Genetics Basic Terminology, Dominance, Incomplete Dominance, C0-dominance, Mendel's Laws, Blood Group, Linkage, Morgan Chromosomal Theory, Drosophila

1. Dr. Tahir Abbas Baloch
Ph.D. Zoology (Punjab University, Lahore)
tahirabbasbloch@gmail.com 03339810179
Dr. Tahir Abbas Baloch You Tube
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC-
9mb8kyILhPKKl9PwAdvbw?view_as=subscriber
Lecture Genetics: 10, 11
Genetics, Mendelian Inheritance
Dr. Tahir Abbas Baloch

2. Dr. Tahir Abbas Baloch You Tube
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC-
9mb8kyILhPKKl9PwAdvbw?view_as=subscriber
Dr. Tahir Abbas Baloch

3. A A
B b
HOMOZYGOUS
HETEROZYGOUS
HETEROZYGOUS (AABb)
A A
bB
A A
bB
A A
bB
Un – replicated
Replicated
ALLELES
NOT- ALLELES
NOT- ALLELES
Bacteria, have a single ring of DNA, have one allele per gene per organism
Chiasma/Synaptonemal Complex
Synapse/Synapsis
Centromere
Primary
Constriction
Sec Constriction
Junk Gene –non coding/Heterochromatin/Euchromatin
TELOMERS TELOMERS
Dr. Tahir Abbas Baloch
coupling/cisphase
trans phase
REPULSION PHASE
Crossing Over
Recombinants
*Coupling
Reaction
Sister Chromatids
Daughter Strands
Replicated Forms
transposonorjumpinggene

4. GENES A, B, D, E, F, H, I, R, T, W, X, Y, Z, Rh, SRY, W+…… Dominant Genes
a, b, d, e, f, h, i, r, t, w, X, Y, Z, Rh, SRY, ……….…… Recessive Genes
AA, BB, DD, EE, FF, HH, II, RR, TT, W+ W+, XX, YY, ZZ, …… Allele
Aa, Bb, Dd, Ee, Ff, Hh, Ii, Rr, Tt, W+ w, Xx, Yy, Zz, …………. Allele
aa, bb, dd, ee, ff, hh, ii, rr, tt, w w, xx, yy, zz, ………………... Allele
ALLELES SINGLE ALLES
AA1A2a, BB1b, CC1C2C3, D1D2D3D4 -------------- Multiple Alleles
AaBbCc ---------------------------------------------------- Polygenes/ Polygeny/Polygenic
AA, Aa, aa,
A1A1, AA2,
A1A2, AA1
A1a, A2a
Gene Pool of Populations
A, A1, A2, a
4
Individual = 9
Genes= 2n= 18
AA, Aa, aa,
A2A1, AA1,
A1A1, AA1
A1a, aA1
Gene Flow
A2
AA
A2A1
Bottle Neck Effects
SELECTION
AA, AA2, A2A2, A1A1,
AA2, A1A2, AA1, A1A,
A2A, AA, AA2, A2A2,
A1A1, AA2, A1A2, AA1,
A1A, A2A, A1A2, AA1
A, A1, A2
3
Population Density
PopulationPressure
A
Gene
a
A1
A2
Alles
Mutation
Genetic Diversity
Gene Pool DeclineDr. Tahir Abbas Baloch

5. GENE: sequence of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that encodes the synthesis of a protein.
unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring.
order of genes determines the order of monomers in a polypeptide
the basic physical and functional unit of heredity.
unit of hereditary information that occupies a fixed position on a chromosome.
small sections of DNA within the genome that code for proteins.
bacteria possess more complex arrangements of their gene, than eukaryotes.
plasmids, contain (usually) non-essential genes.
viral genes are mostly present in a single molecule of nucleic acid.
humans have about 20,000 - 25,000 genes
Genome size may be 3,234.83 Mbp (mega-base pairs)
Females have more genes, more complex genome than male due to presence of XX
LOCUS is a fixed position on a chromosome where a r gene or genetic marker is located.
GENE MARKER
(Probe)
DNA MARKER
Molecular Marker
Morphological
Marker
Transposable element (transposon, or jumping gene) is a DNA sequence that can
change its position within a genome.
Gene silencing is regulation of gene in a cell to prevent the expression of a certain gene.
Vector is used to insert the gene into the host genome.
LOCUST
Dr. Tahir Abbas Baloch

6. The Word Gene Coined. Danish botanist Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the
Mendelian units of heredity, appearance of genes as phenotype and existence as genotype.
Mendel is considered father of genetics
He differentiate appearance of an individual (phenotype) and its genetic traits (genotype).
SelfingDusting
Dr. Tahir Abbas Baloch

7. Mendel First Law
Mendel Law of Inheritance
Law of Dominance
Monohybrid Law
Law of Purity of Gametes
Phenotypic Ratio 3: 1
Genotypic Ratio 1: 2: 1
Genotypic Ratio of Homozygous Dominant 1/4
Genotypic Ratio of Heterozygous 2/4 = ½= 0.5
Genotypic Ratio of Homozygous Recessive 1/4
Dr. Tahir Abbas Baloch

8. P 1
F 1
F 2
F 3Dr. Tahir Abbas Baloch

9. 1 : 2 : 2 : 4 : 1 : 2 : 1 : 2 : 19 : 3 : 3 : 1
F 2
F 1
P 1
Dr. Tahir Abbas Baloch

10. AaBb
Dihybrid
aabb
Recessive
AB, Ab, aB, ab
Gametes
ab
Gametes
AaBb, Aabb, aaBb,aabb
1 : 1 : 1 : 1
P 1
F 1
Diallelic Characters
Dihybrid Characters
Test Cross
Complete Dominance
Law of Independent
Assortment
Single Crossing Over
Recombination
Dr. Tahir Abbas Baloch

11. Ratio, Proportion, Probability
Monohybrid First Law Phenotype in F 2 is 3:1, Genotypic 1:2:1
Dihybrid/Second Law Phenotype 9:3:3 :1, Genotype 1:2:2:4:1:2:1:2:1
Incomplete Dominance Phenotype & Genotype 1:2:1
Trihybrid/Polygeny Phenotype 1:6:15:20:15:6:1
Monohybrid First Law, Phenotype in F 1 is 1:1:1:1
Dihybrid Second Law, Phenotype in F 1 is 1:1:1:1
Trihybrid Second Law, Phenotype in F 1 is 1:1:1:1
Test Cross for Homozygous is always 100%
Test Cross for Heterozygous is # 100%Dr. Tahir Abbas Baloch

12. T t Aa Bb Rr Yy Complete Dominance
Dominant 100 % in F1, Recessive in F 1 0 %
R1 R2 R1R2 In Complete Dominance
Dominant 50 % in F1, Recessive in F 1 50 %
A B AB
Dominant 100 % in F1, Recessive in F 1 100 %
Co-Dominance
A a
Traits - I
Traits - II
Pleiotropy
Chromosome 9 Chromosome 19
EPISTASIS Non-Homologous Dominance
Polygeny/Contineously Varying Traits
AaBbCc
F 1
F 2
1:6:15:20:15:6:1
Multiple Allele
Blood Group
Gene ABO
Dr. Tahir Abbas Baloch

13. Dr. Tahir Abbas Baloch
The Chromosomal Theory of inheritance, by Sutton and Boveri, states chromosomes are
the vehicles of genetic heredity. Neither Mendelian genetics nor gene linkage is perfectly
accurate; instead, chromosome behavior involves segregation, independent assortment,
and occasionally, linkage.
Chromosomal Theory
chromosomes as the genetic material responsible for Mendelian inheritance.
genes at specific locations on chromosomes, regulate the behavior of chromosomes
Gene theory is the idea that genes are the basic units in which characteristics are passed
from one generation to the next. Genes themselves are the basic units of heredity.
Neutral Gene theory, the behavior of mutant genes in populations is determined by
random genetic drift/bottle neck effect.

14. T. H . Morgan
Thomas Hunt Morgan was an American evolutionary biologist, geneticist, embryologist, and won the
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1933 for the role the chromosome plays in heredity.
Linus Carl Pauling was an American chemist, biochemist, chemical engineer, peace activist, author, and educator.
F. Crick British molecular biologist, biophysicist, and neuroscientist, proposing the double helix DNA molecule.
Har Gobind Khorana, specialized in the study of proteins and nucleic acids, Nobel Prize in Physiology of Medicine
with Robert W. Holley (1922 ) for discoveries related to the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis .
Bobbed Genes' (bb) mutation in Drosophila, which have direct correlation between bristle size and ribosomal
RNA (rRNA) synthesis, and the bb mutation was at first explained as a deficiency of rRNA genes (rDNA).

15. LINK
Gene to Gene Linkage Gene to Chromosome Link
Genetic Linkage
Linkage Group
Homologous Pairs
Genes of Chromatid
Autosomal Linkage Sex Linked Genes
Male = Female Male # Female
X-Linked Genes Y-Linked Genes
Only in MaleX-Linked Dominant Genes
X-Linked Recessive GenesMale ≥ Female
Female ≥ Male
Pseudoautosomal Gene
on mammalian X and Y
chromosomes e.g.
Mammary Gland Genes
Hemophilia
Red-green
Blindness
White Eye
Color in
Drosophila
Baldness
Hypophosphatemic ricket

16. X X
W+ W+
Female Red Eye
X X
W+ w
Hetrozygous, Carrier Female Red Eye
X Y
W+
Male Red Eye
X X
w w
Female White Eye
X Y
w
Male white Eye
X X
X , X
Eggs
X Y
X , Y
Sperms
HOMOGAMETIC HETROGAMETIC
WILD TYPE (Red Eye)
3AA: XO Male
3AA:XY Male
3A:XY Metamale
3AA:XXY Female
3AA;XX Female

18. X X
W+ W+
Female Red Eye
X X
W+ w
Female Red Eye
X X
w w
Female White Eye
X Y
W+
Male Red Eye
X Y
w
Male White Eye
Female/Male Red Eye Female/Male Red Eye
2 Female/1 Male Red Eye
2 Female Red Eye
2 Male White Eye
1 Male White Eye
Female/Male Red Eye
Female / Male White Eye
Female / Male White Eye
Parental Cross Test Cross
Test Cross
Back Cross
Reciprocal Cross Confirmatory Cross
Self Cross = F 1 x F 1
= F 2 x F 2
X X
W+ W+
Female Red Eye
X X
W+ w
Hetrozygous, Carrier Female Red Eye
X Y
W+
Male Red Eye
X X
w w
Female White Eye
X Y
w
Male white Eye
Dr. Tahir Abbas Baloch

19. X X
W+ w
Hetrozygous, Carrier Female Red Eye
X Y
w
Male white Eye
X X
W+ W+
Female Red Eye
X Y
w
Male white Eye
Parental Cross P 1
X , X
W+ W+
X , Y
w
X X
W+ w
Hetrozygous, Carrier Female Red Eye
X Y
W+
Male Red Eye
SelfCrossF1xF1
X , X
W+ w
X , Y
W+
X X
W+ W+
Female Red Eye
X Y
W+
Male Red Eye
X X
W+ w
Hetrozygous, Carrier Female Red Eye F 2
X X
W+ w
Hetrozygous, Carrier Female Red Eye
X Y
w
Male White Eye
TEST CROSS
X , X
W+ w
X , Y
w
Gametes by Meiosis
X X
W+ w
Hetrozygous, Carrier Female Red Eye
X Y
W+
Male Red Eye
X X
w w
Female White Eye
X Y
w
Male White Eye
X Y
w
Male White Eye
RECIPROCAL
CROSSX X
w w
Female
White Eye
X Y
W+
Male Red Eye
X , X
w w
X , Y
W+
P1 = F(R) x M (W) → 2 F (R,C), 2 M (R)
Parental Cross 2:2, 1: 1, 100 %
F1xF1 = F(R,C) x M (R) → 1 F (R,C), 1 M (R)
Self Cross 1 F (R) , 1 M (W)
3:1 (R,W)/75%, 25%, 100% (F), 50% (M)
Test Cross = F(R,C) x M (W) → 1 F (R,C), 1 M (R)
1 F (W) , 1 M (W)
2:2 (R,W) or 1: 1 50% (F), 50% (M)
Reciprocal Cross = F(W) x M (R) → 2 F (R,C), 2 M (W)
1:1 (R,W) or 50%, 100% (F), 100% (M)
One gene one enzyme
One gene polypeptide
Sex Determination
Chromosomal Theory
Gene Theory
Sutton Theory
T.H Morgan Work
X-Linked Recessive Trait Page Prepared By Dr. Tahir Abbas
F 1

20. X X
W+ W+
Female Red Eye
X Y
w
Male White Eye
Gametes
X , X
W+ W+
X , Y
w
X X
W+ w
Female Red Eye
Carrier
X Y
W+
Male Red Eye
2 : 2
1 : 1
ParentalCross
Reciprocal Cross
Dr. Tahir Abbas Baloch

21. Gene recombination is naturally occurring during meiosis in eukaryotes, involves the pairing of homologous
chromosomes and information transfer between the chromosomes.
A
B
a
b
AB ab Ab aB
AB ab
Non-Parental α Crossing Over α Recombination α Genetic Map α Gene Distance
A B
20
A B
20
C
15
35
A B
15
A B
15
C
?
55
? = 40
Dr. Tahir Abbas Baloch

22. A
B
AB
O
IA IA
IA i
IB IB
IB i
IA IB
ii
+
DD
Dd _
dd
+
DD
Dd _
dd
+
DD
Dd _
dd
+
DD
Dd _
dd
PHENOTYPES
GENOTYPE (ABO)GENOTYPE (ABO-Rh)
12
6
4
Dr. Tahir Abbas Baloch

23. DD Dd dd
DDDddd
+
+, -
-
+ + _
+
+
_
FATHER
MOTHER
OFFSPRINGS
DD +
Dd +
dd _
+ -h h
Dr. Tahir Abbas Baloch

24. I I
A A
I i
A
I I
B B
I i
B
I I
A B
i i
H H
H h
h h
A
A
O
B
B
O
AB
AB
O
O
O
O
9
19
EPISTASIS
BOMBAY
PHENOTYPE
ABO GroupDr. Tahir Abbas Baloch

25. I I
A A
I i
A
I I
B B
I i
B
I I
A B
i i9
I I
A A DD Dd dd DD Dd dd DD Dd dd DD Dd dd DD Dd dd DD Dd dd
I i
A
I I
B B
I i
B
I I
A B
i i
1
DD,Dd,dd
DD,Dd,dd
DD,Dd,dd
DD,Dd,dd
DD,Dd,ddDD,Dd,dd
Dr. Tahir Abbas Baloch

26. i
O A B AB
O
A
B
AB
O +
A -
A+
A+
AB+B - B+ AB -
AB+
AB-
B -
B+
A -O -
O +
O -
ii, dd, hh ii, DD, Dd, HH, Hh IAIA, IAi, dd, Hh, hh IAIA, IAi, DD, Dd, Hh, hh IBIB, IBi, dd, Hh, hh IBIB, IBi, DD, Dd, Hh, hh IAIB, dd, Hh, hh IAIB, DD, Dd, Hh, hh
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
YesYesYes
Yes
Yes
Yes
A+ A-
O+ O-
O-
O+
O-
A- O-
A+
A-
O+
O-
B- O-
B+
B-
O+
O-
A-
B-
A+ A-
B-
O+ O-
O+
A- O-
A+ O+
O-
A+
A-
O+
O-
B+
B+ O+
B- O-
B+ O+
B- O-
A+ B+
A- B-
A+ B+
A- B-
A- O-
A+ O+
A- O-
A- O-
A+ O+
A- O-
A- B-
AB- O-
A+ B+ AB+ O+
A- B- AB- O-
A- B-
AB-
A+ B+ AB+
A- B- AB-
A+ O+
A- O-
A+ O+
A- O-
A+ O+
A- O-
A+ B+AB+O+
A- B-AB- O-
A+ B+AB+ O+
A- B- AB- O-
A+ B+ AB+
A- B- AB-
A+ B+ AB+
A- B- AB-
B- O-
B+ O+
B- O-
A- B-
AB- O-
A+B+AB+O+
A-B-AB-O-
B- O-
B+ O+
B- O-
A- B- AB-
A+ B+ AB+
A- B- AB-
B+ O+
B- O-
B+ O+
B- O-
A+B+AB+ O+
A- B- AB- O-
A+B+AB+ O+
A- B- AB- O-
B+ O+
A- O-
B+ O+
A- O-
A+ B+ AB+
A- B- AB-
A+ B+ AB+
A- B- AB-
A-
O-
A+ B+
A- B-
A- B-
AB-
A+ B+ AB+
A- B- AB-
A- B- AB-
A+ B+ AB+
A- B- AB-
A- B- AB-
A+ B+ AB+
A- B- AB-
A+ A-
B+ B-
A+ A-
B+ B-
A+ B+ AB+
A- B- AB-
A+ B+ AB+
A- B- AB-
A+ B+ AB+
A- B- AB-
A+ B+ AB+
A- B- AB-
A+ B+ AB+
A- B- AB-
A+ B+ AB+
A- B- AB-
B
l
o
o
d
T
r
a
n
s
f
u
s
i
o
n
Dr. Tahir
Abbas
BalochDr. Tahir Abbas Baloch

27. Dr. Tahir Abbas Baloch
DD dd
D d
Dd
+
-
+
+
+
+
anti-Rho(D) test / positive

28. 3AA: XO M
3AA : XY M
3AA: XX F
3AA:XXY F
3AA: XXX F
Sex Determination in Drosophila
X:A Ratio System

29. 1. The ___________ is considered as father of genetics.
a) Darwin c) Lamarck d) Malthusb) Mendel
1. The ___________ is considered as father of nucleic acid.
a) Darwin b) Mendel c) Lamarck
1. The physical and structural unit of inheritance is _________
a) DNA b) Chromosome c) Gene d) Nucleotide
The __________ is the basic unit of chromosome and chromatin.
a) Nucleotide b) Nucleosome c) Gene d) Genome
The genetic code is AUG, then its decoding anticode is ________
a) TAC b) ATC c) UAC d) UAG
Which of the following is a correct definition of genetics?
Transmission of traits from parent to offspring
Study of variation between members of a species
Study of DNA Genes and traits determined by genes
If coding strand is AATTCCGCTA then mRNA will be __
a) AAUUCCGCTA b) TTUUGGCGAT c) AAUUCCGCUA
d) TTAAGGCGAT
1. The _____________ store information for protein synthesis.
DNA Cytoplasm r RNA t RNA
d) Friedrich Miescher
Dr. Tahir Abbas Baloch

30. Fingers / Toes = 5
Bone in Left Palm = 5
Bone in Right Palm = 5
Bone in Left Sole = 5
Bone in Right Sole = 5
Lumbar Vertebrae = 5
Kingdoms of Bio = 5
Prime End of DNA = 5
Head of m RNA = 5
Common Senses = 5
3rd Prime Number = 5
Starfish Appendages = 5
Pentemerous Petals = 5
Pentadactyl = 5
Lobes of Lungs = 5
Adenine = C5H5N5
Pillar of Islam = 5
Namaz/Azan = 5
Panjantan e Pak = 5
Ribs on Left Side = 12
Ribs on Right Side = 12
Thoracic Vertebrae = 12
Pair of Cranial Nerves = 12
Light Reactions = 12
Water Used = 12
Non Cyclic Reactions = 12
ATP Cyclic Reactions = 12
NADH Cyclic Reactions = 12
Photolysis = 12
O atom produced = 12
Duodenum length inch = 12
One foot have inches = 12
Heart Chakra Petals = 12
Max wind speed hurricane = 12
Months of Year = 12
Footballs Players = 12
Hours = 12
Imam = 12
Sure-e-Yusuf = 12
Facial Bones of Man = 14
Phalanges of Left Hand = 14
Phalanges of Right Hand = 14
Phalanges of Left Foot = 14
Phalanges of Right Foot = 14
Pea Plant Chromosomes = 14
Woodlouse legs = 14
Catalan Number = 14
Companion Pell Number = 14
Atomic Wt of Nitrogen = 14
Electrons of f = 14
Holy Helpers = 14
Muqatta (Quran) = 14
Masoomen (Infallibles) = 14
5 12
14
Dr. Tahir Abbas Baloch