Raj Assudani, One year Residential Design Diploma Programme

Raj Assudani
Diploma Residential Design
Dezyne E’cole College
www.dezyneecole.com

Project Report on
Residential Space Planning
At
Dezyne E’cole College, Ajmer
Submitted To
Towards the partial fullfiment
Of the Diploma in
Interior Designing
By
Raj Assudani
106/10, Civil Lines, Ajmer (Raj.)
Tel.: 0145 – 2624679
www.dezyneecole.com
2015 - 2016

AKNOWLEDGEMENT
I, am Raj Assudani student of DEZYNE E’cole College, Interior Design
Diploma department. I would love to express my thanks to my teachers
and mentors for making me capable of developing this project.
I would like to thanks all the people who were there to help me and
guide me when I needed them. Without them it would have been really
impossible to finish the project in time. My Teachers and my parents had
played an important role in motivating me time to time, there were
times when I lacked inspiration, they were the one to inspire me .
I thank each and every one of them from the bottom of my heart.

106/10, Civil Line, Ajmer
Ph: 0145-2624679
9829024839
This project report of Mr. Raj Assudani of Interior Design has been graded as
Thank You
Principle
(Seal & Signature)

RAJ ASSUDANI
INTERIOR DESIGNER
Email: dezyneecole@gmail.com
Web: www.dezyneecole.com
Phone: 9829024839
0145-2629679
PROFILE
I always wanted to be a successful interior
designer. I appreciate the skills I learnt from
Dezyne E’cole College which made me
industry ready.
SKILLS
• Anthropometric
• Good Aesthetic Sense
• Google Sketchup
• AutoCAD
INTERESTS
• Reading
• Surfing
• Innovative
• Music
LANGUAGE
• English
• Hindi
EXPERIENCE
• Explanation in Annual Exhibition
• Design Development Project
• Portfolio Project Handling
EDUCATION
• One year Residential
Design Diploma –
Dezyne E’cole
College, Ajmer –
[2015-2017]
• Bachelor of
Computer
Application – Aryan
College, Ajmer
[2009-2012]
• High School – St.
Anselm’s Sr. Sec.
School, Ajmer

CONTENT
• What is Interior Design
• What is Residential Design
• CASE STUDY
• Site Consideration
• Map Of India
• Map Of Rajasthan
• Map Of Ajmer
• Map Of Site
• Macro Climate
• Micro Climate
• Bioclimatic Design And Strategies
• Green Building Design As Per
L.E.E.D
• Orientation
• Site Map
• Daylight Design
• Ventilation
• Openings: Doors And Windows
• Landscaping
• Universal Design
• Anthropometrics And Ergonomics
• Entrance
• Approaches
• Stairs
• Wall Planes
• Building Principles
• Topography Of Land
• Louis Kahn Principles
• Architectural Layouts
• Building Principles
• Design Process
• Elements Of Design
• Principles Of Design
• Architectural Layouts Of Living
Room
• Mood Board
• Conclusion

INTERIOR DESIGN INTRODUCTION
Programmed Interiors
The conceptual planning, aesthetics and technical solutions are applied to achieve a
desired result, it can also said to be a specific intended purpose or use of built
environment.
Interior design concerns it self with more then just a visual or ambient enhancement
of an interior space. It seems to optimize the uses to which the built environment will
be put up against.
Many factors come into play in formulating a design solution. There is the need to
understand how the space will be used for work or leisure, entertainment or learning
or worship. There are considerations to be kept in mind like accessibility, lighting,
seating, and circulation.
In the past interiors were put together instinctively as a part of building process. The
process of interior designing has been the consequence of the development of
society and complex architecture that itself is a result of the development in
industrial processes.
In ancient India architects used to work as interior designers. Through 17th and 18th
century and in early 19th century interior design was the concern of the home maker
or an employed upholsterer or a crafts man who would advice on the artistic style for
an interior space. But now there are professionals available for the work who are
trained and experienced in this particular field of interior design.

The pursuit of effective use of space, user wellbeing and functional design has
contributed to the development of contemporary interior design.
In other words, interior design includes a scope of services performed by a
professional design practitioner, qualified by the means of education, experience and
examination, to practice and enhance health, life safety and welfare of the public.
These services may include any or all of the following tasks
• Research and analysis of the client goals and requirements and development of
documents od the drawing and diagrams that outline those needs.
• Formulation of preliminary space plans and two dimensional and three
dimensional design concept studies and the sketches that integrate the clients
program needs which are based on the knowledge of primary principles of
interior design and theories on interior design and human behavior.
• Selection of color material and finishes to appropriately convey the design
concept and meet socio-psychological, functional, maintenance, lifecycle,
performance, environmental and safety requirements.

RESIDENTIAL DESIGN INTRODUCTION
Building a Home
Residential design is associated with creating a house which can fit a persons
functioning or working and at the same time it projects its personality.
Residential buildings can be of many types popular these days are “FLATS” and
“STUDIO APPARTMENTS”. Due to increasing population and rising land costs cities are
leaning towards vertical growth, the best example of this situation is Mumbai City,
causing people to move towards flats and studio apartments.
Since early ages building a home has been a basic necessity, but it had changed
drastically since then.
Being part of interior design residential design has been totally different fro its
commercial twin. A person has to master the field separately.
Residential interior design includes every thing from ceiling to floor but the scope of
every project varies, as the designer has to work within each clients budget and taste.
It is a continuous task requires continuous flow of ideas, a never ending process of
deciding which idea or which design should be executed first.
It is the duty of a designer to create such shapes which amplifies and improves the
functionality of its user. In other words space should be such that it should work
according to the user, the user should never adjust or function according to the
space.

Louis Kahn, a famous designer stated that every space has its own personality with
other spatial characteristics just like every other human being, the characteristics of
shapes differ by projects and these characteristics allow the space to interact with
other spaces in certain manner.
The characteristics of spaces can be categorized seven expressions of human behavior.
• Leading / Following
• Grouping
• Loner
• Serve / servant
• Outreaching
• Watcher
• Worker

While devising a residential design a designer has to keep few things in mind.
Working with surroundings :- A design project can vary in many ways, It could be a
complete project from scratch or it can be a renovation. A designer must be able to
work out the best with his or her surroundings by understanding the environment
and responding to it through design.
Keeping the comfort in mind :- As a designer has to device a house for a client and to
do so he must be well aware of the clients needs and comfort. It will be a lot easier
for us to understand if we work keeping in mind that it is not necessary, what is
comfortable for us will be comfortable for others.
Less is More :- As every era hosts the design of its own like Victorian, Greek, Colonial
etc. similarly today people are following minimalistic or contemporary, with the
concept of “Less is More”, perfectly fits the description as todays client is moving
towards maintenance free homes but at the same time elegance is also needed.
Sleek designs are todays trend but classics cannot be out fashioned.

CASE STUDY
You are suppose to device a plan of a house, with the area of 50” X 60”
for a small family of four, A husband wife and two children a girl and a
boy.

SITE CONSIDERATION
Step on the Field
As a designer a person has to go through each and every major and minor detail
before starting any project, site considerations is a set of prerequisites which needs
to be clear while working on a design project. To do so a designer has to visit the site,
it helps in identifying the location of the site, its climatic conditions, its geographical
position, altitude and orientation in reference with the sun.

Location of India :-
The location of a country can convey its macro climatic conditions,
as we are in India it is located at :
Latitude :- 22˚ 00’
Longitude :- 77˚ 00’
Climate:- The climate of India comprises of wide range of weather conditions across
a vast geographic scale and varied topography, making generalizations difficult.
The nation has four seasons winter, summer, monsoon and post-monsoon period.
Though the tropic of cancer passes through the center of the country, the bulk of the
country can be regarded as climatically tropical.
Located the site on Google maps, its areal and satellite images gives
out the detailed information about geographical conditions of the
desired location.

Location of Rajasthan :-
As the site is located in the state of Rajasthan we have to identify
the state from the map of India in order to study its macroclimate.
Latitude :- 27.0238˚ NORTH
Longitude :- 74.2179˚ SOUTH
Climate:- The climate keeps varying through out the state, in desert areas its usually
hot and dry in summers and cold in winters. Coming to the Aravali ranges, to the west
the rainfall and humidity are very low, while in the east the weather can be
characterized as humid with high rainfall.

Location of Ajmer :-
Latitude :- 26.4499˚ NORTH
Longitude :- 74.6399˚ SOUTH
Rajasthan has an artistic culture
which reflects the ancient Indian
way of life. There is a rich and
varied folk culture from villages
which is often depicted as a
symbol of state.
The map of Rajasthan will
provide the data about the
macro climate of the region and
its topographical conditions.

Connectivity of the site to he main roads and sub-roads, to the major landmarks like
Railway Station, Bus Stop, Shopping Complex, Hospital, etc. must be checked.
Distance from the major landmark such as :
1. Shopping Complex – 1.2 Km
2. Railway Station – 2.5Km
3. Hospital – 350m
4. Bus Stand – 1Km
Residential Zone
6
Savitri College
1
R.T.D.C.
2
MainRoad
3
Main Road
3
Ajmer
Hospital
5
Residential zone
6
SITE PLAN SPECIFICATION
1.Savitri College
2.R.T.D.C
3.Main Road
4.Site
5.Ajmer Hospital
6.Residential Zone
Site
4

MACRO CLIMATE
The term is generally used to indicate the climate of a larger area such as a region or
a country.
The macro climate around the building cannot be affected by the design changes,
however the building design can be developed with the knowledge of macro climate
in which the building is located.
To understand the macroclimate one must consider the :
• Temperature changes through the year
• Total annual rainfall
• Changes in speed and directions of wind

MICRO CLIMATE
Micro means at a limited level.
The micro climate can said to be the climate within the boundary wall of the plot.
Micro climate can be influenced by building designs and landscaping,
Landscaping plays an important roll in controlling the microclimate and contributing
to the aesthetics at the same time.
Aim of controlling the microclimate around the building
• Reducing the cost of winter heating
• Reduces the summer overheating and need of cooling
• Maximizes outdoor comfort in winters and summers
• Provides better view and environment around the building

BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN
Making it Useful
It is an attempt to create comfortable conditions in a building by understanding the
micro climate used with ventilation, daylight, passive heating and cooling. Later
bioclimatic design was enlarged to include landscape, water and waste nutrients
recovery as well.
Bioclimatic Design Strategies
In winters the objective of bioclimatic design is to resist loss of heat from the building
envelope and to promote gain of solar heat. In summers these objectives are
reversed as to resist solar gain and to promote loss of heat from the building
interiors.
The strategies can be set forth as :
• Placing more windows in southwest direction.
• Minimize the use of concrete flooring, instead use grass or
vegetation for ground cover and landscape.
• Construct a rainwater harvesting tank on the site through the
drainage system to contribute to the ground water level.
• Plant deciduous trees in the southern direction to act as a wind
brake in seasons of fast blowing winds.
• Construct a water body in the south direction (as the wind entering
the house from south will get cool as it flows over the water body.)
• Construct cavity walls in place of regular exterior walls of the
building envelope (It prolongs the heating process of the house)
Proper use of bioclimatic design strategies can help to mention the in
house temperature 8° to 12° lower then temperature outside the
house, it can help to reduce energy consumption as well

CONDUCTION
WITH AIR
EXTERIOR
AIR FLOW
CONDUCTION WITH GROUND
INTERIOR
AIR FLOW
SURFACE
EVAPORATION
THERMAL
RADIATION
SOLAR RADIATION
(DIRECT + DIFFUSE)
PATHS OF ENERGY EXCHANGE OF THE BUILDING
MICROCLIMATE (WATSON AND LABS 1993)

GREEN BUILDING
The term “Green Building” and “Sustainable design” are often used interchangeably
to describe any building designed in an environmentally sustainable manner.
However sustainability calls for a whole-systems approach to development that
encompasses the notion of the green building but also addresses broader social,
ethical, and economic issues, as well as the community context of buildings. As an
essential component of sustainability, green building seeks to provide healthy
environments in a resource efficient manner using ecologically based principles.
Green Building is increasingly governed by standards. Such as the Leadership in
Energy and Environmental Design (LEED), Green Building Rating System, which
provides a set of measurable criteria that promote environmentally sustainable
construction. The rating system was developed by U.S. Green Building Council
(USGBC) as a consensus among its members federal, state local agencies, suppliers,
architects, engineers, contractors and building owners and its continually being
evaluated and refined in response to new information and feedback. In July 2003
Canada obtained a license from the U.S.G.B.C. to adapt L.E.E.D. rating system to
Canadian circumstances.

L.E.E.D
To aid designers, builders, and building owners achieve LEED certification for specific
building types and phase of a building life cycle, the U.S.G.B.C. has developed number
of versions of L.E.E.D. rating system:
L.E.E.D. – NC: New Construction or Major Renovations
L.E.E.D. – CI: Commercial Interiors.
L.E.E.D. – CS: Core / Shell
L.E.E.D. – EB: Existing Buildings
L.E.E.D. – Homes
L.E.E.D. – ND: Neighborhood Developments
L.E.E.D. for Schools
L.E.E.D. for Health Care
L.E.E.D. for Labs
L.E.E.D. for Retail
The L.E.E.D. Rating system for new construction addresses six major areas of
development.
1. Sustainable Sites:
Deals with reducing the pollution associated with construction
activities, selecting site appropriate for development, protecting
environmentally sensitive areas and restoring natural habitats,
encouraging alternative mode of transportation to reduce the impact of
automobile use, respecting the natural hydrology of the site and
reducing the effects of heat islands.

2. Water Efficiency:
Promotes reducing the demand for potable water and the generation
of wastewater by using water conserving fixtures capturing rainwater
or recycled gray water for conveying sewage and treating waste water
with onsite system.
3. Energy And Atmosphere:
Encourages nonpolluting energy resources to reduce the
environmental and economics impacts associated with fossil fuel
energy use and minimizing the emissions that contribute to ozone
depletion and global warming.
4. Materials And Resources:
Reduce the waist and demand of virgin materials, retain cultural
resources and minimize the environmental impact of new buildings.

Orientation
Deciding the Face
It is mandatory for a designer to understand the effects of sun and wind over a
building, in other words Orientation is positioning of a building in relation to climatic
variations in the sun’s paths well as prevailing wind patterns. A good orientation can
increase the energy efficiency of a building making it more comfortable to live in and
cheaper to run. It also allows the occupants to enjoy the gifts of nature to the
outmost extent such as air, sunlight, rain etc. and to avoid them when undesired.
The orientation of the building is termed as optimum when the building is designed
and laid out in such a manner that is able to achieve indoor comfort conditions by
gainfully utilizing the beneficial effects of all the elements of nature.
The best orientation of a building from solar heat consideration requires that the plan
of the building is so laid that the building as a whole receives maximum sun during
the winter months, and avoid excessive heat during the summer months. At the same
time the setting of the building should be such that the full advantage of the wind
can be taken to achieve the desirable air flow indoors.

Orientation on Site
Applying Basics
We know that a man’s health and happiness is directly influenced by the environment
he lives in. fault in housing conditions can cause inverse effects.
Proper orientation can increase the sunlight and fresh air into the house which
maintains the cheerfulness and can decrease the possibility of health problems.
N

DAYLIGHT DESIGN.
People like daylight. We like Interior spaces to have plenty of daylight. The variety and
range of light and color that we experience in forest groves engages all of our senses.
Daylight design could aspire to the same inspirational effect. Day lighting can be
employed to conserve energy and can enhance visibility.
Many Factors are involved with the use of daylight in buildings:
AESTHETICS
PSYCHOLOGICAL RESPONSE
HEALTH
ENERGY/COST
PHYSIOLOGICAL BENEFITS OF DAYLIGHTING
 Full-spectrum lighting: It helps to prevent from rickets, helps keep skin in a
healthy condition, is responsible for production of vitamin D in the body
(thus reducing the incidences of broken bones in the elderly), and it
destroys germs.
 Orientation: People inside building who lose contact with the exterior may
feel insecure about possible escape from fire. People are frustrated and
distracted when not able to sense what the weather is outside and to have
some sense of nature’s time.

PSYCHOLOGICAL BENEFITS OF DAYLIGHTING
• Sunshine:
The presence of direct sunshine in the exterior environment is one of
the strongest psychological benefits. The evidence of a desire by most
people for some direct sun is strong. Day lighting design can often
include direct sun without destroying visual acuity.
• View:
A view to exterior is another psychological benefit to building
occupants. What constitutes a valuable view is generally related to the
information content in the view and the distance between occupant
and the window. The best views are those that include some sky
horizon and foreground. The closer is the occupant to the window the
more the satisfaction will be.
• Brightness gradient and color constancy:
Color seen with daylight will appear real and appropriate through
something called color constancy even tough the color produced by
daylight will vary from dawn to noon to dusk, as well as by color
reflection from adjacent surfaces.
• Contrast and glare:
Contrast is necessary for good visual perception, the result of luminous
(or brightness) differences that in turn are dependent upon luminance
falling on the task and the reflectivity of the task.
Glare is usually associated with brightness differences (too much light
in the field of view) or with reflected light.

People like daylight. We like interior spaces to have
plenty of daylight.
Day lighting can be employed to conserve energy
and can enhance visibility, the principal values of
day lighting are more intangible. In this, I have
taken CENTERED WINDOW to show the impact
of daylight in the room. I have not taken into
consideration 20% of the exterior wall. Area of the
window-> 8’x6’ (LxB) =48 sq. feet
RAJ ASSUDANI, DIPLOMA I.D.
10:00 AM 12:00 PM 02:00 PM 04:00 PM
IsometricView of
The Room
CenteredWindow
Floor Plane
Centered
Window Ceiling Plane
Centered Window

VENTILATION
Freshness in Air
Ventilation means supply of fresh air from outside and removal of inside air from an
enclosed space in timed intervals. The continuous air exchange is necessary to put a
check on accumulation of dust and other impurities, ventilation can remove foul
smell, bacteria, smoke etc.
Benefit of Ventilation
Fresh air circulating throughout a living area can improve living conditions and
mention a cheerful environment. As breathing in a zone with no circulation a person
can feel drowsy or unhealthy. Good ventilation can also reduce energy consumptions
as it will minimize the need of air conditioners etc. Ventilation can be achieved by
Natural or mechanical means :
Natural ventilation :
It refers to utilizing natural wind flow inside the house to create
pleasant environment inside.
Mechanical Ventilation :
It refers to controlled cooling methods such as air conditioners, coolers,
blowers etc. which are used to control the air exchange and, maintain
the pleasant temperature inside.
Need of Ventilation :
• Creating air movement.
• Preventing accumulation of carbon di-oxide.
• Preventing concentration of flammable gas vapors if existed.
• Preventing odor from different sources like cooking, washing utensils or
powder room.
• Prevents condensation inside the building and moisture deposits on the
inside walls.
• Maintaining a cheerful environment by providing continuous air flow.

REQUIREMENTS FOR A GOOD VENTILATION
To maintain the comfort conditions in a living space the ventilation system should
meet the following requirements.
1. Air Movement :
We all know how important air is for a human being. In an enclosed space,
where people work or live, the continuous air movement is necessary for
proper ventilation. The minimum rate of air exchange could be ones in an
hour to maximum of sixty times in an hour (It may vary by the size of the
room)
2. Humidity :
Air contains certain amount of water vapors with it, till certain extent it feel
pleasant, but high humidity can be uncomfortable in no time
3. Temperature :
It is desirable that the air coming in the house through the ventilation system
should be cool in summers and warm in winters. The temperature difference
that can be kept between the interior and exterior of a building envelope is
between 8 to 12 degree Celsius by the proper use of landscaping, orientation
and ventilation.
4. Quality of air :
A good air can be stated as with no smell or fumes. It should not have any
harmful gases with it, like carbon mono oxide or carbon di-oxide.

NATURAL VENTILATION:
Natural ventilation is the one in which ventilation is affected by the
elaborated use of doors, windows, ventilators and skylights. It is
usually considered suitable for residential buildings and small houses.
In natural ventilation, cross ventilation is normally relied to secure air
movement. It is economical since no equipment is required for
keeping the room ventilated.
MECHANICAL VENTILATION:
Mechanical ventilation is the one in which some mechanical
arrangements are made to increase the rate of air flow. The system is
useful for large buildings, halls, factories, theaters etc. Though the
system is more costly, its results are considered effectively for the
person living in the building.
SYSTEMS OF VENTILATION

Ventilation due to wind effect:
The rate of ventilation depends upon the direction and the velocity of
the wind outside and sizes and positions of openings. Such an effect is
known as ‘Ventilation due to wind action’. When wind blows at right
angles to one face of building, the pressure differences are created.
Positive pressure is produced on wind-ward side (i.e. South-west) &
negative pressure is produced on the leeward side (i.e. North-east).
In designing a system of natural ventilation, the aim should be to make
effective use of wind forces. Since these are not constant, being
dependent on the speed and direction of the wind, it is obvious that
the ventilation is likely to be variable in quantity. For design purposes,
the wind may be assumed to come from any direction with 45o of the
direction of the wind prevailing the room.
In case of pitched roof, the pressure will depend upon the pitch of the
roof. It is seen that the roof pressures in general are negative, except
an windward side of the roof with shape greater than 30o . Wind will
blow from windward side to the other side if there is opening.
Ventilation due to stack effect:
The rate of ventilation is affected by the convection effects arising
from temperature or vapor pressure difference between inside and
outside of the room and the difference in the height between the
outlet and inlet openings. When air temperature inside is higher than
outside, warm air rises and passes through openings located in the
upper part of the room, whereas incoming cool air enters from the
lower openings.
TYPES OF NATURAL VENTILATION

The selection of size, shape, location and the number of windows to be provided
in a room depends upon the following considerations:
1. Size of room to be lighted.
2. Location of the room and its utility.
3. Architectural treatment is to be given in the building.
4. Direction of wind and its speed.
5. Climatic considerations of the site such as humidity, temperature variation etc.
A Window may be defined as an opening made in a wall for the purpose of providing
day lighting in a room, proper ventilation and a beautiful view. The construction od
window is identical to that of door.
WINDOW

PIVOTED WINDOW
SLIDING WINDOW
GABLE WINDOW
SKY LIGHT

FANLIGHT
FIXED WINDOW
CASEMINT WINDOW

Door is an opening wall in which one can enter in and exit from. A door may be
defined as a framework of wood, steel, aluminum, glass or a combination of these
materials secured in an opening left in a wall for the purpose of providing access to
the users of the structures.
A door is a moveable structure used for opening and closing an entrance or for giving
access to any thing. It basically consist of two parts:
• A frame
• Shutter (leaf)
FRAMED AND PANELLED DOOR
BATTENED &LEDGED DOORBATTENED, LEDGED AND BRACED DOORS GLAZED OR SASH DOORS
FLUSH DOOR
DOORS

FLY PROOF DOOR
REVOLVING DOOR
SLIDING DOOR
SWING DOOR

Topography refers to the configuration of surface features of a plot of land, which
influences where and how to build and develop a site. To study the response of
building design to the topography of site, we can use a series of site sections or site
plan with contour lines.
Contour lines are imaginary lines joining points of equal elevation about a dactum
and a benchmark. Contour land indicates shape line formation. Contour lands are
always continuous and never cross each other.
For aesthetic and economic as well as ecological reasons the general intent in
developing a site should be to minimize the disturbance of existing landforms and
also the microclimate of the plot.
Site development and construction should minimize disrupting the natural drainage
pattern of site.
When modifying landforms, include provisions for drainage of surface water and
ground water.
Pay particular attention to building restrictions on site located on or near a flood
plan.
TOPOGRAPHY OF LAND

Landscape design is the art of arranging or modifying the features of landscape, an
urban area etc. for aesthetic or practical purpose. The profession of landscape
architecture has been built on the principles od dedication to the public safety, health
and welfare, and recognition and protection of land and its resources.
Landscaping is natural and beautiful way to shade your home and
block the sun. A well placed tree, bush, or vine can deliver effective shade and to add
the aesthetic value of your property. When designing your landscaping, use plants
native to your area that survive with minimal care.
Trees that lose their leaves in the fall help cut cooling energy costs the
most. They provide excellent protection from the summer sun and permit winter
sunlight to reach and warm your house.
Landscape design creates practical and pleasing outdoor living space.
Landscape design develops a series of outdoor room.
LANDSCAPING

UNIVERSAL DESIGN
Making it Useful
The goal of interior design is to create buildings, places and details that provide a
supportive environment to a large number of people through out life. At any time in
our life we may experience temporary or permanent, physical or psychological
impairments, which may be disabling and may increase our dependency on certain
aspects of physical environment. Designing has improved the long term building
quality by focused approach towards easier access, reducing accidents and
developing easier way of transits for people and goods and creating design detail for
people of all ages, sizes and capacities and increase the working capacity of people
in the environment they live. The primary objective of a universal design is to make
it accessible.
Accessible Design
The design that meets standards that allow people with disabilities to enjoy access to
environments and products, by studying the implementations of these broad groups
of people with disabling conditions and providing them with a design that can assist
them regardless of there disabilities.
Creating a universal design works along with its accessibility to disables. Disabilities
could be of any kind, sensory dexterity or mobility.
Sensory Impairments : Design of information system
This includes vision, hearing, and speech impairments including total and partial loss
of function and leads us to the design recommendation for redundancy of
communication media to ensure that everyone can receive information and express
themselves over communication system.

Dexterity Impairments : Design of operating controls and
hardware
This includes people having limitations with the use of their hands and fingers. It
suggests “the closed fist rule” the testing selection of equipment control and
hardware by controlling it with closed fist.
Mobility Impairments : Space and Circulation System
This includes people who use walkers, crutches, canes and wheel chairs plus those
who face difficulties in climbing stairs and walking long distances.
Principle of Universal Design
• Equitable use :-
The design should be useful and marketable to people with diverse
abilities.
• Simple and intuitive :-
The use of design should be regardless of the users experience,
knowledge, language skills or current concentration level.
• Perceptible Information :-
The design should communicate necessary information to the user,
regardless of its ambient conditions or users sensory abilities.
• Tolerance of Errors :-
the design should be minimal at hazards or accidental or unintended
use.
• Low physical efforts :-
The design could be used effectively and comfortably and with a
minimum of fatigue.

Interior design is all about space and people. To make a building architecturally
successful, the link between the space and inhabitant of that space is very important.
No space can be designed without the information oh human dimensions. The link
has to be established in many ways – Physical, Psychological, emotional and much
more. Physical link related to physical comfort and the need of the inhabitants to
fulfill various activities in a certain space.
If we take various units in residential buildings we can start applying those
anthropometric data and find out the space required for various units like sofa
seating, wall unit access, dining, kitchen, beds and powder room etc.
ANTHROPOMETRIC

Ergonomics is the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of
interactions among human and other elements of system & profession that applies
theory, principles, data & methods to design in order to optimize well being and
overall system performance.
ERGONOMICS

CLIMATOLOGY
Change in Weather
Climatology is the study of weather changes that occur through out the year.
It is a basic science that a designer is concerned about. It majorly involves climatic
elements, how they are affecting us, how we can take benefits from it and how to
protect ourselves from the adverse effect of these climatic elements.
Climatology can be further divided into to parts.
Macro Climate
Micro Climate

STAIRS
A stair is the series of steps arranged together to connect different floors in a
building.
It’s a composition of treads, risers, stringers, newel posts, hand rails and baluster, all
of these are constructed and put together in order to provide fast and easy access to
other floors.
In residential buildings the staircase has to be places centrally, so it can fulfil its
purpose of easy access from all the rooms and maintain privacy at the same time.
Hand Rail
Baluster
Nosing
Tread
Rise
Newel Post
Technical Terms
1. Newel Post: A metallic post supporting the hand rail
2. Hand Rail: Renders assistance on the stair way.
3. Rise: It is the vertical distance between the upper surface and the
lower surface of the successive tread.
4. Tread:

WALL PLANES
Wall planes defines about the space organization where space organization includes:
 BASE PLANE: A horizontal plane laying as a figure on a contrasting
background defines a simple field of space. This field can be visually
reinforced in following ways.
 ELEVATED BASE PLANE: A horizontal base plane elevated above the
ground plane establishes vertical surfaces along its edges that reinforce the
visual separation between its field and the surrounding ground.
 DEPRESSED BASE PLANE: A horizontal plane depressed in the ground
plane utilizes the vertical surface of the lowered area to define a volume of
space.
 OVERHEAD PLANE: A horizontal plane located overhead defines a
volume of space between itself and ground plane.

Further planes are classified into 3 parts:
• PARALLEL AND VERTICAL PLANES: A pair of parallel vertical planes
defines a field of space between them. The open end of field, established
by the vertical edges of the planes, give the space a strong directional
quality, its primary orientation is along the axis about which the planes
are symmetrical. Since parallel planes do not meet the form corners and
fully enclose the field. The space is extroverted in nature.
• L- SHAPED PLANES: An L-shaped configuration of vertical planes
defines a field of space along a diagonal from its corner outward. While
this field is strongly defined and enclosed at the corner of the
configuration, it dissipates rapidly as it moves away from the corner.
• U- SHAPED PLANES: A U-shape configuration of vertical planes
defines a field of space that has an inward as well as outward orientation.
At the closed end of the configuration the field is well defined. Towards
the open end of the configuration the field becomes extroverted in
nature.

PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS
Building the Impression
All buildings influence people directly or indirectly. The direct influence is on
the occupants and the indirect influence id on the non occupants who look at
it.
The relation of the site with the environment and with the site itself would
influence the design.
The topographical features with natural and artificial surroundings are to be
taken into account while planning and designing a building.
The main objective of the planning is to make sure that the different
components of the building are arranged together according to the occupants
desired function and ensuring it with maximum peace and comfort.

Every human being has a different personality that consist of one or more
characteristics. Their personalities react differently in different environment or
with different people. Every space has its own personality with several spatial
characters that differ by projects. These characters cause the space to interact
with other spaces in a certain manner. These characteristics can be categorized
as seven expressions oh human behavior.
1. LEADER/FOLLOWING: Leader means a person who leads and forms group of
following. In planning living room can be characterized as leader.
2. GROUPING: The space which carry the same character with other spaces is
called grouping. In planning living room, kitchen and dining are grouped
together as they have the same character.
LOUIS KAHN PRINCIPLES

5. WORKER: A space that often supplies other spaces is called as worker.
It is not necessary that the space should be adjacent to the other spaces.
A service area usually has a worker character as a janitor room.
3. LONER: Loner is a place which requires more privacy of sound and
site & avoids social interactions. This character is preferred by the
master bedroom. So it needs to be distanced from living, kitchen and
dining.
4. SERVANT: A space which serves other spaces in someway needs to be
adjacent to them. Servant needs to be near the master. Rest room plays
a servant character.

7. OUTREACHING: This space character is located near the entrance or
corridor for meeting or activities that relate to outreaching. This type of
space represent as a welcome space.
6. WATCHER: This space needs to be located beside the boundary of project
for environmental attraction. The attractions can be different types of
environmental conditions like view, park etc.

Some points are necessary to be kept in consideration.
• Aspect :-
It means the arrangement of doors and
windows to the buildings external walls. This is necessary to
ensure the proper conditions in the room by the contribution
of sunlight, ventilation, and view.
• Prospect :
It refers to making a building aesthetically pleasing from
outside.
Hence the aspect and prospect demand proper placement of
doors and windows to make the aesthetics pleasing while the
person is sitting inside the building and looking outside or
looking at the building from outside. But this has to be done
without compromising the privacy of the occupants.
• Circulation :-
Circulation is the access provided to a room or between
rooms. Passages, halls and lobbies perform the function of
circulation on the same floor, this is known as horizontal
circulation. Others as stairs ramps and lifts are known as
vertical form of circulation.
Building by Laws
These are the set of instructions formed by the municipal corporation, town
planning or urban improvement board to control the development of an area
under its jurisdiction.
The bye-laws are framed keeping in consideration :-
• Weather conditions of the area
• Local construction practices.
• Availability of materials
• Labor and other similar factors
The main objective of bylaws is to prevent the construction of building in a
haphazard manner.

ENTRANCE:
Entrance refers to the main gate where a person can enter into
his plot or house.
Entrance also helps a person to know the proper entry and exit
in the plot. It is an opening where there are various details
provided of the house owner like the name of owner, plot
number, locality etc.

APPROACH:
Approach refers to the way which describes the
interconnection between the main entrance (i.e. entry from the
boundary wall) and the entry in the house. There are various
types of approach:
• Straight approach:
Straight approach refers to the way which is straight from the main
entrance to the entrance of the house.
• Spiral approach:
The spiral approach refers to the zigzag way from the main entrance to
the entrance of the house.

• Circular approach:
Circular approach refers to the way which is round to enter in the
house from its boundary wall.
• Perpendicular approach:
Perpendicular approach refers to the way which is mostly at the 90o. It
gives out the formal look.

DESIGN PROCESS
The design process is a term that covers a set of operations which, when carefully
undertaken by the designer, result in thoroughly considered and well crafted design
solutions that meets the needs of the client. The process is not exclusive to interior
design and, in one form or another, applies to all fields of design. Design must be
seen as a largely linear activity, with a start point (at which the client makes first
contact with the designer) , and an end point, when the project has been
implemented (that is, constructed or built). However, the reality is that within the
process many individual tasks are interrelated and highly dependent upon one
another, so changes to one element of a design solution will often require that earlier
parts of the process are revisited and revised as appropriate. You should try to see
the design process as a malleable one where the different tasks are adaptable to the
unique nature of each project. The design process is not a standard ‘one set fits all’
solution, and you will need to develop your understanding of it so that you can see
how it might be used to meet the needs of individual projects that you work on.
Further the Design Process is classified into 4 broad categories:
1. ANALYSIS
2. DEVELOPMENT
3. IMPLEMENTATIONS
4. EVALUATION

1. ANALYSIS:
Analysis is relevant at two related but distinct parts of the project
cycle. In the very earliest stages, before in depth design work takes
place, the designer will need to assess the scale and complexity of the
project work to be undertaken. This will allow preliminary estimates to
be made of the time and resources needed to complete the project,
and these will in turn provide a foundation upon which the designer
can base a free proposal. Part of the work at this stage will involve in
determining the scope of the project and the likely format and content
of the presentation, as this will control, the amount of drawings and
visuals that are prepared, all of which take time that will need to be
charged to the client.
2. DEVELOPMENT:
During these stage, many different strands of the finished design will
be coming together. Since planning will be a major priority . Taking
account of ergonomics needs, the designer will seek to create a
balanced and effective furniture layout that meets the functional
needs of the users . The designer will be sourcing furniture, finishes
and fabrics which will be chosen for their aesthetic and practical fit
with the concept, with space planning constraints also informing
furniture choices .
The development stage of the project is one of the most interesting part for the
designer . It is where the natural talents of most designers find their expressive
outlet, and where the individual can really make their mark on a project. This is
the stage where the needs of the client are taken and transformed into a
workable, practical and aesthetical design solution. It is where the ideas are
generated and given life, where ‘flights of fancy’ are captured and turned into
feasible and stunning reality.

IMPLEMENTATION:
After all the design work has been agreed and signed off by the client,
implementation can begin. Once contractors have been engaged to
carryout the work, the involvement of the designer could be minimal,
with a number of site visits to check that work is being accomplished as
intended. The designer could, on the other hand, be involved in a very
hands on supervisory role. The term project management is sometimes
restricted to those who have undertaken specific training in that
subject, so the designer may find legal limitations on what they are able
to contribute to this part of the process. Even if this is the case, it is
likely that the designer’s input will be required to resolve some of the
issues that are bound to arise as the implementation progresses.
EVALUATION:
It is healthy for a designer to constantly question the chain of decisions
that have been taken to that point, and to maintain a self-critical
attitude towards everything throughout the life of a project. Before
reaching the implementation stage, revising work that has already been
done can be a healthy way to work. From the clients point of view, the
design process is usually considered complete after the implementation
stage, but the designer should also evaluate the project in an effort to
learn from it. A time of reflection will be valuable immediately after the
design has been delivered, as lessons learned during the process will
still be fresh in the mind, and it is good practice to revisit the project
after an appropriate period has been elapsed, as lesson which become
apparent only after a space has been occupied and its functional can be
learned. While it may or may not be possible to rectify any
shortcomings that are identified on individual project at this stage, the
knowledge acquired can be fed into subsequent projects.

ELEMENTS OF DESIGN
The elements are components or parts which can be isolated and defined in any visual
design or work or art. They are the structure of the work , and carry a vide variety of
messages. The elements are :
•Line
•Form
•Shape
•Color
•Texture
LINE: A line is a mark made by moving point and having psychological impact
according to its direction, weight, and the variations in its direction and weight. Line is
not necessarily an artificial creation of the artist or designer; it exists in nature as a
structural feature such as branches, or it can communicate emotion through its
character and direction.
FORM AND SHAPE: Form and shape areas or masses which defines the object of
space. Form and shape imply space; indeed they cannot exist without space. There
are various ways to categorize form and shape. Form and shape can be thought of as
either two dimensional or three dimensional. Two dimensional form has width and
height while 3D has a depth as well.
Shapes like square, rectangle, triangle and circle when raised into form
generates cube, cuboid, prism and sphere.

COLOR: Color is one of the most powerful of elements. It has tremendous
expressive qualities. Understanding the uses of colors is crucial to effective
composition in design, and the fine arts. The word color is the general term which
applies to whole subjects red, orange, yellow and all possible combinations thereof.
Hue is the correct word to use to refer to just the pure spectrum colors.
TEXTURE: Texture is the quality of an object which we sense though touch. It exists
as a literal surface we can feel, but also as a surface we can see and imagine the
sensation might have if we felt in it. Creation of illusion of texture is also an
important element in many paintings, drawings etc.

PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
The principles are concept used to organize or arrange the structural element of
design. Again the way in which these principles are applied affects the expressive
content , or the message of the work.
BALANCE :
Balance in interior design refers to the proper distribution of object in a
room to create visual balance and visual weight with the composition.
Lack of balance disturbs the harmony of the composition.
PRINCIPLES

In my project principle of balance is shown in living room i.e. in placement of sofa.
There are three kinds of balance
• Symmetrical (formal )
• Asymmetrical (informal)
• Radial
• SYMMETRICAL:
Easiest way to achieve balance is by using the symmetrical or formal form
object are repeated or mirrored along a central axis .its even the space is
evenly split into two sides that mirror each other. Symmetry can create
order formality calmness and stillness. Symmetry makes design simple.
• ASYMMETRICAL/INFORMAL BALANCE:
Asymmetrical design is created with an odd number of disparate element
colors form ,line and texture are balanced in a space without duplication.it
look informal natural and energetic. Make interior spaces more relaxed
and lively. Asymmetry help us stay interested.

• RADIAL BALANCE: When there is a central focal point with other element
radiating from it or around it this is radial balance. Radial balance is almost circular
– distributed arrangement of items around a central point either extending
outward or inward.
• PROPORTION: Proportion refers to the relative size and scale of the various
elements in a design . The issues the relationship between object , and part of a
whole. This means that it is necessary to discuss proportion in terms of the context
or standard used to determine proportions. In contrast, the proportions of a private
room are usually more in scale with human measures and as a result it appear
friendlier, comfortable less intimidating.

• RHYTHM: The design principle that suggests connected movement between
different part of a design by using colour, lines , forms or texture also referred to as
continuity. Rhythm is visual flow : the eye should be able to ‘flow ‘ smoothly across
the room. Regular repetition of line shape or colour that create a movement
patterns have rhythm. Examples include the repetition of similar shape , colour
and textures.
Rhythm can be accomplished through the following means :
• Repetition
• Alternation
• Progression
• REPETITION: The repeated use of certain objects or physical attributes of
decor elements. For example chevron pattern on both sofa and wall tapestry .

• Alternation: Alternation is used to create rhythm by alternating two or more
element in a regular pattern.
• PROGRESSION: Interior design element placed according to the size from
smaller to bigger ones, or perhaps according to the gradient of their colour
.rhythm can also be achieved through progression.

• EMPHASIS : Emphasis is something we all know about .it simply means that
every room or space has a focal point whether it is an architectural or an object.
Oversized artwork or a large piece of furniture can also be a focal point in a room.
Focus is to create attention.

• UNITY: Unity is achieved when all of the different element in a design work
together to create a unified whole. Designer use unity to make element in a
composition appear to belong together unity can be compared to harmony ,
integrity or wholeness.
Some of the way to achieve unity include :
• Alignment
• Similarity
• Proximity
• Repetition
• Continuation
• Overlapping
• ALIGNMENT : Alignment consists of arranging element so that their edges are
lined up. The common alignment allows the eye to group those elements together.
A grid is often use to create unity through alignment, not just in a single design but
also between related designs.

• SIMILARITY : Repeating shapes colors , values texture or lines create
a visual relationship between elements
• PROXIMITY : proximity is based on grouping by closeness, the closer
element are to each other , the more likely we will see them as a
group. Proximity is one of the easiest way to achieve unity.

• REPETITION: Repetition is based on grouping by similarity element
that are similar visually are perceived to be related any element can
be repeated line shape colour value or texture as well other thing such
as direction angle or size.
• CONTINUATION : Continuation means that something a line an edge a
curve a direction continues from one element to another. The viewer’s
eye will follow the continuing line or edge smoothly from one element
to other and mind will group the element because of this connection.

• OVERLAPPING: Overlapping design element can contribute to unity by creating
a relationship between separate element

THE RULE OF THIRD
The rule of third refers to the idea of dividing a composition into thirds based on a
grid. The most important element of a composition fall on the lines in between to
create a strong composition. A slightly off center balance Is more visually
interesting and harmonious than an evenly centered composition. A rectangle has
been divided horizontally and vertically by 4 lines. The rule of third states that the
centers of interest for any rectangle lie somewhere along those lines.

THE GOLDEN MEAN
• Golden mean relationship between sizes that is pleasing to the human eye.
• This concept was first formally recognized by the ancient Greeks and examples of
the golden mean can be observed through Greek artwork and architecture.
• The golden mean appears in everything from atomic structures to galaxies.
• Graphic designer can use these proportion to create work that instinctively looks
‘right’ there`s a mathematical ratio commonly found in nature the ratio of 1 to
1.618 – that has many names .
• Most often we call it the golden section , golden ratio , or golden mean . But it`s
also occasionally referred to as the golden number , divine proportion , golden
proportion , Fibonacci numbers, and phi.

FIBONACCI SEQUENCE
• The Fibonacci sequence is also one of the most elemental building blocks found in
nature.
• The principle is based on the Fibonacci sequence which is a series if numbers to
denote proportions 2,3,5,8,13,21,34,55,89,144,233 etc. the each no. in this series
is the sum of the two no. proceeding it.
• Proportion are based on the number pi , which measurement are approximately
1.618 times one another in a layout.

This portfolio showcases the small portion of my year
end project.
My residential plan features all the above points, these
helped me in developing and improving my skills.
College, Teachers played an important role to educate me
and helped me to complete these portfolio in time.

Raj Assudani, One year Residential Design Diploma Programme

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