A spreadsheet is a file made of rows and columns that helps organize, analyze, and calculate data. It allows users to enter numeric or text data into cells and create formulas to automatically calculate values based on other cells. Popular spreadsheet programs include Microsoft Excel, Google Sheets, and LibreOffice Calc. An active worksheet is the currently open tab in a spreadsheet file. A database is an organized collection of data stored in tables that can be easily accessed and updated. Common database types include centralized, distributed, cloud, graph, and NoSQL databases.

1. Information & Communication
Technology (ICT)
Productive Enhancement Software
DIT Part 1
Lecture 15
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2. Spread Sheet
• A spreadsheet is an interactive computer application
for organization, analysis and storage of data in tabular
form.
• Spreadsheets are developed as computerized
simulations of paper accounting worksheets.
• The program operates on data entered in cells of a
table.
• Each cell may contain either numeric or text data, or
the results of formulas that automatically calculate and
display a value based on the contents of other cells.
• A spreadsheet may also refer to one such electronic
document.
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3. Spread Sheet
• Spreadsheet users can adjust any stored value
and observe the effects on calculated values.
• A spreadsheet is a sheet of paper that shows
accounting or other data in rows and columns.
• A spreadsheet is also a computer application
program that simulates a physical spreadsheet by
capturing, displaying, and manipulating data
arranged in rows and columns.
• The spreadsheet is one of the most popular uses
of the personal computer.
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4. Spread Sheet
• Spreadsheet is a file made of rows and
columns that help sort data, arrange data
easily, and calculate numerical data.
• What makes a spreadsheet software program
unique is its ability to calculate values using
mathematical formulas and the data in cells.
• A good example of how a spreadsheet may be
utilized is creating an overview of your bank's
balance.
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5. Examples of Spreadsheet Programs
• Today, Microsoft Excel is the most popular and
widely used spreadsheet program, but there are
also many alternatives. Below is a list of
spreadsheet programs that can be used to create
a spreadsheet.
• Google Sheets - (Online and free)
• iWork Numbers - Apple Office Suite
• LibreOffice -> Calc (Free)
• Lotus 1-2-3 (Discontinued)
• Lotus Symphony - Spreadsheets
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6. Spread Sheet
• Microsoft Excel
• OpenOffice -> Calc (Free)
• VisiCalc (Discontinued)
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7. Active Worksheet
• An active worksheet is the worksheet that is
currently open.
For example:
In the picture above, the sheet tabs at the
bottom of the window show "Sheet1", "Sheet2",
and "Sheet3", with Sheet1 being the active
worksheet. The active tab usually has a white
background behind the tab name.
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8. Database
• A database is an organized collection of data.
• It is a collection of schemas, tables, queries,
reports, views, and other objects.
• Database designers typically organize the data to
model aspects of reality in a way that supports
processes requiring information, such as
For example:
Modeling the availability of rooms in hotels in a way
that supports finding a hotel with vacancies.
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9. Database
• A database-management system (DBMS) is a
computer-software application that interacts with
end-users, other applications, and the database
itself to capture and analyze data.
• A general-purpose DBMS allows the definition,
creation, querying, update, and administration of
databases.
• Well-known DBMSs include MySQL, PostgreSQL,
MongoDB, MariaDB, Microsoft SQL Server,
Oracle, Sybase, SAP HANA, MemSQL, SQLite and
IBM DB2.
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10. Database
• A database is a collection of information that is
organized so that it can be easily accessed,
managed and updated.
• Data is organized into rows, columns and tables,
and it is indexed to make it easier to find relevant
information.
• Data gets updated, expanded and deleted as new
information is added.
• Databases process workloads to create and
update themselves, querying the data they
contain and running applications against it.
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11. Centralized Database
• A centralized database (sometimes abbreviated CDB) is a
database that is located, stored, and maintained in a single
location.
• This location is most often a central computer or database
system, for example a desktop or server CPU, or a
mainframe computer.
• In most cases, a centralized database would be used by an
organization (e.g. a business company) or an institution
(e.g. a university.)
• Users access a centralized database through a computer
network which is able to give them access to the central
CPU, which in turn maintains to the database itself.
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12. Centralized Database
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13. Distributed database
• A distributed database is a database in which
portions of the database are stored in multiple
physical locations, and in which processing is
dispersed or replicated among different points
in a network.
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14. Distributed database
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15. Cloud Database
• A cloud database is a database that has been
optimized or built for a virtualized environment,
either in a hybrid cloud, public cloud or private
cloud.
• Cloud databases provide benefits such as the
ability to pay for storage capacity and bandwidth
on a per-use basis, and they provide scalability on
demand, along with high availability.
• A cloud database also gives enterprises the
opportunity to support business applications in a
software-as-a-service deployment.
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16. Cloud Database
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17. Graph database
• A graph-oriented database, or graph database,
is a type of NoSQL database that uses graph
theory to store, map and query relationships.
• Graph databases are basically collections of
nodes and edges, where each node represents
an entity, and each edge represents a
connection between nodes.
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18. Graph database

19. NoSQL database
• NoSQL databases are useful for large sets of
distributed data.
• NoSQL databases are effective for big data
performance issues that relational databases
aren't built to solve.
• They are most effective when an organization
must analyze large chunks
of unstructured data or data that's stored
across multiple virtual servers in the cloud.
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20. Assignment
– Database Relationship and Types.
– Types of Uses.