fundamentals of nano scale and unique properties of nanomaterials for energy applications

1. MEEN 489/689:
Entrepreneurship & Nanomaterials for
Energy Applications
Lecture 4:
Fundamentals of nano length scale &
Unique properties of nanomaterials for
energy applications
James Donnell, Andreas Polycarpou,
Tanil Ozkan, Haejune Kim
Fall 2015
19/8/2015

2. MEEN 489/689 2
Subatomic Atomic Microstructure Macrostructure
9/8/2015
What is nanoscale?
1 nanometer = 10-9 m
diameter of human hair ≈ 100 microns = 10-4 m

3. MEEN 489/689 3
Subatomic structure
~ 2-400 -27 kg
p+: 1.673 -27 kg
n0: 1.675 -27 kg
e-: 9.11 -31 kg
9/8/2015

4. MEEN 489/689 49/8/2015

5. Graphene: Crystalline material 1 layer of atoms thick!
Stronger than steel, and with fast electron transport
5
http://www.materialsviews.com
http://www.nature.com
9/8/2015
Nanotechnology: What is the state of
the art?

6. 69/8/2015
Nanotechnology: What is the state of the art?
M. Peplow, Nature, 525, 19, 3 SEP 2015

7. 7
Nanotechnology: Historical perspective - I
9/8/2015
slideplayer.com/4/1416483/slides/slide_2.jpg
You won’t be tested on this!

8. MEEN 489/689 8
Nanotechnology:
Historical
perspective - II
Development of
the model of
atomic theory with
contributions from
Dalton to
Chadwick
Source: VCEasy.org1/27/2015
You won’t be tested on this!

9. 9
Nanotechnology: Historical perspective - III
9/8/2015
PJS&TO MEEN 222 Intro. Mat. Sci. Lecture Notes
1933
Time independent Schrödinger equation:
1
probability
Distance from nucleus
Bohr atomic
model
Wave-mechanical
model
V = potential energy well
Ψ = electron wave function
Ψ2 gives the probability for
finding an electron in a
given volume.
NOTE: IN MEEN 489/689, WE WILL
ONLY CONSIDER TECHNOLOGICAL
CONSEQUENCES OF QUANTUM
MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF
NANOMATERIALS RATHER THAN
THEORETICAL DERIVATIONS!You won’t be tested on this!

10. 10
Nanotechnology: Historical perspective - IV
9/8/2015
STM Image © IBM
© USPS
Directly adapted from Fig. 1-8, Nanotechnology Demystified, 1st ed.

11. MEEN 489/689 119/8/2015
Nanomaterials: Why do they behave differently?
Attractive energy EA
Net energy EN
Repulsive energy ER
Interatomic separation r
EnergyE
AttractionRepulsion
r0
+
E0
EN = EA + ER
∫ ∫∫
∫
∞ ∞∞
+==
=
r r
AR
r
N drFdrFFdrE
FdrE
Attractive Force FA
Net Force EN
Repulsive force FR
Interatomic separation r
ForceF
RepulsionAttraction
r0
+
-

12. MEEN 489/689 129/8/2015
Nanomaterials: Why do they behave differently?
Directly adapted from Fig. 3-2, Nanotechnology Demystified, 1st ed.

13. MEEN 489/689 139/8/2015
Nanomaterials: Surface-to-volume ratio
© National Nanotechnology Initiative
Same geometry, increasing
number of atoms:
© Royal Society of Chemistry

14. MEEN 489/689 149/8/2015
Nanomaterials: Why do they behave differently?
• Melting Temperature, Tm
Tm is larger if Eo is larger.
ro
r
Energy
larger Tm
smaller Tm
• Coefficient of Thermal
Expansion, α
α depends on the shape of
the potential well.
ro
r
Energy

15. MEEN 489/689 159/8/2015
Nanomaterials:
Alchemy reinvented?

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Nanomaterials: Bulk scale Au vs. nanoscale Au

17. MEEN 489/689 179/8/2015
Nanomaterials: Bulk scale Au vs. nanoscale Au
Ryogo Kubo
1920-1995

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Nanomaterials: Functional properties & some applications
http://brainimaging.waisman.wisc.edu/facilities/MRI.html
http://www.nanotoothbrush.com/benefits.html

19. MEEN 489/689 199/8/2015
Nanomaterials: Technology development strengths
20142006
© Lux Research

20. MEEN 489/689 209/8/2015
NNI: NATIONAL NANOTECHNOLOGY INITIATIVE

21. MEEN 489/689 219/8/2015
2 Examples for Energy Storage Applications
Smart nanobattery
mPhase Technologies, the company behind a nanotechnology-enabled
battery with unlimited shelf life, has posted a video demonstration of its
Smart Nanobattery on YouTube.The video illustrates in layman's
terminology some fundamental concepts behind the smart nano battery.
The company has proven it is possible to fabricate nanotech-based "smart"
batteries, which can store reserve power for decades and generate electric
current virtually on demand.
Video:
http://www.nanowerk.com/nanotechnology/videos/Smart_nanobattery.php

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2 Examples for Energy Storage Applications
http://www.technologyreview.com/sites/default/files/images/3d.printing.gif

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Nanotechnology and Energy: Reading Assignment
nano.gov/sites/default/files/pub_resource/nano_energy_brochure_upload_feb_12_2014.pdf
Read the document
on ‘Nanotechnology
and Energy’
published by the NNI.
Identify with
one/two sentences
an application of
nanotechnology in
energy generation,
conversion,
distribution and
storage. Explain how
you think
nanotechnology
entrepreneurship can
contribute to this
segment.