RESEARCH TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES

1. RESEARCH TOOLS AND
TECHNIQUES
Dr. Samson R. Victor
Assistant Professor, Department of Education
Indira Gandhi National Tribal University Amarkantak
9916600463
samson.victor@igntu.ac.in

2. RESEARCH PROCESS
Research Problem
Literature Review
Research Question/Objectives
Research Design(Quantitative / Qualitative)
Sampling, Instruments(tool) & Data collection
Data Analysis
Discussion, Conclusion and Future Research

3. RESEARCH TOOL
Research Tool = Specific Mechanism or
Strategy. The researcher uses to collect,
manipulate or interpret data.

4. Tools of Data Collection
Tools of
Data
Collection
Questionnaire Rating Scale
Check List
Attitude Scales
Tests Inventory

5. Techniques of Data Collection
Techniques of
Data
Collection
Interview
Observation

6. QUESTIONNAIRE
“A questionnaire is a systematic compilation of questions that are
submitted to a sampling of population from which information is
desired.” Barr, Davis & Johnson

7. Structured & Un-structured
A structured questionnaire contains definite, concrete
and directed questions.
A structured questionnaires help to collect quantitative
data.

8. Structured & Un-structured
Un-structured questionnaires one may consist of
partially completed questions or statements.
Unstructured questionnaire is often used as the
interview guide, which is nondirective.
unstructured questionnaires help to collect Qualitative
data.

9. CLOSED FORM & OPEN FORM
The questions that call for short check responses are
known as restricted or closed form type. They provide
for marking a ' yes or no' short response. It restricts the
choice of response for the respondent.
The open form including open end or unrestricted type
of questions calls for a free b response in the
respondent's own words. No clues are provided. It
probably provides for greater depth of response.

10. Rating Scale
"Rating is a term applied to expression of opinion or judgments regarding some
situation, object or character. Opinions are usually expressed on a scale of values.
Rating techniques are devices by which such judgments may be quantified - Barr,
et. al (1953),

11. Types Rating Scale
1. Numerical Rating Scale : One of the simplest type of rating scales is that
where the rater checks a number to indicate the degree to which a
characteristic is present.

12. Types Rating Scale
Descriptive Rating Scale: This rating form uses descriptive phrases to identify
the points on a graphic scale.

13. Types Rating Scale
Graphic Rating Scale The distinguishing feature of the graphic rating scale
is that each characteristic is followed by a horizontal line. The rater's
evaluation is indicated by placing a check or cross on a line to indicate
presence or absence of a given trait.

14. Types Rating Scale
Ranking Methods Some rating procedures do not require a printed scale.
Probably the most applicable and best known of these is the simple rank order
method. With this approach, the pupils (or products) being rated are merely
ranked in the order in which the rater estimates they possess the
characteristics being judged.

15. LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
Interval Scale: Interval Scale is similar to ordinal scale but, there is a slight
difference. Here the assigned numbers have order like ordinal but there are also
equal intervals between adjacent categories.
Example: Likert scale
Completely agree: Somewhat agree Neutral Somewhat disagree Completely
disagree
Very much, Somewhat, Neither, Somewhat, Very much
Ratio Scale: Ratio Scale is like interval Scale but, in addition it has a 0 point and
ratio can be calculated
Example: Height & Weight

16. Characteristics and Criteria for Selection of a Good
Tool
Validity
Reliability
Objectivity
Adequacy
Usability

17. VALIDITY
A good research tool must actually measure what it is
supposed to measure.
A test is valid, if it meets the purpose for which it was
designed. Validity is basic, we may consider validity in terms
of categories such as high, moderate or low validity.
Furthermore validity is specific, a test may be valid for one
purpose but not valid for another. A data collection tool must
be a valid one.

18. Reliability
A reliable test is one which measures accurately and
consistently. If a reliable test is given two or three times to the
same group, each person in the group should get
approximately the same score on all occasions.
Reliability is a statistical concept. To determine the reliability
of a test, it must be administered to a group of individuals
under appropriate circumstances. Reliability can be expressed
by a correlation coefficient.

19. Objectivity
A test is objective when the examiner's personal judgement
does not affect the scoring. An objective test is one for which
the items can readily be scored as right or wrong. Such item
types as multiple choice, matching, true-false are objective.
Objectivity is a prerequisite to reliability in a test. Objective
judgements are accurate and hence tend to be reliable. Hence
data collection tool must be objective.

20. Adequacy
The careful test maker never assumes that the instrument he
has constructed is capable of measuring all of the factual
knowledge or skills that a Individual has acquired in a course .
Adequacy is a prerequisite to the reliability as well as to
validity of a test. Hence the data collection tool must be
adequate.

21. Usability
Usability or practicality is an important criterion for assessing
the value of a test. Usability of a test depends upon a number
of factors.
i) Ease of Administration
ii) Ease of Scoring
iii) Ease of Interpretation
iv) Economical

22. THANK
YOU !