2. Infection?
The invasion and multiplication of micro-organisms such as
viruses, bacteria and parasites that are not normally present
within the body. An infection may cause no symptoms and be
subclinical, or it may cause symptoms and be clinically
apparent.
3. How do Virus, Bacteria
and Parasites differs?
Virus Bacteria Parasites
Size 20-200 nm 1-3 microns Complex
Structure Round Rod or Sphere Complex
Components
DNA/RNA and
cover (Capsid)
DNA, Cytoplasm
and cell wall
Mimic human
cells
4. Chain of Infection
Pathogenic
Organism
Reservoir
Means of
escape
Mode of
Transmission
Means of
Entry
Host
Susceptibility
Virus Bacteria Parasites
Human Animal food Water, soil
Respiratory Genital Skin Blood
Contact Transmission Droplet Transmission Airborne Transmission
As same as it escapes
Immunity Vulnerability
5. Immune system
A system in a body that fight against foreign invaders (pathogenic
organs)
Anatomy of immunity:
◇ Tonsils: Either side of back of throat
◇ Lymph Nodes: Found throughout the body (filter)
◇ Thymus: Located in the upper chest at the bottom of the
neck, behind the breastbone.
◇ Bone marrow: Found mainly inside the long bones and pelvic bones
◇ Spleen: Found in the upper left side of the abdomen
(Recognize)
6. Blood Brain Barriers
Endothelial cells
It is a barrier between the blood stream and extra-cerebellar spaces.
3 Levels of BBB:
#1 Blood- Brain exchange
#2 Choroid plexus of ventricular system
#3 Avascular arachnoid epithelium
9. Meningococcal
meningitis
Types of Meningitis
Very Rare
Tuberculosis (TB)
meningitis
Pneumococcal
meningitis
Bacterial
Meningitis
Herpes Virus
Myxovirus
Enterovirus
Gnathostoma
spinigerum
Angiostrongylus
cantonensis
Baylisascaris
procyonis
Parasitic
Meningitis
Viral
Meningitis
*Untreated patients with bacterial meningitis show progressive deterioration in mental status,
whereas spontaneous recovery is usual in viral cases.
10. TB meningitis
Causating factor:
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Severity:
Grade 1= GCS 15 with no focal neurological deficit.
Grade 2= GCS 15 with focal neurological deficit or GCS 11-14.
Grade 3= GCS <10.
Symptoms:
low-grade fever
malaise
weight loss
headache (1–2 weeks) and Worsening headache
Neck Stiffness
vomiting
Confusion leads to coma.
Duration:>6
days
11. Neuropsychological Profile:
Digit Symbol
Similarities
Block Design
Matrix Reasoning
Letter-number Sequencing
Focal Neurological Signs
Neurophysiological Profile:
Right
Thalamus
Superior
temporal
gyrus
Middle
temporal
gyrus
Precuneus
Caudate
nucleus
Left
putamen
POIVCI WMI
WISC-III
Treatment:
Early intervention
Better prognosis Less mortality
12. Enteroviral Meningitis
Major
cause
Coxsackie A Viruses
Coxsackie B Viruses
Echoviruses
Polioviruses
Clinical Picture:
Infants and young
Incidence decreases with age.
Symptoms:
Herpangina
Rashes.
Moderate or high fever
Severe headache
Abrupt deterioration in mental status
Seizures
13. Neuropsychological Profile:
# Verbal Comprehension
# Perceptual Organisation (WISC-III)
Delayed neurodevelopment
Lowered IQ
There are possibilities to function well over time and child
may perform as well as their non-affected siblings.
16. Neuropsychological Profile:
anomic aphasia
word finding
memory impairment
language
working Memory Index (WISC-III)
Neurophysiological Profile:
MRI and EEG shows abnormal signal
intensity in the left temporal lobe extending into the left
hippocampus and insular cortex
17. Autoimmune Encephalitis
(ANMDAR)
Our own antibodies attacking our own cells which has structural
similarity with antigens
NMDA receptor Involved in Neural network formation
Synaptic plasticity
Learning and memory
Language
Judgment
Reaction of our antibodies with NMDA receptors leads to
hypoactivation of NMDAR that leads to psychiatric and
neurologic malfunctions.
18. Symptoms:
Fever
Headache
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Memory Loss and Confusion
Emotional Disturbances
Psychosis (Delusions And Hallucinations)
Decrease In Speech Intelligibility,
Seizures
Involuntary movement
Loss of sense of taste and smell.
Prodomal
19. Neuropsychological Profile:
Executive Functions
Memory
Neurophysiology Profile: (PET)
Abnormal Fronto-temporal,
Occipital, and
Cerebellar Hypermetabolism
Treatment:
Replacement of Hormones
Biologics (immune response modifiers)
Stem cell treatment
Replacing affected parts or
Replacing immune system
Capsid (protein coat)
Some viruses have the tendancy to attack even bacterias
Parasite: an organism that benefits at the expense of another organism (they depend on host for survival)
The pathogen is the microorganism that causes infection.
The reservoir is the place where microorganisms live.
means of escape are how the microorganism leaves the reservoir
mode of transmission is how the pathogen moves from place to place
Contact
-Direct= without any intermittent means (ungloved contact) (Musquito)
-Indirect= through a contaminated intermittent object (unsterilized injections)
Droplet
Respiratory droplets (Saliva of infected individuals)
Airborne
Small particle in respirable size enters the respiratory tract.
means of entry is how the microorganism enters the host. (Same as how it escapes)
susceptible host is the person who may become infected
Vulnerablity of the indi to develop disease and strength of immunity comes into scene here.....
Lymphatic system: Lymph nodes are filters for lymph fluids (lymphatics) which contains nutrients and waste materials. \
Thymus: Thymus serves a vital role in the training and development of T-lymphocytes or T cells, an extremely important type of white blood cell.
Bone Marrow:
Spleen; helps in recognizing bacterias and other foreign bodies.
BBB: prevent unwanted materials to intrude the brain
BBB: prevent unwanted materials to intrude the brain
TB Meningitis
Flexion and extension- motor movement (Splasticity)
Biologics?
Whipple= caused by bacterium, gastrointestinal system
Impairs ablity to breakdown food and blocks to absorb nutrients
Hepatitis: inflammation of liver by viral infection. Alcohol, autoimmune, dark urine, fatigue, abdominal pain, jaundice.