4. Data vs. Information
Data
A “given,” or fact; a number, a statement, or a
picture
Represents something in the real world
The raw materials in the production of
information
Information
Data that have meaning within a context
Data in relationships
Data after manipulation
5. 1. Basic Concepts.
• What is Data?
• What is Database?
• What is Database Management System?
2. Purpose & Advantages of DBMS.
3. Data Models.
4. DBMS Architecture
• Three Level Architecture
• Overall Architecture
5. Various Components of DBMS.
6. 1. Basic Concepts :-
What is Data?
“Data is a collection of facts from which conclusion
may be drawn.”
In computer science, “data is anything in a form
suitable for use with a computer.” Data is often
distinguished from programs. A program is a set of
instructions that detail a task for the computer to
perform. In this sense, data is thus everything that
is not program code.
Cont….
7. What is Database?
– “A database is a collection of data that is
organized so that its contents can easily be
accessed, managed, and updated.”
– “A database is a collection of data, typically
describing the activities of one or more
related organizations.”
– “Database is a structured collection of
records or data that is stored in a computer
system.”
Cont…
8. Why do we need a database?
•Keep records of our:
1. Clients
2. Staff
3. Volunteers
•To keep a record of activities and
interventions;
•Keep sales records;
•Develop reports;
•Perform research
•Longitudinal tracking
9. What is Database Management System?
A Database Management System (DBMS), or simply a
Database System (DBS) consist of :
- A collection of interrelated and persistent data (usually
referred to as the database (DB)).
- A set of application programs used to access, update
and manage that data (which form the data management
system (MS)).
The goal of a DBMS is to provide an environment that is
both convenient and efficient to use in :
-Retrieving information from the database.
-Storing information into the database.
Cont…
10. What is the ultimate purpose
of a database management
system?
Is to transform
Data Information Knowledge Action
11. History of DBMS
• 1960 – First DBMS designed by Charles Bachman at
GE. IBMs Information Management System (IMS)
• 1970 – Coded introduced the RDBMS
• 1980 – Relational model became popular and
accepted as the main database paradigm. SQL, ANSI
SQL, etc.
• 1980 to 1990 – New data models, powerful query
languages, etc. Popular vendors are Oracle, SQL
Server, IBMs DB2, Informix, etc.
12. Selecting a Database
Management System
Database management systems (or DBMSs)
can be divided into two categories -- desktop
databases and server databases.
• Generally speaking, desktop databases are
oriented toward single-user applications and
reside on standard personal computers (hence
the term desktop).
• Server databases contain mechanisms to
ensure the reliability and consistency of data
and are geared toward multi-user applications.
14. BENEFITS OF DATABASE
APPROACH
Irregularity can be avoided
Data can be shared
Standards can be enforced
Security limits can be applied
Credit can be maintained
Data independence can be provided
Backup and Recovery
Idleness can be reduced
15. Centralized Database
Mainframe
Terminal
Shared file system
(applications & data)
Data access
&
Presentation processing, Cont
rols
16. Distributed Database….
App. Server
Database client Database
Database server(s)
App. client
DBMS
App. client Network
(web browser)
App. client (data) Web server
App. client Shared
Web server Database client
App. server database
App. client
17. RDBMS Relational Databases
Tabular data model: Simple, yet powerful
A Standard easy-to-use query Language: SQL
Mature Products with Reliable, Fault-Tolerant
Operations available
Good Performance
-High number of transactions per second
-Parallel operation for scalability (handle
growth)
Distributed and Replicated Data Bases
-Interoperation, High availability
18. Relational Model:
Tabular Data
Account Name Address Balance
Number
23456 H. Mehta Madhuli, Mumbai 40,000,000
23457 Bill Gates Microsoft Corp 9999,999,999
23458 S.Sudarshan C-148, IIT Powai 1,000
Account
Date Acct Num Debit Credit Balance
1/4/99 23458 2000 3000
1/4/99 23456 2000 3000
Transactions 4/4/99 23456 9000 12000
4/5/99 23456 200000 212000
4/5/99 23458 4000 7000
19. DATA WAREHOUSES
An integrated collection
of data extracted from
operational, historical, a
nd external
database, and
cleaned, transformed, a
nd cataloged for
recovery and
analysis, to provide
business intelligence
for business decision
making.
20. Data Warehouses
Data Warehouses (continued
(continued ...) ...)
Data Marts
• Data Marts
–a a scaled-down versionaof a data warehousefocuses
scaled-down version of data warehouse that that
on a particularasubject areasubject area
focuses on particular
usually designed to support the unique business
– usually designedof a specific department or
requirements to support the unique business
requirements of a specific department or business
business process. Example : Marketing data
process. Example : Marketing data mart
mart
–takes less time to build, costs less,less,less complex
takes less time to build, costs and and less
complex
– the indiscriminate introduction of multiple data marts
with no linkage to each other, or to an enterprise data
the indiscriminate introduction of multiple data
warehouse, will cause problems other, or to an
marts with no linkage to each
enterprise data warehouse, will cause problems
21. Data Warehouses
(continued ...)
Data Mining
provides a means of extracting previously
unknown, predictive information from the base of
accessible data in data warehouses
discovers hidden patterns, correlations, and
relationships among organizational data
predicts future trends and behaviors, allowing
businesses to make proactive, knowledge-driven
decisions
functions of data mining
classification » clustering » association
sequencing » forecasting
24. Types of Data Models
( Based on Logical Data
Structuring )
Hierarchical
Network
Relational
Object Oriented
25. THE HIERARCHICAL MODEL:
The data is sorted hierarchically, using a
downward tree. This model uses pointers to
navigate between stored data. It was the first
DBMS model.
THE NETWORK MODEL:
like the hierarchical model, this model uses
pointers toward stored data. However, it
does not necessarily use a downward tree
structure.
26. THE RELATIONAL MODEL:-
(RDBMS, Relational database management
system): The data is stored in two-dimensional
tables (rows and columns). The data is
manipulated based on the relational theory of
mathematics.
THE OBJECT MODEL:-
(ODBMS, object-oriented database management
system): the data is stored in the form of
objects, which are structures called classes that
display the data within. The fields are instances of
these classes
28. Infrastructure
• Infrastructure is the basic physical and
organizational structures needed for the
operation of a society or enterprise, or the
services and facilities necessary for an
economy to function.
29. IT INFRASTRUCTURE
INTRODUTION :
A computer network is a group of computers
that are connected to each other for the
purpose of communication. A computer network
allows computers to communicate with many
other computers and to share resources and
information.
30. EVOLUTION OF
ITINFRASTUCTURE
1950-2005
• General-purpose mainframe and minicomputer era:
(1959 to present)
• Personal computer era: (1981 to present)
• Client/server era: (1983 to present)
• Enterprise internet computing era: (1992 to present)
• Cloud Computing era (2000 to present)
31. Eras in IT Infrastructure
Evolution
Figure 6-3
32. 1) Mainframe & minicomputer Era
(1959 to present):
• IBM has made first ever computer in 1959
called mainframe computers.
• After six more years IBM 360 series came into
market for commercial use with a powerful
operating system.
33. •The main frame era was a period of highly
centralized computing under the control of
professional programmers and systems
operators.
•Main computers are introduced in 1965 by
Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC).
•It has an advantage of small in size, lower
prices than IBM & customized to specific needs
of individual department of business.
34. 2) Personal Computer Era:
(1981 to present):
•Again, IBM has first introduced IBM PC in 1981.
•Computer is using the DOS operating system, a
text-based command language and later the MS
windows operating system.
•Explosion of PCs in the 1980s and early 1990s
launched software tools – word
processing, spreadsheets, electronic presentation
and small data management programs.
35. 3) Client/Server Era (1983 to Present):
•The client is the user point of entry, where as
the server typically processes and serves up
web pages, or manages network activities.
•The simplest client/ server network consists of
a client computer networked to a server
computer.
•Web server & application server in
corporations.
36. A Multitiered Client/Server
Network (N-Tier)
In a multitier client/server network, client requests
for service are handled by different levels of
servers.
37. 4) Enterprise computing Era
(1992 to Present):
•As in early 1990s networking standards and software tools
improved and internet develop into a trusted
communications, Business firms began seriously using the
Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
networking standard to tie their disparate networks together.
•TCP establishes a connection between the computers and
IP is responsible for the delivery of packets from one to
another PC.
•So, It helps an enterprise-wide network to flow freely all
information across the organization.
•It can link computer hardware, mobile phones, other devices
like telephone systems & internet.
38. 5) Cloud Computing Era (2000 to Present)
– Cloud computing refers to a model of computing
firms and individuals obtain computing power &
software applications over the Internet.
– Hardware firms IBM, HP & Dell are providing
computing power, date storage and high speed
internet connections as well as software firms
such as Google, Microsoft, SAP, Oracle and
salesforce.com provides software applications.
42. Information Technology
Infrastructure
Computer hardware software
data storage technology and networks
providing a portfolio of shared IT
resources for the organization.
43.
44. INFORMATION SYSTEM
ARCHITECTURE
Information systems architecture
provides a combine framework into which
various people with different perspectives
can organize and view the fundamental
building blocks of information systems.
