The document discusses various building services required for public spaces and temples. It covers primary services like HVAC, water supply, drainage, lighting systems etc. It then focuses on specific services for temples including ventilation monitoring systems, community kitchen layouts, solid waste management, lighting designs, acoustics in auditoriums, and fire safety systems. Secondary services of fountain systems and stormwater management are also outlined. Tertiary services such as electrical supply from transformers and generators as well as water supply, drainage and harvesting systems are briefly mentioned.

1. Semester 9 | Building services
Public space Services
Temples
Ishwar Bhat - 04 Utsav Chaudhury - 09 Prerak Doshi - 15

2. Primary Services
● HVAC
● Community Kitchen
○ Water supply
○ Drainage
○ Gas lines
○ Waste management
● Solid Waste management
● Lighting systems
● Acoustics in Auditoriums
● Fire fighting systems

3. HVAC

4. Ventilation Monitoring & Control
System
● Adequate ventilation system and difficulty in operating/maintain
ventilators at higher levels in temples and high rise historical buildings is a
major problem.
● A wireless sensor actuator network-based ventilation monitoring and
control system is developed for temples.
● Sensor array modules transmitting real-time data to the control room.
● This system is capable of -
○ online monitoring of exhaust fans running information
parameters, such as air flow, vibration, revolutions per minute, and
load.
○ ventilation control for good indoor air quality based on real-time
monitoring of environmental parameters like as CO2,
temperature, and relative humidity.
Source: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Ventilation-Monitoring-and-Control-System-for-High-Singh-Pandey/b515d12955d93fefef61507c11326299edb0d798
Ventilation system in Shree Jagannath Temple, Puri, India

5. FlOW CHART explaining the Ventilation System
Source: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Ventilation-Monitoring-and-Control-System-for-High-Singh-Pandey/b515d12955d93fefef61507c11326299edb0d798
CO2
Humidity
Temperature
Signal Processing Unit
Signal Processing Unit
Indoor Module
Outdoor Module
Router Module Processor
Exhaust Control Unit
Exhaust Devices
Air Flow
Vibration
RPM
Signal Processing
And
Sensory Array

6. Community Kitchens

7. Important points to consider
● Water supply
○ Usually temples serve a large number
of people, it is not uncommon for a
water tower to be placed, so as to
reduce times for refilling.
● Drainage
○ Drainage systems from the kitchens
are directly connected to the main
drainage line.
● Gas lines
○ Gas lines are safer and more durable
system compared to gas tanks.
○ Gas lines come equipped with shut off
valves that can be automatically shut
during a fire emergency.
● Waste management
○ Segregation of waste into recyclable,
non-recyclables is important.
○ A pickup area for the waste makes it
easier to manage the waste.

8. All services attached to community kitchens in a temple

9. Typical layout for community kitchens in a temple

10. Solid Waste Management

11. Methodology
This deals with the various methods employed in the
collection, segregation, transportation and disposal of solid
waste samples for generating primary data pertaining to
quantity and quality.
Source: https://www.irjet.net/archives/V4/i9/IRJET-V4I9138.pdf
Solid Waste Management System

12. Waste Generation
● The temple premises produce a lot of organic waste,
such as flowers and leaves, hay waste, etc.
● Food waste from community kitchens.
● Degradation of floral waste is a very slow process as
compared to kitchen waste degradation.
● Therefore, there is a need for proper and eco friendly
process of floral waste treatment.
Source: http://www.ijetsr.com/images/short_pdf/1442921490_14-19_ESM524_ijetsr.pdf

13. ● The waste generated from the offerings
such as flowers, leaves, fruits etc. are
treated in a scientific manner in the
compost plant installed near the temple
premises.
● The waste generated other than
biodegradable are collected and
transported into the dumping ground.

14. Lighting systems

15. Important points while designing
lighting for temples:
● Modern lighting systems are used to mimic the earlier
candles and lanterns.
● Intricate architectural features such as ceilings, domes,
pillars, and archways require individual lighting solutions.
● Lighting systems can be designed to emit different colours
and patterns for different times of days or festivals.
● Light systems like LEDs give out more light and use less
electricity, while being easier to maintain.
● Lighting systems are often tiny and easier to install even in
existing temples.
The LED lighting system provides color-changing effects using a centrally
operated DMX control console, enabling colored lighting to be used to
express mood and also match the desired ambiance for various religious
festivals.
Source: https://www.interiorsandsources.com/article-details/articleid/5609/title/temple-of-light
Custom column lighting directs uplighting on the upper columns and ceiling
coffers via four flush-mounted, color-changing LED fixtures at the base of
each column, plus custom MR16-type color-changing LED fixtures integrated
into the upper portion of the columns.

16. Typical applications of specific
lighting systems
● White light and color-changing LED sconces on the
outside walls for perimeter lighting
● Custom column lighting for uplighting on the upper
columns and ceiling coffers via four flush-mounted,
color-changing LED fixtures at the base of each
column, plus custom MR16-type color-changing LED
fixtures integrated into the upper portion of the
columns
● Custom white-light LED fixtures integrated into the
structure and carvings of the larger dome-shaped
ceiling coffers for additional illumination
● Color-changing LED fixtures mounted on the tops of
columns for focal illumination on the image areas.
Custom white-light LED sconces integrated into the structure and carvings of the
larger dome-shaped ceiling coffers supply additional illumination on the coffers.
Source: https://www.interiorsandsources.com/article-details/articleid/5609/title/temple-of-light

17. Acoustics in Auditoriums
(IN LARGE TEMPLE COMPLEXES)

18. REFLECTION, DIFFUSION, AND
DIFFRACTION
● Ceilings are designed to to reflect sound coming from
the main stage over to the audience seatings.
● Reflections are allowed by angled ceilings such that
the angle of reflections of the sound waves are then
received to the back of the auditorium.
● Diffusions through coffered or uneven ceilings allow
for a larger and a seemingly more randomised spread
of the sound waves.
● Grated or perforated ceilings allow for diffractions
which can be utilised for reducing the sound
transmission around the entire auditorium.
Source:http://www.industrial-electronics.com/measurement-testing-com/architectual-acoustics-3-0.html

19. Diagrams showing sound wave reflections with different ceiling forms
Source:http://www.industrial-electronics.com/measurement-testing-com/architectual-acoustics-3-0.html

20. Ways to reduce echoes in an Auditorium
Source:http://www.industrial-electronics.com/measurement-testing-com/architectual-acoustics-3-0.html
For walls:
For Ceilings:

21. Fire fighting systems

22. Major points to be considered
● Temples are prone to fire mishaps, as fire is a major
element of worship.
● Oils, camphor, ghee and other fabrics are always
around poojas and worship areas, which can add to
small fires and made them lethal.
● Temples are usually crowded, thence a proper fire exit
plan is also required, that can evacuate everyone.
● Temples generally have high ceilings and big openings
that make the spread of fire and smoke difficult.
● Apart from temple complex, other areas are the
kitchens that also require a proper fire safety planning.
Temples have high chance of fire mishaps due to the usual use of fire for poojas,
incense and sometimes even lighting. Temples are also usually crowded making
them even more lethal.

23. Methods of fighting fires in
Temple Complex
● Sand/ mud in buckets along with conventional fire
extinguishers are in effect in all temples which are
effective in fighting small fires only.
● Smoke detectors although less common but are a new
addition seen in newly constructed temples. They can
be made to disguise themselves in the ceilings or walls.
They are placed far from places that usually contain
fire.
● Sprinklers are highly uncommon in temple complexes
as the ceilings are not flat.
● Signages like fire exits and directions are also a must
help in time of evacuation.
(top) Fire bucket stands are seen to be brought out near the pooja pits during
poojas. (bottom) smoke detectors are concealed along the walls to mask in the
temple detailing.
Source:https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/where-a-temple-fire-put-spotlight-on-safety-measures/article227
85164.ece
https://news.thomasnet.com/companystory/fire-fighting-enterprises-smoke-detectors-protect-hindu-temple-30003148

24. Methods of fighting fires in
Temple kitchens
● Kitchens are generally kept separated off the the main
temple complex, for safety.
● Cooking areas, places with more chances of fire danger
are isolated from other parts of the kitchen.
● Sprinklers along with fire extinguishers, fire buckets
are all placed in vicinity of the cooktops.
● High ceilings are preferred, for natural ventilation, if
not then chimneys or other ventilation techniques are
used.
● Automatic fuel shut-off systems, linked with fire
alarms are seldom used, but are a good method to
prevent the spread of fire.
Plan of Konark temple, showing how the temple is separated off the main
building, has a source of water, a well near it.

25. ● These types of systems can be used in places of no smoke and fire (receptions, halls etc). Kitchens and
outdoor areas are unsuitable for these systems.
● The cameras are programmed to look for characteristics common with fire and smoke, The colour, fumes,
shape and luminosity associated with fire and the direction and speed of spread and transparency of smoke.
● Systems like these immediately send an alert to the BMS room where a confirmation from a human starts the
alarm.
Key characteristics of fire and smoke that are analysed by the
camera systems in real time while detecting a fire
Camera based fire alarm system - (New fire detection method)

26. Secondary Services
● Fountain systems
○ Underground water tank type
○ Water basin type
● Stormwater Management

27. Fountain systems

28. Fountain systems
● Fountains require their own water tanks, this can be
provided by giving an underground water tank or a
fountain system that has a big basin for storing water.
● A booster pump is required for the fountain water to
be charged from the tank into the fountain system.
● Water catchment areas in the fountain bring water
back into the tank to be reused again in the system,
also to keep the cycle going on.
● Overflow pipes are installed in the tank to avoid
flooding of the water tank.
● Drains around the fountain, collect stormwater or
other spillage and transfer them to the drainage
systems.
● Regular cleaning of the water required.
Source: pondandlake.com
Fountain system with
water tank

29. ● For the basin system of
fountains, only the pump needs
to be concealed.
● Overflow pipe and the fountain
nozzle are placed in the fountain
system.
● A filtration system is provided in
water return pipe, in a concealed
area of the fountain, so that the
pump doesn't get choked.
● Periodic cleaning of the filter is
required.
Source: pondandlake.com
Fountain system with water basin
in the fountain

30. Stormwater
Management

32. Open spaces with natural vegetation can have water runoff system which
streams down to natural drains or artificial ponds.
Parking lots take up huge spaces which
can be used to percolate water using
porous asphalt, soak pits, storage tanks
which could be used during summer
seasons.

35. Subsurface infiltration systems are underground holding areas that receive and store stormwater from impervious
areas such as roofs, driveways, and parking lots. Detained stormwater slowly infiltrates through the bottom and sides of
the system into the surrounding sub-soil.

36. Tertiary Services
● Electrical supply systems
○ Separate site transformer (depends on
requirement)
○ Solar energy systems (Water heating etc)
○ Diesel generator plant
● Water supply + drainage systems
○ Supply to
■ Kitchens
■ Guestrooms
■ Restaurants and other amenities
○ Drainage
■ Gray water from Kitchens and
Guestrooms
■ Stormwater drainage
○ Water Harvesting systems

37. Thank you