4. DEFINITION
• The pancreas (pan= all , kreas = flesh) is a
gland that is partly exocrine and partly
endocrine. The exocrine part secretes the
digestive pancreatic juice, and the endocrine
part secretes hormones, eg. Insulin.
• It is soft, lobulated and elongated organ.
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5. LOCATION
• The pancreas lies
more or less
transversely across the
posterior abdominal
wall, at the level of
first and second
lumbar vertebrae.
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6. SIZE AND SHAPE
It is J – shaped or retort shaped, set obliquely.
The bowl of the retort represents its head , and
the stem of the retort , its neck , body and tail.
It is about 15-20 cm long
2.5-3.8 cm broad and 1.2-1.8 cm thick and
weighs about 90 g
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7. DIVISION
• The pancreas is divided( from right to left )
into the head , the neck, the body and tail.
• The head is enlarged and lies within the
concavity of the duodenum.
• The tail reaches the hilum of the spleen.
• The entire organ lies posterior to the stomach
separated from it by the lesser sac.
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10. Head of the pancreas
• Head is the enlarged flattened right end of the
pancreas, situated within the curve of
duodenum.
• The head has three borders : superior, inferior
and right lateral.
• It has two surfaces: anterior and posterior
• It has one process called the uncinate process,
which projects from the lower and left part of
the head towards left.
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11. Three boarders
The superior border is overlapped by the first part
of the duodenum and is related to the superior
pancreaticoduodenal artery.
The inferior border is related to the third part of
the duodenum and to the inferior
pancreaticoduodenal artery.
The right lateral border is related to the second
part of the duodenum, the terminal part of the bile
duct and the anastomosis between the two
pancreaticoduodenal arteries.
Head of the pancreas
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14. TWO SURFACES
• The anterior surface is related , from above
downwards to
• 1.the gastroduodenal artery
• 2.the tranverse colon,
• 3.the jejunum which separated from it by
peritonium.
Head of the pancreas
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15. • The posterior surface is related to
• 1. the inferior vena cava.
• 2.the terminal parts of the renal vein
• 3.the right crus of the diaphragm
• 4.the bile duct
Head of the pancreas
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16. Uncinate pancreas
• It is related
anteriorly to the
superior mesenteric
vessels and
posteriorly to the
aorta.
Head of the pancreas
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17. Neck of the pancreas
• This is the slightly constricted part of the
pancreas between its head and body.
• It is directed forwards, upwards and to the left.
• It has two surfaces, anterior and posterior.
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18. Body of the pancreas
• The body of the pancreas is elongated.
• It extends from its neck to the tail.
• It passes towards the left with a slight upward
and backward inclination.
• It has 3 borders, 3 surfaces
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19. Three borders
The anterior border provides attachment to the
root of the transverse mesocolon.
The superior border is related to coeliac trunk
over the tuber omentale, the hepatic artery to
the right ,and the splenic artery to the left.
The inferior border is related to the superior
mesenteric vessels at its right end.
Body of the pancreas
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20. • Three surfaces
The anterior surface is concave and is directed forwards
and upwards. It is covered by peritonium, and is related
to the lesser sac and to the stomach
The posterior surface is devoid of peritonium, and is
related to
-aorta with the origin of the superior mesenteric artery,
-the left crus of the diaphragm
-the left suprarenal gland
The left kidney
Body of the pancreas
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22. • The inferior surface
is covered by
peritonium, and is
related to the
duodenojejunal
flexure, coils of
jejunum and left colic
flexure.
Body of the pancreas
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23. TAIL OF THE PANCREAS
• This is the narrow
left end of the
pancreas .
• It lies in the
lienorenal ligament
together with the
splenic vessels.
• It comes into contact
with the lower part
of the gastric surface
of the spleen.
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25. Ducts of the pancreas
• The exocrine pancreas is drained by two ducts,
• 1.The main pancreatic duct (duct of
wirsung)
• 2. the accessory pancreatic duct( duct of
santorini)
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26. • 1.The main pancreatic duct (duct of
wirsung)
• It lies near the posterior surface of the pancreas
and is recognised easily by its white colour.
• With in the head of the pancreas the pancreatic
duct is related to the bile duct which lies on its
right side. The two ducts enter the wall of the
second part of the duodenum , and join to form
the hepatopancreatic ampulla of vater .
Ducts of the pancreas
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27. • 2. the accessory pancreatic duct( duct of
santorini)
• It begins in the lower Part of the head , crosses
the front of the main duct with which it
communicates an opens into the duodenum at
the minor duodenal papilla.
Ducts of the pancreas
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28. • - pancreatic branches of the splenic artery
• -the superior pancreaticoduiodenal artery
• -the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery.
Arterial Supply of Pancreas
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33. THE PANCREAS IS BOTH AN
EXOCRINE AND ENDOCRINE
GLAND.
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34. THE EXOCRINE PANCREAS
• This consists of a large number of lobules made
up of small acini, the walls of which consist of
secretory cells.
• Each lobule is drained by a tiny duct and these
unite eventually to form the pancreatic duct,
which extends the whole length of the gland and
opens into the duodenum.
• The function of the exocrine pancreas is to
produce pancreatic juice containing enzymes that
digest carbohydrates , proteins and fats.
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35. • As in the alimentary tract, parasympathetic
stimulation increases the secretion of
pancreatic juice and sympathetic stimulation
depress it.
THE EXOCRINE PANCREAS
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36. The endocrine pancreas
• Distributed throughout the gland are groups of
specialised cells called the pancreatic islets
(islets of langerhans).
• The islets have no ducts so the hormones
diffuse directly into the blood.
• The endocrine pancreas secretes the hormones
insulin and glucagon, which are principally
concerned with control of blood glucose
levels.
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37. Production of Pancreatic Hormones by Three Cell Types
Alpha cells produce glucagon.
Beta cells produce insulin.
Delta cells produce somatostatin.
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