This document provides an overview of key concepts in stoichiometry, including: - Stoichiometry uses mole ratios in balanced chemical equations to relate amounts of reactants and products. Dimensional analysis converts between units using molar mass, concentration, molar volume, and other relationships. - The limiting reactant is the first reactant to be used up in a chemical reaction. It determines the maximum amount of product that can be formed. - Percent yield compares the actual yield from a chemical reaction to the theoretical yield calculated from stoichiometry. - KUDUS is a mnemonic for solving stoichiometry word problems: identify what is Known, Unknown, the Definitions needed, perform the Output calculation, and

1. High School Chemistry - Core Concept Cheat Sheet
12: Stoichiometry
Key Stoichiometry Terms
Limiting Reactants
 Stoichiometry: Using the mole ratio in the balanced
equation and information about one compound to find
information about another in the reaction.
 Dimensional Analysis: Method of converting units by
multiplying by ratio of equalities.
 Molar Mass: Sum of all the atomic masses (from the
periodic table) in the compound.
 Solute: Substance being dissolved in a homogeneous
mixture (solution).
 Concentration: Measure of how much solute is dissolved
in how much solution.
 Molarity (M): A concentration unit in moles per unit liter.
 Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP): 1 atm (or
101.3 kPa) and 273 K (0).
 Molar volume of a Gas: 1 mole of any gas at STP is 22.4
liters.
 Limiting Reactant: Reactant that stops the reaction by
running out first.
 Actual Yield: The amount actually produced in the lab.
 Theoretical Yield: Amount that should be theoretically
produced based on stoichiometric calculations.
 Percent Yield: Compares the actual yield to the
theoretical yield (their ratio with %).
 Once a reactant has run out, the reaction will stop.
 Do stoichiometry for each given reactant quantity to the
same product each time. Choose the calculation that gives
the smallest amount of product.
 The reactant that produced the smallest amount of product
is the limiting reactant.
 Steps to determine the limiting reactant: grams reactant 
moles reactant  moles product  grams product.
Alternatively, use the m/c method below.
Simple Limiting Reagent Finder Mnemonic: Find the
moles of each reactant and divide the moles of each reactant
by its coefficient. The reactant with the smallest number is the
limiting reagent = “Smallest m/c is Limited”.
Chemical Equations
 Coefficients give the mole ratios.
Example:
2 H2 (g) + O2 (g)  2 H2O (l)
2 moles of H2 react with 1 mole of O2 and produces 2 moles
of H2O.
Dimensional Analysis in Stoichiometry
Equalities used during dimensional analysis for
stoichiometry:
 Mole ratio in balanced equation: Use to convert
between moles of different compounds in the balanced
equation.
 Molar mass: Used to convert between grams and moles
 Concentration: Used to convert between moles and liters
of a solution.
 Molar volume of a gas: Used to convert between moles
and liters of a gas at STP.
KUDOS for Stoichiometric Problems
Method to solve word problems:
 K = Known. Identify all the known information (given
quantities, balanced equation, etc.).
 U = Unknown. What quantity and what compound does
the problem ask for?
 D = Definition. Identify the equalities that will be needed
during dimensional analysis to convert from the known to
the unknown.
 O = Output. Perform the dimensional analysis.
 S = Substantiation. Check for reasonableness, units and
correct significant figures.
Molarity
Molarity – the concentration measure by the moles of solute
per liter of solution.
Percent Yield
% yield 
actual yield
 100
theoretica l yield
Example:
If stoichiometry calculations tell you that a reaction should
produce 10.5 g, but when you perform the lab you produce
8.7 g, what was the percent yield?
% yield 
8.7 g
 100  82.9%
10.5 g
Stoichiometry Examples
All examples for the following reaction:
2 HCl (aq) + Mg (s)  H2 (g) + MgCl2 (aq)
Mole-Mass example:
0.75 moles HCl react. How many grams Mg are needed?
0.75 mole HCl
1 mole Mg
24.31 g Mg
= 9.1 g Mg
2 mole HCl
1 mole Mg
Mass-Mass example:
If 2.5 g Mg react, how many grams MgCl2 are produced?
2.5 g Mg
1 mole
1 mole
95.21 g
Mg
MgCl2
MgCl2
= 9.8 g MgCl2
24.31 g
1 mole
1 mole
Mg
Mg
MgCl2
Mass-Liter example (solution):
How many liters of 1.7M HCl are needed to react with 2.5 g
Mg?
2.5g Mg
1 mole
2 mole
1 L HCl
Mg
HCl
= 0.12 L HCl
24.31 g
1 mole
1.7 mole
Mg
Mg
HCl
Mass-Liter example (gas):
How many liters of H2 are produced when 3.5 g Mg react?
3.5 g Mg
1 mole
1 mole
22.4 L
Mg
H2
H2
= 3.2 L H2
24.31 g
1 mole
1 mole
Mg
Mg
H2
Limiting reactant:
If 0.25 mole HCl reacts with 0.55 mole Mg, how many grams
of MgCl2 are produced and what was the limiting reactant?
2HCl + Mg  MgCl2 + H2
0.25 mole HCl
1 mole
95.21 g
= 12 g
MgCl2
MgCl2
MgCl2
2 mole HCl
1 mole
(less)
MgCl2
95.21 g
MgCl2
= 52 g
MgCl2
1 mole
MgCl2
12 g MgCl2 will be produced and HCl is the limiting reactant.
How to Use This Cheat Sheet: These are the keys related to this topic. Try to read through it carefully twice then write it out from
memory on a blank sheet of paper. Review it again before the exams.
moles solute
Molarity 
L solution
0.55 mole Mg
1 mole
MgCl2
1 mole Mg
RapidLearningCenter.com ::  Rapid Learning Inc. :: All Rights Reserved