Different Fire Protection systems employed by Institutions as a fire protection method including Passivation, Ventilation,Sprinkler systems, Releif systems,Fireproofing.

1. FIRE PROTECTION
SYSTEMS
Presented to: Dr.Aamir Mirza
Presented by: Areeba Siddiqui

2. INTRODUCTIO
N
Fire protection is an important part of good housekeeping. Preventive
measures can be taken to prevent fires like:
•Prohibition of smoking in manufacturing areas.
•Oxygen present in the inflammable atmosphere may be decreased by
dilution with gases such as nitrogen, co2,steam or combination of these.
•Hazardous operation should be isolated.
•Eliminating the ignition sources.
•Using fire resistant material in construction.
•Suitable emergency exits.
•Adequate venting.
• Sprinkler systems .
• Equipment should design to meet the specifications & code of
recognized authorities, such as ISA, API & ASME.
•The design & construction of pressure vessels & storage tanks should
follow API & ASME codes.
• Frequent Inspection.

3. FIRE
PROTECTIO
N SYSTEMS
Various Fire protection systems can be
incorporated in the construction like:
 Passivation
 Ventilation systems
 Sprinkler systems
 Fire proofing
 Relief valves
 Flares
 Scrubbing systems

4. PASSIVATIO
N
Passivation is a chemical treatment for
stainless steel and other alloys that enhances
the ability of the treated surfaces to resist
corrosion.There are many benefits of
passivated equipment and systems:
-Passivation removes surface contamination.
-Passivation increases corrosion resistance.
-Passivation reduces the risk of product
contamination.
-Passivation allows you to extend system
maintenance intervals.

6. VENTILATIO
N SYSTEM
All kinds of buildings whether they are residential
homes, large offices, or commercial buildings such
as hotels, hospitals, schools, etc. Use some type of
ventilation system for smoke control. There are
three types of ventilation systems commonly used:
1. Smoke ventilation system
2. Natural ventilation system
3. Mechanical ventilation system

7. Smoke
ventilation
system
-Smoke ventilation systems are best suited for roofs,
smoke shafts, corridors, and stairwells.
-A well-engineered smoke control system can be valuable
in a fire emergency as it will allow the occupants to
evacuate the building with minimal risk of smoke
inhalation.
-It is a known fact that during a fire, the heat and smoke
rises, so a well-placed smoke ventilation system will
quickly direct smoke and hot air out of the building and
allow for safe exits and also facilitate the work of fire
service personnel.
- Commercial buildings such as hotels, hospitals,
agricultural buildinpersonnelmostly take benefit from
smoke systems.
- This kind of system is an ideal choice for high rise
buildings.

9. Natural
ventilation
system
-Natural ventilation systems as the name suggests,
do not work with motorized fans, so they are very
cost-effective in the long run.
- In the case of a fire emergency, a natural
ventilation system draws out the hot air (smoke)
and let the cooler, natural air enter the building in
order to cool down the temperature as well as
provide a safe exit for occupants to help them
evacuate.
–However, it is not as effective as an engineered
smoke control system so it is not recommended for
larger buildings and facilities.

11. Mechanical
ventilation
system
-Mechanical ventilation systems are best
suited for those buildings and areas which
cannot fully benefit from natural air flow.
-In case of a fire emergency, these systems
use mechanical fans to quickly draw out
the smoke and then pump in clean and
fresh air from outside, allowing people to
escape safely from the building.

12. SPRINKLER
SYSTEM
A fire sprinkler system is an active fire protection method, consisting
of a water supply system, providing adequate pressure and flowrate
to a water distribution piping system, onto which fire sprinklers are
connected.
The basic principle of a sprinkler
system:
•Piping networks fitted with closed nozzles.
•The nozzles open separately when heated by fire or hot gases.
•Extinguishing water is sprayed selectively on the source of the fire.
•Water is also sprayed on the surrounding area and therefore
prevents the fire from spreading.
•Only a certain number of sprinklers open so that the source of the
fire is brought under control and often extinguished
•The cooling effect of water .
•Extraction of large quantities of heat.

13. FIREPROOFI
NG
Fireproofing provides materials and structures resistance
to fire so that during an accidental case of fire the critical
structures keep operating until the fire is brought under
control. Fireproofing means applying certain products
over the materials or structures which minimize the
escalation of fire and thus plant operators get sufficient
to act against the fire. There are three types of
fireproofing-
1. Cementitious Fireproofing
2. Intumescent Fireproofing
3. Firestop Fireproofing

14. Cementitious
Fireproofing
These are gypsum-based, plaster-like
coatings that look like white stucco plaster
when dried. These coatings are sprayed on
the structural surfaces requiring
fireproofing.
Cementite fireproofing is used to keep
structural girders and beams below 540°
C, where the steel will bend.

15. Intumescent
Fireproofing
When heated, intumescent paints expand
and form a heat resistant barrier. They
usually contain sodium silicates. Under
high heat conditions, the intumescent
paintcoating thickens, entrapping air and
forming a layer of greater insulation.
Intumescent fireproofing paints are used
on metallic pipes, tanks, valves , etc.

16. Firestop
Fireproofing
In Firestop fireproofing, all openings and
joints are sealed with fire-resistance-rated
walls and floors. Fire dampers are used to
fill the ductwork holes, hole cuts for pipes,
and electrical wiring trays.

17. RELIEF
VALVES
Relief systems are used to limit the difference between
the internal and external equipment pressure. The relief
valves prevent damage to mechanical equipment, piping
systems, and instruments in case of upset (pressure)
conditions in a process plant. Example of relief systems
in a process plant are:
-Pressure relief valves for protection of static equipment,
such as columns, drums, and heat exchangers.
-Thermal relief valves for protection of offsite piping.
-Pressure relief valve pump mechanical casing or
mechanical seal protection.
-Pressure relief valves upstream of the first valve on the
discharge line of positive displacement pumps.

18. FLARE
SYSTEM
-The objective of a flare is to burn the combustible, corrosive
or toxic gas to produce combustion products which are
neither toxic nor combustible.
-The system is designed to destroy uncontrolled or unburned
vapors produced during process upsets and emergency
releases.
-In such instances, pressure relief devices (such as pressure
relief valves or emergency depressuring valves) open and
discharge vapors into the flare system.
-A flare knock-out drum is often used upstream of the flare.
It is usually a horizontal vessel and its function is to receive
the discharge from the unit header(s) in order to remove
liquids that condense in the pressure relief system.
-To prevent flashback of the flare system into the plant
pressure relief system, a liquid seal and purge gas system
with is installed between the flare drum and the flare stack.

20. SCRUBBERS
Scrubbers are pollution control devices that use liquid to
remove particulate matter or gases from an industrial
exhaust . This atomized liquid (typically water) entraps
particles and pollutant gases in order to effectively wash
them out of the gas flow. Scrubbers are of two types:
1. Wet Scrubber
2. Dry Scrubber

21. Wet
Scrubbers
Wet scrubbers force the polluted fumes to pass
through a wet limestone slurry which traps sulfur
particles. These can be used to control particulate
matter less than 10 micrometers as well as
inorganic gases such as SO2 ,H2S, NH3, and various
chlorides and fluorides. Wet scrubbers may also be
useful to control volatile organic compounds.

22. Dry Scrubbers
•Dry scrubbers do not use wet products to treat the
exhaust gas. Instead, these systems use a dry reagent
called a sorbent to either neutralize or separate the acids
from the gas.
•Dry scrubbers have an efficiency of more than 90% for
removing S02 under the right conditions, but they are
limited to small- to medium-sized power plants of about
200 MW.
•There are some advantages of using this technology,
including low waste disposal costs and low water
consumption. Other contaminants treated by dry
scrubbers are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons i.e. PAHs,
HCL, and heavy metals.

23. REFERENCE
S
 https://www.ableelectropolishing.com/resources/frequen
tly-asked-questions/passivation-process/
 https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/computer-
science/sprinkler-system
 https://whatispiping.com/fireproofing-materials-
methods/
 https://hart.com.sg/news/3-main-types-of-ventilation-
systems-for-smoke-control/
 https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/relief-
systems

24. THANK YOU