The document discusses various tools used for research in education such as questionnaires, checklists, rating scales, observation, interviews, and psychological tests. It provides details on different types of rating scales (e.g. Likert scale), attitude scales, semantic differential scales, and opinionnaires. It also describes tools like aptitude tests, inventories, observations, interviews, and schedules. Further, it covers topics like item analysis, Cronbach's alpha, t-tests, correlation, difficulty value, and discrimination index which are used to evaluate tools. It concludes by listing some online survey tools like Google Forms, Survey Monkey, and Zoho Survey.

1. TOOLS OF RESEARCH
K.THIYAGU, Assistant Professor,
Department of Education,
Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod Thiyagu 1

2. • Introduction
• Tools
• Rating Scale
• Opionnaire
• Checklist
• Aptitude test
• Inventory
• Observation
• Interview
• Schedule
• Item Analysis
• Steps for Item
Analysis
• Cronbach‟s Alpha
• „t‟-test
• Correlation
• DV & DI
• Online Survey Tools
Objectives
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3. Tools of Research in Education
Inquiry
Forms
Questionnaire
Checklist
Score-card
Schedule
Rating scale
Opinionnaire
Attitude scale
Observation Interview Sociometry
Psychological
Test
Achievement
Aptitude
Intelligence
Interest
inventory
Personality
Measures
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4. Rating Scale
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5. Rating Scales
Rating scales record judgment or opinions
and indicates the degree or amount of
different degrees of quality which are
arranged along a line is the scale.
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6. Common wordings for Category Scales
Quality
Very Good Fairly Good Neither Good nor Bad Not Very Good Not good at all
Excellent Good Fair Poor -
Importance
Very Important Fairly Important Neutral Not so important Not at all important
Satisfaction
Very Satisfied Somewhat
Satisfied
Neither Satisfied nor
dissatisfied
Somewhat
dissatisfied
Very dissatisfied
Very Satisfied Quite Satisfied - Somewhat
satisfied
Not at all satisfied
Interest
Very Interested Somewhat Interested Not very Interested
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7. Category Scales
Frequency
All of the time Very often Often Sometimes Hardly ever
Very often Often Sometimes Rarely never
All of the time Most of the time - Some of the time Just now and then
Attitude Scale
Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree
Truth
Very True Somewhat True Not very true Not at all true
Definitely true More true than false More false than true Definitely not true
Performance
Distinguished Excellent Commendable Adequate Poor
Outstanding Satisfactory UnsatisfactoryThiyagu 7

8. Attitude Scale
Attitude scale is the device by which
the feelings or beliefs or persons are
described and measured indirectly
through securing their responses to
a set of favorable statement.
Thurston and Likert scale are
commonly adopted for attitude
scaling.
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9. Likert Method
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10. Semantic Differential Scale
Semantic differential scale is a seven point scale and the end points of the scale
are associated with bipolar labels. This scale helps to determine overall
similarities and differences among objects.
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11. Graphic Rating Scales
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12. Emoji Rating Scale
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13. Ladder Scale
Worst Possible Life
Best Possible Life
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14. Star Rating Scale
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15. Opinionnaire
Opinionnaire is a special form of inquiry. It is used by the
researcher to collect the opinion of sample of populations.
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16. Checklist
Checklist is a selected list of words,
phrases, sentences and paragraphs
following which an observer records a
check mark to denote a presence or
absence of whatever is being observed.
It calls for a simple yes / no judgments.
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17. Aptitude Test
Aptitude test are psychological tests attempt to product the
capacities or the degree of achievement expected from individuals
in a particular activity. The purpose is to test a candidate‟s profile.
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18. Inventory
• Inventory is a list, or record containing traits, preferences, attitudes,
interests or abilities used to evaluate personal characteristics or skills.
• Strong‟s vocational interest inventory is an example of interest inventory.
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19. Observation Method
• Observation method is a technical in
which the behaviour research subjects
is watched and recorded without any
direct contact. It deals with the overt
behaviour of persons in controlled or
uncontrolled situations. Thiyagu 19

20. Interview
Interview is an oral type
of questionnaire where
the subject supplies the
needed information in a
face to face situation.
It is specially appropriate
for dealing with your
children, illiterates, dull
and the abnormal.
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21. Schedule
A schedule is a structure of a set of questions on a given
topic which are asked by the interviewer or investigator
personally. It is a plan or guide line for investigation.
The order of questions, the language of the questions and
the arrangement of parts of the schedule are not changed.
However, the investigator can explain the questions if the
respondent faces any difficulty. It contains direct questions
as well as questions in tabular form.
Schedule include open-ended questions and close-ended questions.
• Open-ended questions allow the respondent considerable freedom in answering.
• Close-ended questions have to be answered by the respondent by choosing an answer from the
set of answers given under a question just by ticking.Thiyagu 21

22. Types of Schedule
Observation Schedule
This is a type of schedule
having questions which
guide an observer
systematically.
Rating Schedule.
It is also a set of questions
helps to guide a psychologist
or sociologist to measure
the attitude and behavior of
an individual.
Survey Schedule.
This type of schedule is
formulated for a surveyor
to guide him for his
information‟s collection.
Interview Schedule.
It is a set of questions
with structured
answers to guide an
interviewer.
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23. Tool Constructions - Steps
Final Draft
Reliability & Validity
Reliability: Test retest, Split Half, Cronbach Validity: Face, Content, etc.
Pilot Study
Item Analysis Accept / Reject Statements
Preliminary Draft
Overlapping items – modified (Guide & investigator) Number of statement, scales, (Preliminary Draft)
Item Writing
Positive & Negative Statements Cover the content / dimensions
Planning
Study of books, articles & Experts Discussion List out the Statement
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24. Item Analysis
Item analysis is a statistical technique which is used for selecting and rejecting the
items of the test on the basis of their difficulty value and discriminated power.
Objectives of Item Analysis
• To select appropriate items for the final
draft
• To obtain the information about the
difficulty value (D.V) of all the items
• To provide discriminatory power (D.I)
to differentiate between capable and
less capable examinees for the items
• To provide modification to be made in
some of the items
• To prepare the final draft properly (
easy to difficult items)
Steps of Item analysis
• Arrange the scores in
descending order
• Separate two sub groups of the
test papers
• Take 27% of the scores out of
the highest scores and 27% of
the scores falling at bottom
• Count the number of right
answer in highest group (R.H)
and count the no of right answer
in lowest group (R.L)
• Count the non-response (N.R)
examineesThiyagu 24

25. Cronbach‟s Alpha Value
Cronbach's alpha is a measure of internal consistency, that is, how closely related a set of
items are as a group. It is considered to be a measure of scale reliability. A "high" value
for alpha does not imply that the measure is unidimensional.
MSE = Mean Score Error; MSB= Mean Score Between group
Spss demoExcel demo
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26. Step 1. Click Analyze > Scale > Reliability Analysis... on the top menu, as shown below:
Spss demoExcel demo
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27. Step 2: You will be presented with
the Reliability Analysis dialogue box, as
shown below:
Step 3: Transfer the
variables Qu1 to Qu9 into the Items: box. You
can do this by drag-and-dropping the
variables into their respective boxes or by
using the button. You will be presented with
the following screen:
Spss demoExcel demo
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28. Step 4: Click on the „statistics‟ button, which
will open the Reliability Analysis:
Statistics dialogue box, as shown below:
Step 5: Select the Item, Scale and Scale if item
deleted options in the –Descriptive for– area, and
the Correlations option in the –Inter-Item– area, as
shown below:
Step 6: Continue & OK
Spss demoExcel demo
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29. „t‟ Test
Independent sample „t‟ test
Comparing low and high group
Spss demoExcel demo
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30. Step 1: Click Analyze > Compare Means > Independent-Samples T Test... on the top menu, as shown below:
Spss demoExcel demo
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31. Group(? ?)
Group(? ?)
Statement 1
Statement 2
Statement 3
.
.
Statement n
Statement 1
Statement 2
Statement 3
.
.
Statement n
Spss demoExcel demo
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32. Spss demoExcel demo
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33. Correlation
Karl Pearson's Coefficient of Correlation
     2222
)(





YYNXXN
YXXYN
r
The item total correlation is a correlation between the question score and the overall
assessment score. It is expected that if a participant gets a question correct they should, in
general, have higher overall assessment scores than participants who get a question wrong.
This relationship in psychometrics is called „discrimination‟ referring to how well a question
differentiates between participants who know the material and those that do not know the
material.
Values for an item-total correlation (point-biserial) between 0 and 0.19 may indicate that the
question is not discriminating well, values between 0.2 and 0.39 indicate good discrimination,
and values 0.4 and above indicate very good discrimination.
Spss demoExcel demoThiyagu 33

34. Difficulty Value (D.V)
“The difficulty value of an item is defined as the proportion or percentage
of the examinees who have answered the item correctly” - J.P. Guilford
The formula for difficulty value (D.V)
D.V = (R.H + R.L)/ (N.H + N.L)
R.H – rightly answered in highest group
R.L - rightly answered in lowest group
N.H – no of examinees in highest group
N.L - no of examinees in lowest group
In case non-response examinees available means,
The formula for difficulty value (D.V)
D.V = (R.H + R.L)/ [(N.H + N.L)- N.R]
R.H – rightly answered in highest group
R.L - rightly answered in lowest group
N.H – no of examinees in highest group
N.L - no of examinees in lowest group
N.R – no of non-response examineesThiyagu 34

35. Discrimination Index (D.I)
“Index of discrimination is that ability
of an item on the basis of which the
discrimination is made between
superiors and inferiors”
- Blood and Budd (1972)
Zero discrimination or No discrimination
The item of the test is answered correctly or know the answer by all the examinee‟s.
An item is not answered correctly any of the examinee.
Positive discrimination index
An item is correctly answered by superiors and is
not answered correctly by inferiors. The
discriminative power range from +1 to -1.
Negative discrimination index
An item is correctly answered by inferiors and is
not answered correctly by superiors.
Types of Discrimination Index (D.I)
The formula for discrimination index(D.I)
D.I = (R.H - R.L)/ (N.H or N.L)
R.H – rightly answered in highest group
R.L - rightly answered in lowest group
N.H – no of examinees in highest group
N.L - no of examinees in lowest group
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36. Range of
Difficulty Index
Interpretation Action
0 – 0.25 Difficult Revise or
discard
0.26 – 0.75 Right difficulty Retain
0.76 - above Easy Revise or
discard
Discrimination
Index
Item Evaluation
≥0.40 Very good items
0.30 - 0.39 Reasonably good but subject to
improvement
0.20 – 0.29 Marginal items , need improvement
<0.19 Poor items . Rejected or revised
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37. Reliability Interpretation
.90 and above Excellent reliability; at the level of the best standardized tests.
.80 - .90 Very good for a classroom test
.70 - .80 Good for a classroom test; in the range of most. There are probably a few
items which could be improved.
.60 - .70 Somewhat low. This test should be supplemented by other measures (e.g.,
more test) for grading.
.50 - .60 Suggests need for revision of test, unless it is quite short (ten or fewer
items). The test definitely needs to be supplemented by other measures
(e.g., more tests) for grading.
.50 or below Questionable reliability. This test should not contribute heavily to the
course grade, and it needs revision.
Reliability Interpretation
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38. Best Survey Tools:
Create Awesome Surveys For Free!
• Google Forms
• Survey Monkey
• Typeform
• Zoho Survey
• Survey Gizmo
• Survey Planet
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39. Google Forms
• Unlimited surveys
• Unlimited respondents
• Survey answers and data are automatically
collected in Google Spreadsheets
• Lots of theme options
• Add images or videos
• Imbed survey into emails or website
• Add collaborators
• 100% free!
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40. Survey Monkey
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41. Typeform
The free version, nicknamed the CORE plan,
has a ton to offer, including:
• Unlimited questions
• Unlimited answers
• Data export
• Custom design themes or choose from
templates
• Basic reporting
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42. Zoho Survey
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43. Survey Gizmo
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44. Survey Planet
The free version of Survey Planet is offering:
• Unlimited surveys
• Unlimited questions
• Unlimited respondents
• Survey theme options
• Survey embedding
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45. Kaizala
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46. Acknowledgements
My teachers (SXCE), My Guide , My Students
Source – Books / Images
Google
Thank You Jai Bharath!
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