1. Blood

2. Blood Circulation
• Powered by the pumping action of the heart
• Functions of blood
• Carries respiratory gases, nutrients, and hormones
• Helps body regulate temperature
• Blood volume
• Males: 5-6 liters
• Females: 4-5 liters

3. Overview: Composition of Blood
• Hematocrit
• Males: 47% ± 5%
• Females: 42% ± 5%

4. Blood Plasma
• Approximately 90% water
• Contains ions, nutrients, wastes, and proteins
• Three main proteins
• Albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen
• Blood cells
• Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

6. Leukocytes – White Blood Cells (WBCs)
• 4,800–11,000/cubic millimeter
• Protect the body from infectious microorganisms
• Function outside the bloodstream in loose
connective tissue

7. Agranulocytes
• Two main classes of lymphocyte
• T cells – attack foreign cells directly
• B cells – multiply to become plasma cells
• Secrete antibodies

8. Function of a Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte

9. Function of a B Lymphocyte

11. An Erythrocyte
• Oxygen-transporting cells – 7.5
μm in diameter
• Most numerous of the formed
elements
• Females: 4.3–5.2 million
cells/cubic millimeter
• Males: 5.2–5.8 million
cells/cubic millimeter
• Have no organelles or nuclei

12. Erythrocytes – Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
• Hemoglobin – oxygen-carrying protein
• Biconcave shape – 30% more surface area
• Live 100–120 days
• Originate in the bone marrow

13. Blood Cell Formation
• Hematopoiesis – process by which blood cells are
formed
• 100 billion new blood cells formed each day

14. Bone Marrow as the Site of Hematopoiesis
• Bone marrow – located within all bones
• Red marrow – actively generates new blood cells
• Contains immature erythrocytes
• Remains in epiphyses, girdles, and axial skeleton

15. Bone Marrow as the Site of Hematopoiesis
• Yellow marrow – dormant
• Contains many fat cells
• Located in the long bones of adults
• Tissue framework for red marrow
• Reticular connective tissue

16. Cell Lines in Blood Cell Formation
• All blood cells originate in bone marrow
• All originate from one cell type – blood stem cell
• Lymphoid stem cells – give rise to lymphocytes
• Myeloid stem cells – give rise to all other blood
cells

18. Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia