Pipeline Routing, Plan and Profiling and Hydraulic Analysis

1. Integrating Pipeline
Design with GIS
Part 1
A presentation by Usman Imtiaz

2. All materials and softwares used in this
presentation is for research and
academic purpose only.

3. Introduction
This Presentation shows an effort to utilize different geomatics techniques to
design a pipeline over a topography. Integration of GIS data with a pipeline can
help optimize the pipeline design and reduce overall design related costs. This
presentation will demonstrate:
1. Using GIS data to laydown the centerline of the pipeline over a topography
2. Generate a plan and a profile of the pipeline
3. Carryout pipeline’s hydraulic analysis once the pipeline layout has been
finalized

4. GIS
Digital Elevation Models
 In this approach we have utilized Digital Elevation Models to use as an existing
Topography
 A digital elevation model (DEM) is a digital model or 3D representation of a
terrain's surface.

7. GIS
Using DEMs
The DEM alone does not offers much help. The only way it is helping is by
providing latitude, longitude and elevations. We cannot see any obstructions.
Now here is neat technique called georeferencing the DEMs with the a satellite
image.

12. GIS
Georeferencing DEM
The important thing while downloading DEMs from different GIS softwares is that
it needs to have three things
1. Projection
2. Datum
3. Zone
The above drawing has the following information:
1. Projection: Universal Transverse Mercator
2. Datum: NAD 27
3. Zone: Zone 13, Meter
Without providing the correct projection, datum and zone the DEM is useless.

13. Pipeline Routing
Alignment
 Now we have the data we need to route our pipeline. We have a DEM and the
satellite imagery to carry out pipeline routing.
 When we route the pipeline, the software generally creates stationing along
the pipeline route or alignment. It is important to understand that this
alignment has two aspects:
1. Lattitude (y)
2. Longitude (x)
Both are in meters. This means that we can measure the distance between two
pints in the pipeline
Horizontal Distance = ((x2-x1)^2 + (y2-y1)^2)^0.5
This horizontal distance is called the stationing.

14. Pipeline Routing
Alignment Obstructions
 The following pictures show a pipeline route drawn without using satellite
imagery.

21. Pipeline Routing
Alignment
 Now we design the pipeline based on a DEM properly Georeferenced with
satellite imagery.

28. Pipeline Routing
Profile
 Only the latitude and longitude is not enough to design a pipeline. One has to
be aware of the elevation changes in the pipeline. The elevation changes will
determine how much of civil excavation and backfilling needs to be done. The
elevation will also effect the hydraulics of the pipeline. Hydraulics becomes
crucial when dealing with gases which can change phases due to pressure and
temperature changes and due to friction and elevation changes.
 The next slide shows the consequences of not taking into account the
elevation changes in the pipeline.

33. Pipeline Routing
Profile
 The next slide shows you a proper profile as a result of proper routing.

37. Pipeline Routing
Centerline
What have we achieved till now is the following:
1. Pipeline Plan
2. Pipeline Profile
What we have extracted form the plan and profile:
1. Centerline
The next slide shows some centerline data. This centerline data is based on the
Projection, datum and zone that we have specified before.
Note:
1. North = Latitude
2. East = Longitude

39. Google Earth Tour
This is the interesting part where we get to see our pipeline in google earth.
(The File can be provided upon demand)
Google Earth required to play the file

40. Hydraulics Analysis
Now we have all the inputs required to carry out hydraulic analysis of the
pipeline. The following case studies shall be carried in the hydraulics software:
1. Case 1: P/T analysis using land profile
2. Case 2: P/T analysis using pipeline profile (Simulator and Manual)
3. Case 3:Pipeline Diameter Sensitivity Analysis
4. Case 4:Affect of Water in Dry Gas

41. Hydraulics Analysis
Case 1
Input Features
Pipe Inside Diameter: 9.5 in Inlet Pressure: 1000 psia
Pipe Thickness: 0.25 in Gas Flow Rate: 2 MMSCFD
Pipe Roughness: 0.001 in Heat Transfer Coefficient: 2 Btu/Hr.F.ft2
Ambient Temperature: 60 F
Single Phase Correlation: Moody
Gas Properties:
Dry Gas
Gas Specific Gravity: 0.71
CO2 Mole Fraction: 0.02
H2S Mole Fraction: 0.04

42. Hydraulics Analysis
Case 1
Land Profile:

43. Hydraulics Analysis
Case 1
 Pressure Profile
 Output Pressure: 938.88 psia

44. Hydraulics Analysis
Case 1
 Temperature Profile
 Output Temperature: 58.9 F

45. Hydraulics Analysis Simulator
Case 2
Input Features
Pipe Inside Diameter: 9.5 in Inlet Pressure: 1000 psia
Pipe Thickness: 0.25 in Gas Flow Rate: 2 MMSCFD
Pipe Roughness: 0.001 in
Ambient Temperature: 60 F
Single Phase Correlation: Moody
Gas Properties:
Dry Gas
Gas Specific Gravity: 0.71
CO2 Mole Fraction: 0.02
H2S Mole Fraction: 0.04

46. Hydraulics Analysis Simulator
Case 2
Pressure Profile
Output Pressure: 945.9281 psia

47. Hydraulics Analysis Simulator
Case 2
 Temperature Profile
 Output Temperature = 59.89 F

48. Hydraulics Analysis Manual
Case 2
Pressure Profile
Outlet Pressure: 952 psia
940
950
960
970
980
990
1000
1010
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000
Pressure vs Horizontal Distance
Pressure - y axis, Distance – x axis

49. Hydraulics Analysis
Case 3
All conditions are the same as mentioned in Case 2 except the inside diameter of
the pipe.
Inside
Diameter
Thickness
Inlet
Pressure
Outlet
Pressure
Min
Pressure
Inlet
Temperature
Outlet
Temperature
in in psia psia psia F F
11.5 0.25 1000 946.08 939.23 80 59.90
9.5 0.25 1000 945.93 939.15 80 59.89
7.5 0.25 1000 945.39 938.84 80 59.87
5.5 0.25 1000 942.55 937.20 80 59.83
3.5 0.25 1000 910.10 910.10 80 59.74

50. Hydraulics Analysis
Case 4
 Now we test the pipeline with all conditions stated as in Case 2 but with the
following addition:
 Inlet Temperature: 450 F
 Water to Gas Ratio: 10 STB/MMSCF
 Heat Transfer Coefficient: 0.05 Btu/Hr.F.ft2 (Insulated Pipeline)

51. Hydraulics Analysis
Case 4
Pressure Profile
Output Pressure: 829 psia

52. Hydraulics Analysis
Case 4
Temperature Profile
Output Temperature: 67.97 F

53. End of Part 1