2. INTRODUCTION
• Blood is a connective tissue that consists of cells
suspended in liquid matrix
• The average adult human has 5 litres of
continuously circulating blood.
• Blood pH near: 7.4
• The movement of blood throughout the body
helps maintain homeostasis in three general
ways - transportation, regulation and protection
3.
4. PLASMA
• Pale yellow liquid
• Viscous fluid
Composition of plasma
Water :90-92%
Proteins: 6-8%
Fibrinogen: Important clotting factor produced
by liver
Help to seal damaged vessels and prevent blood
loss.
5. Globulin: involves in defence mechanism
of the body
o Alpha
o Beta
o Gamma
Albumins: Help in osmotic balance
Minerals :Na+, Ca++, Mg++,HCl3 -,Cl-
Other substance like glucose, amino acid
and liquid
6. FORMED ELEMENTS
1. Erythrocyte (RBC)
2. Leucocyte(WBC)
3. Thrombocyte(platelet)
Erythrocyte (RBC)
• most abundant
• Number : 5 millions – 5.5 millions
• Shape : biconcave in shape without nucleus
7. • The concave surface of mammalian RBCs is helpful
in increasing surface area of RBCs.
• Function : transport oxygen and a small amount of
carbon dioxide
• Formation of RBcC– Erythropoiesis (occur in red
bone marrow in adult)
• Regulation of RBC production by the hormone-
Erythropoietin
8. Haemoglobin
2 chemical components
- Iron : haem component - protein: globulin
component
• 12-16gms of Hb in 100 ml of blood (adult)
• Function : transport of oxygen from the lungs
• Life span :120 days
• Anemia: abnormally low Hb con. And RBC count.
9. Leucocytes (WBC)
• Colourless( due to lack of Hb)
• Number: 6000- 8000mm3 of blood
• Shape: nuclei present
• Life span : 4-8 hrs
• Function: protects against disease causing organisms
• Leukocytopenia: decrease in total no. of WBC below
the normal.
• Leukocytosis : increase in total no.of WBCs above
normal.
10. 1. Granulocytes.
Eosinophils
• 2-3%
• Have anti-histamic properties
• Have 2 lobes
• The no.of eosinophil increases during allergic conditions such as
asthma and hay fever
Basophils
• 0.5-1%
• The cell secrete heparin ( an anticoagulant ) and histamine
(involved in inflamation)
11. Neutrophils
• Most abundant cell (60-65%)
• They protects against disease causing organisms
• Engulf infectious agent and foreign debris
2.Agranulocytes.
Lymphocyte
• 20-25%
• Second most numerous type of leucocyte
Responsible for immune response of our body.
12. B-lymphocyte
• Manufacture antibodies and secrete them to blood plasma.
T-lymphocyte
• Recognize and kill specific cells such as bacteria, virus infected
cell and cancer cell
Monocyte
• Largest leucocyte
• Kidney shaped
• Engulf bacteria ,dead cells and debris
13. Thrombocytes (platelets)
• Smallest of formed elements
• Number: 200000-400000 platelets per mm3 of blood.
• Shape: round ,oval
• Formation: they are produced from special cell in bone
marrow called Hegakaryocytes
• Life span: about a week
• Function: helps in coagulation of blood
• Reduction of no. below normal: Thrombocytopenia
