be used for overlapping function as and when desired.
• Economy : economy is one of the very important factor which is required to be kept
in view while evolving any scheme. Every unit of the built up area is a function of cost
and such the architect has to make sure that the building planned by them can be
completed within the fund available.
• Elegance : elegance is the term used to express the effect produced by the elevation
and general layout of the building. Hence for a building to be elegant. It is necessary
that its elevation should be aesthetically pleasing and its layout should fit in well in
relation to the site and its environment
4) Orientation : The setting of plan of the building on its site with reference to the
direction is known as orientation. It plays a great role in in increasing its utility. From the
view point of climate consideration however an orientation of the building may either
be dictated by the prevailing circumstances or it may be decided by choice

• that the building planned by them can be completed within the fund available.
5)Building byelaws: Building byelaws consist of certain rules & regulation framed by a
municipal & town planning. Aim of framing the bye law is to ensure provision of
reasonable minimum requirement & standard & avoid construction in an haphazard
manner. It lays down regarding minimum front, side & rear setbacks, minimum height &
area of room, width of staircase , parking electric lines etc.
6) Objective of building byelaws :
• Prevent construction in haphazard manner.
• Guidelines to be followed by architect / engineer in evolving the building layout.
• Building which are planned based on byelaws are comfortable to live in , have proper
light and ventilation and are safe.
• Byelaws serve as standard document for the local bodies to lawfully enforce the
prescribed norms in the planning of the building by architect .
7) Submission of drawing to local authorities : every proposal for construction
should be submitted to the local authorities with 4 set of drawing diagram .
I. Site plan
II. Building plan
III. Service plan
IV. Specification
Site plan include :
1. boundary of the site.
2. Setbacks to be kept in front back and side.
3. Position of the site etc.
Building plan include :
1. Including floor planes of all the floor together with the covered area.
2. Show the use of all parts of the building .
3. Show all the elevation.
4. Give indication of the north point relative to the plan.

5.Detail of the parking space , door and window , ventilator etc.
Service plan include :
1. Every floor of the building in which the proposed drains are to be laid.
2. All new drains as proposed with their corresponding ground level.
3. The position of every manhole , gully , soil and water pipe W.C , urinals etc.
4. Sewers are shown in red , waste water pipes and rain water pipes in blue and existing
work in black.
Specification include:
general specification of the proposed construction giving type and grade of material to be
used are also required to be provided. All plans and document of specification along with
prescribed form and application are required to be signed by the registered architect /
supervisor and submitted to local authority for approval of scheme.
8) Procedure for obtaining sanction of building plan / building permit from
local authority : any person intending to constructed a building or to carryout addition /
alteration to an existing building has to get the plan sanctioned from the local authority. The
type and scale of different drawing and prescribed forms together with the other
information which are required to be submitted to the local authority.

Principles of design
The principles are concept used to organize or arrange the structural element of design.
Again the way in which these principles are applied affects the expressive content , or the
message of the work.
BALANCE: Balance in interior design refers to the proper distribution of object in a
room to create visual balance and visual weight with the composition. Lack of balance
disturbs the harmony of the composition.
Principles

In my project principle of balance is shown in living room i.e. in placement of sofa.
There are three kinds of balance
• Symmetrical (formal )
• Asymmetrical (informal)
• Radial
• Symmetrical: easiest way to achieve balance is by using the symmetrical or formal
form object are repeated or mirrored along a central axis .its even the space is evenly split
into two sides that mirror each other. Symmetry can create order formality calmness and
stillness. Symmetry makes design simple.
• Asymmetrical/informal balance: Asymmetrical design is created with an odd
number of disparate element colors form ,line and texture are balanced in a space
without duplication.it look informal natural and energetic. Make interior spaces more
relaxed and lively. Asymmetry help us stay interested.

• Radial balance :when there is a central focal point with other element radiating
from it or around it this is radial balance. Radial balance is almost circular –
distributed arrangement of items around a central point either extending outward or
inward.
 Proportion: proportion refers to the relative size and scale of the various
elements in a design . The issues the relationship between object , and part of a
whole. This means that it is necessary to discuss proportion in terms of the context or
standard used to determine proportions. In contrast, the proportions of a private
room are usually more in scale with human measures and as a result it appear
friendlier, comfortable less intimidating.

Rhythm : The design principle that suggests connected movement between different
part of a design by using colour, lines , forms or texture also referred to as continuity.
Rhythm is visual flow : the eye should be able to ‘flow ‘ smoothly across the room.
Regular repetition of line shape or colour that create a movement patterns have rhythm.
Examples include the repetition of similar shape , colour and textures.
Rhythm can be accomplished through the following means :
• Repetition
• Alternation
• Progression
• Repetition: The repeated use of certain objects or physical attributes of decor
elements. For example chevron pattern on both sofa and wall tapestry .

• Alternation : alternation is used to create rhythm by alternating two or more element
in a regular pattern.
• Progression : Interior design element placed according to the size from smaller to
bigger ones, or perhaps according to the gradient of their colour .rhythm can also be
achieved through progression.

Emphasis : emphasis is something we all know about .it simply means that every
room or space has a focal point whether it is an architectural or an object. Oversized
artwork or a large piece of furniture can also be a focal point in a room. Focus is to create
attention.

Unity : unity is achieved when all of the different element in a design work
together to create a unified whole. Designer use unity to make element in a
composition appear to belong together unity can be compared to harmony ,
integrity or wholeness.
Some of the way to achieve unity include :
• Alignment
• Similarity
• Proximity
• Repetition
• Continuation
• Overlapping
• Alignment : alignment consists of arranging element so that their edges are
lined up. The common alignment allows the eye to group those elements together.
A grid is often use to create unity through alignment, not just in a single design but
also between related designs.

• Similarity : Repeating shapes colors , values texture or lines create
a visual relationship between elements
• Proximity : proximity is based on grouping by closeness, the closer
element are to each other , the more likely we will see them as a
group. Proximity is one of the easiest way to achieve unity.

• Repetition: repetition is based on grouping by similarity element
that are similar visually are perceived to be related any element can
be repeated line shape colour value or texture as well other thing
such as direction angle or size.
• Continuation : continuation means that something a line an edge a
curve a direction continues from one element to another. The
viewer’s eye will follow the continuing line or edge smoothly from
one element to other and mind will group the element because of
this connection.

• Overlapping : overlapping design element can contribute to unity by
creating a relationship between separate element

THE RULE OF THIRD
 The rule of third refers to the idea of dividing a composition into thirds based on
a grid .
 The most important element of a composition
fall on the lines in between to
create a strong composition.
 A slightly off center balance Is more
visually interesting and harmonious
than an evenly centered
composition.
 A rectangle has been divided
horizontally and vertically by 4 lines.
 The rule of third
 states that the centers
of interest for any rectangle
lie somewhere along those lines.

THE GOLDEN MEAN
• Golden mean relationship between sizes that is pleasing to the human eye.
• This concept was first formally recognized by the ancient Greeks and examples
of the golden mean can be observed through Greek artwork and architecture.
• The golden mean appears in everything from atomic structures to galaxies.
• Graphic designer can use these proportion to create work that instinctively
looks ‘right’ there`s a mathematical ratio commonly found in nature the ratio of
1 to 1.618 – that has many names .
• Most often we call it the golden section , golden ratio , or golden mean . But it`s
also occasionally referred to as the golden number , divine proportion , golden
proportion , Fibonacci numbers, and phi.

FIBONACCI SEQUENCE
 The Fibonacci sequence is also one of the most elemental building blocks found
in nature.
 The principle is based on the Fibonacci sequence which is a series if numbers to
denote proportions 2,3,5,8,13,21,34,55,89,144,233 etc. the each no. in this
series is the sum of the two no. proceeding it.
 Proportion are based on the number pi , which measurement are
approximately 1.618 times one another in a layout.

DESIGN PROCESS
The design process is a term that covers a set of operations which, when
carefully undertaken by the designer, result in thoroughly considered and
well crafted design solutions that meets the needs of the client. The process
is not exclusive to interior design and, in one form or another, applies to all
fields of design. Design must be seen as a largely linear activity, with a start
point (at which the client makes first contact with the designer) , and an end
point, when the project has been implemented (that is, constructed or built).
However, the reality is that within the process many individual tasks are
interrelated and highly dependent upon one another, so changes to one
element of a design solution will often require that earlier parts of the
process are revisited and revised as appropriate. You should try to see the
design process as a malleable one where the different tasks are adaptable to
the unique nature of each project. The design process is not a standard ‘one
set fits all’ solution, and you will need to develop your understanding of it so
that you can see how it might be used to meet the needs of individual
projects that you work on.
Further the Design Process is classified into 4 broad categories:
1. ANALYSIS
2. DEVELOPMENT
3. IMPLEMENTATIONS
4. EVALUATION

1. ANALYSIS: Analysis is relevant at two related but distinct parts of the project
cycle: In the very earliest stages, before in depth design work takes place, the
designer will need to assess the scale and complexity of the project work to be
undertaken. This will allow preliminary estimates to be made of the time and
resources needed to complete the project, and these will in turn provide a
foundation upon which the designer can base a free proposal. Part of the work
at this stage will involve in determining the scope of the project and the likely
format and content of the presentation, as this will control, to a large degree,
the amount of drawings and visuals that are prepared, all of which take time
that will need to be charged to the client. Following this and once the client has
agreed to the proposed design work being undertaken to reach the first
presentation stage, the designer can take a in-depth brief from the client. Initial
examination of the brief , applied to a general understanding of the project, will
give the designer a starting point for further research. All of this work will lead
to the second tranche of analysis, in which the designer is aiming to edit, distil
and ultimately make sense of all the information that has been gathered. Some
of the information will relate to the practical aspects of the brief, some to the
aesthetic, some of which could be contradictory in nature. Once analysis is
complete , conclusions regarding style and content of the project can be
summarized by creating a concept. This will then be used to generate ideas and
drive the project.
2. DEVELOPMENT: During these stage, many different strands of the finished
design will be coming together. Since planning will be a major priority . Taking
account of ergonomics needs, the designer will seek to create a balanced and
effective furniture layout that meets the functional needs, as the designer will
seek to create a balanced and effective furniture layout that meets the
functional needs of the users . The designer will be sourcing furniture, finishes
and fabrics which will be chosen for their aesthetic and practical fit with the
concept, with space planning constraints also informing furniture choices .

The development stage of the project is one of the most Interesting for the
designer . It is where the natural talents of most designers find their expressive
outlet, and where the individual can really make their mark on a project. This is
the stage where the needs of the client are taken and transformed into a
workable, practical and aesthetic design solution. It is where ideas are
generated and given life, where ‘flights of fancy’ are captured and turned into
feasible and stunning reality. Development work can sometimes be hard,
requiring a great deal of thought and re-working until the result is as perfect as
is practicable, but the pleasure and pride that the designer experiences when it
goes well are worth the effort. How much development work needs to be
undertaken depends very much upon exactly what the client requires from the
designer. Drawing is crucial to the development of design, an extremely
powerful tool in the designer’s arsenal .sketching and hand drawing plays a
part in the life of almost all designers , even those who use computers on daily
basis to turn their ideas into the drawings used for construction purposes. Plans
are usually the first technical drawings to be made, but as soon as the first
planning options are being explored, the designer should be thinking in three
dimensions, so elevations, sections or perspective sketches will follow to show
other aspects of the space.
• IMPLEMENTATION: After all the design work Has been agreed and signed
off by the client, implementation can begin. Once contractors have been
engaged to carryout the work, the involvement of the designer could be
minimal, with a number of site visits to check that work is being
accomplished as intended. The designer could , on the other hand , be
involved in a very hands on supervisory role. The term project management
is sometimes restricted to those who have undertaken specific training in
that subject, so the designer may find legal limitations on what they are able
to contribute to this part of the process. Even if this is the case , it is likely
that the designer’s input will be required to resolve some of the issues that
are bound to arise as the implementation progresses. As part of the
development stage, you will have tried to anticipate all the drawings that
will be required for various trades involved with the project to accurately
interpret your instructions.

This may well be a much greater number of drawings that was needed to
communicate your design proposals to the client. Even at the implementation stage
it may be necessary to create new drawings to deal with some of the unexpected
and unforeseen situation that arise. Decisions made and changes agreed need to be
fully documented and recorded, as disagreements could be costly and cause
friction between the parties involved.
• EVALUATION: It is healthy for a designer to constantly question the chain
of decisions that have been taken to that point, and to maintain a self-
critical attitude towards everything throughout the life of a project. Before
reaching the implementation stage, revising work that has already been
done can be a healthy way to work. From the clients point of view , the
design process is usually considered complete after the implementation
stage, but the designer should also evaluate the project in an effort to
learn from it. A time of reflection will be valuable immediately after the
design has been delivered, as lessons learned during the process will still
be fresh in the mind, and it is good practice to revisit the project after an
appropriate period has be elapsed , as lesson which become apparent
only after a space has been occupied and its functional can be learned.
While it may or may not be possible to rectify any shortcomings that are
identified on individual project at this stage, the knowledge acquired can
be fed into subsequent projects. Whatever the extent of the work
undertaken to try to visualize the finished outcome of project during
development, there will be some instances where you can only properly
judge some of your aesthetic decisions as the project is implemented.
Although it may be possible to make changes at this stage, there will
almost certainly be cost implications. It may be more appropriate to
simply learn the lessons for next time, but take no action at the site.

ELEMENTS OF DESIGN
The elements are any visual design component or parts which can be isolated
and defined in any visual design or work of art. They are the structures of work,
and can carry a wide variety of messages. These elements are
• Line
• Point
• Shape, form , and space
• Movement
• Colour
• Pattern
• Texture
• Line : a line is a mark made by a moving point and having psychological
impact according to its direction , weight , and the variation in its direction
and weight. It is an enormously useful and versatile graphic device that is made
to function in both visual and verbal way.it can act as a symbolic language, or it
can communicate emotion through its character and direction. Horizontal line
suggest a feeling rest or response. Vertical lines communicate a feeling of
loftiness and spirituality. Diagonal line suggest movement of direction.

• Point : even if there is only one point. One point one mark on a blank page
there is some thing built into the brain that wills meaning for it and seal some
kind of relationship or order, if only to use it as a point of orientation in
relation to the outline of the page .if there are two points immediately the eye
will make a connection and “ see” a line
• Shape form and space : Form and shape are areas or masses which define
object in space . Form and shape imply space indeed they cannot exist without
space. There are various ways to define form or shape. Form and shape can be
thought of as either two dimensional and three dimensional. Two dimensional
form has width and height it can also create illusion of three dimension object.
Three movement dimension shape has depth as well as width and height.
Form and shape can also be described as either organic or geometric.
• Movement : Movement is the design element that operates in the fourth
dimension time. Movement is the process of reallocation of object in space
overtime. We can speak of movement as literal or compositional.
• Colour : colour is one of the most powerful of element. It has tremendous,
expressive quality .understanding the uses of colour is crucial to effective
composition in design and fine art. The word colour is the general term ,
orange, yellow , green , blue , violet , black and white and all possible
combination thereof.

Colour wheel
• PATTERN : Pattern is an underlying structure that organizes surfaces or
structures in a consistent regular manner. Pattern can be described as a
repeating unit of shape or form but it can also be thought of as the skeleton
that organizes the part of a composition.

• Texture : Texture is the quality of an object which we sense through touch. It
exist as a literal surface. We can feel but also as a surface we can see and
imagine the sensation might have if we felt it. Texture can also be portrayed in
an image suggested to the eye which can refer to our memories of surface we
have touched so a texture can be imaginary

CONTEMPORARY STYLE
Contemporary style encompasses a range of styles developed in the latter
half of the 20th century. Pieces feature stark lines seen in modern design.
Interior contain neutral elements and bold colour and they focus on the
basics of line shape and form.
•Colors
Contemporary interiors features tone -on-tone colour palettes relying heavily
on brown, taupe , cream and pure white. Shots of colour are sometimes
found on a single wall , in a striking floor rug or in a special piece of art.
•Furniture
Pieces feature clean line and smooth surfaces without any carving or
adornment. Furniture is made of light colored wood. Such as maple and birch
( which also have minimal graining ) , frosted or clear glass, stainless steel ,
nickel and chrome.
•Fabrics
Natural fabrics such as silk , wool linen and cotton are used for their natural
aspect and inherent natural hues. However bold colors or geometric pattern
may be brought into the design with pillow , a rug or a throw.
•Lighting
The lighting design is used as an artistic statements in a contemporary
interior. Floor and table lamp have straight lines and sleek metallic finishes;
color might be introduced with a special shade. Recessed or track light draws
attention to well placed art and accessories.

Le Corbusier
Principles of le Corbusier:
•Supports or “pilotis” (meaning piers) –
The use of blocks and concrete as column
rather than walls.
•Roof garden –
To preserve the top of the structures and offers a bit of sun to the residents.
•Free designing of a “ground -plan” –
Meaning that without traditional walls, each floor can be independent of the
one and above and below
•Horizontal windows –
Breaking window out of the square or rectangle and instead opening up a
whole slice of light through the façade.
•Free design on the facade –
Working off the same point as the windows, the exterior of the building can
be designed in ways that don’t necessarily have to correspond to each
interior room.

BUILDING DESIGNED BY LE CORBUSIER

SULLIVAN
Louis Henry Sullivan was an
American architect ,
and has been called the ‘ father of skyscraper“
and “father of modernism” .
He is considered by many as the
creator of the modern scrapper
, was an influential architect and critic
of the Chicago school ,
was a mentor of frank Lloyd Wright , and an inspiration of Chicago
group of architect . ‘form follows function’ is attributed to him although he
credited the origin of the concept to an ancient roman architect.
Structure :
•WainWright building
•James charnley house
•Getty tomb
•Bayard –condict building

CONCLUSION
These are the major topics that I have learnt during the First
Year Diploma Programme.
This presentation showcases the small portion of my year
end project.
I studied various topics like;-
Anthropometrics
Louis Kahn Principles
Elements of Design
Principles of Design
Building Bye Laws
Thanks to all mentors who made me industry ready

Bibliography
Various reference books , college notes helped me in
completing this portfolio
•Sushil Kumar
•Notes
•Encyclopedia
•Google

Saloni Jain ,One Year Residential Design Diploma Programme

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