Infrastructure Services

1. BASIC SERVICES & SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
Presented by – Taha Padrawala & Ketan Shah

2. The physical components of interrelated systems providing
commodities and services essential to enable, sustain, or enhance
societal living conditions.
Infrastructure
Basic/Civic Services Utilities Social Infrastructure Amenities
Utility Systems:
• Water supply
• Sewerage
• Solid Waste
Management
• Storm Water
Drainage
• Electricity
• Street lights
Buildings:
• Health
• Education
• Fire stations
• Police
• Post
• Community
halls
• Petrol Pumps
Transport Systems:
• Roads/Streets
• Highways
• Mass transit
• Bridges etc.
Amenities:
• Open Spaces
• Gardens

3. KEY QUESTIONS:
 Is infrastructure important (city/citizens)? If so, why?
 Who provides these infrastructure & what are its types?
 What are the criteria to judge infrastructure facility –
good or not-so-good?
 How do these infrastructure facilities functions within a
municipal area?
 Class exercises

4. KEY POLITICAL DISCUSSIONS
Infrastructure Service Delivery Mechanism: Public Vs. Private
Infrastructure provision: Collective vs. Individual
Infrastructure Distribution: Adequacy, Equity and Sustainability

5. Is infrastructure important (city/citizens)? If so, why?

6. People NEED infrastructure:
• Basic for all survival ACTIVITIES
• Necessary for any ECONOMY to function
Infrastructure

7. Nuisance – Mapping

8. Nuisance – Causes
Ward, typically have good areas & not-so-good areas -----> NUISANCES
 Civic Sense
• Ignorance and carelessness
• Awareness
• No / inadequate support infrastructure
• No limitations assigned like fines/charges etc.
 Infrastructure
• Lack of infrastructure
• Insufficient/ inadequate / improper
• Technical problems
• Design issues
• Resource constraints etc.

9. People NEED infrastructure:
• Basic for all survival ACTIVITIES
• Necessary for any ECONOMY to function
• To eradicate NUISANCES
Infrastructure – Citizen’s Need
Provide infrastructure
Service Delivery
Mechanism
Public or Private
Provision
Collective or Individual
Allocation & Distribution
Adequate?
Equity?
Sustainability?

10. Let’s assume a situation where
Your ward has no infrastructure provision
Or
Provided, but fails……

11. Municipal school no.1 at Noble nagar, Ahmedabad
Education facilities…. Not good / up-to-mark

12. Education facilities…. Not good / up-to-mark

13. Education facilities…. Not good / up-to-mark

14. Education facilities…. Not good / up-to-mark

15. Education facilities…. Not good / up-to-mark
Fundamental Right - ‘Right to education’
Imply, Right to ‘bare-minimum quality’
Non-uniform distribution, Accessibility,
Differential opportunities, Sustainability, etc.
Private Education – encourage?

16. Water supply …. Not there / fails

17. Water supply …. Not there / fails

18. Water supply …. Not there / fails

19. Water supply …. Not there / fails
Private Tankers
Private Borewells
But
WATER IS A COMMON RESOURCE
SO
EVERYONE SHOULD HAVE EQUAL RIGHTS

20. Water supply …. Not there / fails
Ahmedabad
• Borewells main source of water – 30%
• AMC – 500 + borewells
• Private borewells estimated – more than30,000
• BPMCAct – approval of municipal commissioner must be obtained
• Thousands of illegal borewells in the city.

21. Water supply …. Not there / fails
Effects:
• According to Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) –
- 1997 – GW depth 63 meters
- 2006 – GW depth 105 meters
- 2007 – GW depth 97 meters
- 2011 – GW depth around 100 meters
- Reveals that ground water levels in Ahmedabad have dropped
steeply.
• Shallow aquifer (unconfined aquifer) zones – dry
• Extraction – uneconomical for domestic use
• Drying up of lakes (e.g. Chandlodia)
• Extract groundwater economically even for domestic use
• Deterioration in groundwater quality
• Narmada water - not a good long term solution (expensive with
population growth)
WATER RESOURE DEPLETION ---->ACUTE WATER SHORTAGE

22. Rely on private infrastructure facilities…..
• Costly, so unaffordable for many
• Time consuming
• Un-reliable
• Quantity
• Quality ?
• Unequal distribution
UN-SUSTAINABLE
Infrastructure – Citizen’s Need

23. People NEED infrastructure:
• To eradicate NUISANCES
Infrastructure – Citizen’s Need
Public or Private
Collective or Individual
Equity?
Sustainability?
Adequate?
Public or Private
Collective or Individual
Equitable
• Basic for all survival ACTIVITIES
Sustainable
• Necessary for any ECONOMY to function……
Adequate ?

24. Provision of ‘good’ public infrastructure facilities would reduce
• Unsustainable demands on natural resources;
• Checks depletion of environmental capital or resources;
• Reduce stress on ecosystems; and
• Helps in maintaining global cycles
Infrastructure – City’s Need

25. 1. Stress on natural resources
2. Poor living conditions
3. Unequal distribution/disparity
Living in cities become:
• Unhealthy
• Unsafe
• Stressful
GOOD INFRASTRUCTURE
Infrastructure – City / Citizen’s Need

27. GOOD INFRASTRUCTURE
PUBLIC
COLLECTIVE
SUSTAINABLE
EQUITABLE
PUBLIC
COLLECTIVE
EQUITABLE
SUSTAINABLE
GOOD INFRASTRUCTURE

28. Makes Urban Areas
 Desirable
&
 Livable
GOOD INFRASTRUCTURE
physical or structural part of the city/ward/area

29. What are the criteria to judge ‘GOOD’ infrastructure?

30. Principles - ‘Good’ Infrastructure facility
Adequate
• Sufficient to
satisfy needs
• Dependence on
other sources is
less – private
supplies or
natural sources
Reliable Affordable
• Convenience to
users
• Consistent
(time-wise and
quantity wise)
• Continuity/Dep
endable (min.
breakdown)
• Good quality
• Buy/pay for the
services
• Cost should be
such that a
household may
not have to
compromise on
other basic
necessities
• Coverage
• Quantity
• Duration/timing
• Frequency
• Quality
• Tariff levels

31. Principles - ‘Good’ Infrastructure facility
Accessible
• Non-
discriminatory
(race, gender,
disability,
income class)
access to
services, at
least min. level
Accountability Sustainability
• Ultimate
responsibility of
ULB for service
provision
• Delivering
appropriate
services of
required
standards
• Equity • Method of
service delivery
• Complain redre.
• Social and
economic
impacts of the
services
provided
• Resource usage
– financially
viable,
environmentally
sound and
socially just
• Resource
conservation
strategies

32. Parameters to measure Good Infrastructure Facility
Service Mandate
(population/area to be served)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Coverage
(proportion of total population/households/area serviced)
Quantity
(rate the quantity against benchmark – standard / Indian /City average)
Duration/Timing
(hours of service delivery, morning/evening)
Frequency
(daily, twice a day, weekly, fortnightly)
Quality
(rate the quantity against benchmark – standard / Indian average & public opinion)

33. Parameters to measure Good Infrastructure Facility
Service Mandate
(population/area to be served)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tariff levels
(Service delivery charges to household)
Equity
(equitable distribution of services across all socio-economic groups)
Method of Service Delivery
(Mechanism adopted for service delivery)
Complain Redressal System
(availability /variety of ways in which people can approach ULB for filing complaints)
Resource Conservation Strategies
(adoption of techniques and policies for preservation of resources like water, water bodies, etc.)

34. ‘Good’ Infrastructure facility
 Represents health and hygiene level in the city
 Indicates the Quality of life in the city
 Is a decisive factor in creating image of the city

35. Who provides these infrastructure facilities & how?

36. Infrastructure provision & ULB
• ULBs are formed under some State-level Act
• ULBs are responsible for civic infrastructure & administration of the city
• AMC - Bombay Provincial Corporation Act, 1949
• Act defines the functions to be performed by AMC:
A. Obligatory Functions – ULB has to make adequate provision by any
means or resources which it may lawfully use for each the functions
identified (within its municipal limits)
B. Discretionary Functions – ULB may, in its discretion, provide either
wholly or in part for certain functions (within its municipal limits) .
• The provision of infrastructure facilities are defined under the obligatory
and discretionary functions of ULBs.

37. Obligatory Functions:
1. Erection of boundary of city defining city limits
2. Watering, Scavenging and Cleansing of all public streets
and places
3. Sewage services
4. Drainageservices
5. Fireservices
6. Health & Medical services
7. Street Lighting services
8. Maintenance of a monuments & open spaces
9. Identification of streets & houses
10.Regulation and abatement of offensive and dangerous
trades or practices
11.Maintenance of burial houses and funeral homes
12.Construction or acquisition of public markets and
slaughter houses
13.Construction or acquisition of cattle-pounds
14.Primary education services
15.Health and hygiene services
16.Construction, maintenance and alternation of bridges
17.Watersupply services
18.Preventingand checking the spread of dangerous
diseases
19.The securing or removal of dangerous buildings and
places
20.Construction of conservancy staff quarters
21.Maintenance of relief works in scarcity, floe etc.
Infrastructure provision & ULB
Discretionary services
1. Construction and maintenance of maternity homes &
infant welfare houses
2. Maintenance of central laboratories
3. Swimming pool and other public health services
4. Tree plantation on road sides
5. Construction and maintenance of public parks &
gardens
6. The holding of exhibition, athletics or games
7. The maintenance of an ambulance services
8. Construction and maintenance of theaters, community
halls and museums etc.
9.Building or purchase of staff quarters
10.Construction and maintenance of public transport
facilities
11.Construction and maintenance of educational institutes
12.Construction and maintenance of infirmaries and
hospitals
13.The destruction of animals and birds causing a nuisance
14.Construction and maintenance of factory for the disposal
of sewage
15.The building or purchase and maintenance of suitable
dwellings for the poor and working classes
16.Provision of shelter to homeless persons and poor relief
17.Surveys of buildings or lands
18.Measures to meet any calamity affecting the public in the
city any measure to promote public safety, health,
convenience or instruction

38. Infrastructure provision & ULB
Water supply
Sewerage
Solid Waste Management
Storm Water Drainage
Street lights
Health
Education
Open Spaces & Gardens

39. Service Delivery Methods
• ULBs should try to take as much direct responsibility in provision of services as
possible.
• However, ULBs may not provide all services directly based on municipal capacity.
• First step in provision of good infrastructure:
- Internal reconfiguration of the ULBs
- Service decentralization
• ULBs also look at new option in service delivery:
- Corporatisation
- Public-public partnerships
- Partnerships with community-based organisations (CBOs) and
nongovernment organisations (NGOs)
- Contracting out
- Privatisation (referred to as transfers of ownership) etc.
• Ultimately, ULBs are responsible for provision and maintainance of GOOD PUBLIC
INFRASTRUCTURE within its municipal limits.

40. How do these infrastructure facilities functions
within a municipal area?
• Importance
• Diagram - Typical System
• Status of service delivery – AMC

41. Water Supply

42. Typical Water Supply System
• Ward level
borewell
• City level
main trunk
line or
• both

43.  Sources
Surface sources - impounding reservoir , Canal, River, Lakes
OR
 Ground Water -Deep and shallow tube wells ,Open Dug well
Water Supply – Sources

44.  Treatment process of water purification
 Filter
 Disinfection- by chlorination
Water Supply –Treatment process

45. Water Supply –Treatment process
200 MLD Water Treatment Plant at RASKA

46.  Distribution of water
 ESR/GSR OR GSR Ground Service Reservoir (GSR) & Boosting
 Household connection/ Stand post/ Tanker
Water Supply – Distribution of water

47.  Types of Supply
 Intermittent supply 20 mi, 30 min, 1 hour, 2 hour, morning &
evening supply? OR 24 x 7 – continuous
 Daily/ Alternate day/5 days per week etc.,
 Coverage
 Fully with HH connection
 Partially with HH connection/ Stand post/Tanker
 No Service area
 Pressure- 2m?7m?,12m?,17m?
 How to measure? Reading to fill up bucket of 15 liter in how
many seconds form 15 min?
 Quantity
 How much liter per capita per head
 Household connection/ Stand post/ Tanker
 No water?
Parameters for water supply system

48.  Quality
 Hard/ Soft
 High TDS
 Turbid
 High PH
 High fluoride
 High Nitrite
 Test
 Instant filed test -Chlorine Test- disinfected water
 Laboratory test- Bacteriological test
What Type?

49. Parameters Ahmedabad
Supply- Liter Per Capita Per day (LPCD)
150 Liter
Population Coverage
90%
Area Coverage 85%
Production of water 980
Demand of Water Supply 900 MLD ( Domestic)
Distribution of Water Supply 850 MLD
Treatment Capacity in MLD
995 +200 (French well)+119(over load)= 1314
MLD
Treatment / Supply capacity in % 146%
Storage Capacity in MLD 977 MLD
Supply / storage in % 108%
Hours of Supply 120 mins to 150 mins
No of House connections (March-12) 12,72,300
Status of Ahmedabad about water service
* Source – AMC web site/ City sanitation Plan

50. Sewerage

51. Typical Sewerage System
Combined / Separate
Centralized/De-centralized

52. Types Sewerage System
Combined Sewer is used for Domestic Wastewater & rain water (Stormwater)combined together
Separate Sewers are use separately for Domestic wastewater & Surface /Rainwater (storm water)

53. Typical Sewerage Treatment Plant - Centralized

54. Sewage Treatment Plant- 180 MLD at Pirana

55. Sewerage Treatment - Decentralized (DEWATS)
Filtered
Interceptor Tank
Treatment Plant (Recirculating Packed Bed Reactor)
Recirculation Tank
Effluent Sewer Reticulation
Disinfection Tank
Treated Effluent
Pump Tank
To Irrigation
Field

56. Sewerage Treatment - Decentralized (DEWATS)

57. Underground Sewerage System

58. Status of Ahmedabad about Sewerage service
Parameters Ahmedabad
Population Coverage 80%
Area Coverage 85%
Generation of waste water 800 MLD
Treatment Capacity in MLD 1075 MLD
Treatment / Generation
capacity in %
100%
Toilet coverage 82%
No of House hold
connections (March-12)
10,17,848
* Source – AMC web site/ City sanitation Plan

59. Storm Water Drainage

60. Storm Water Drainage – Topics

61. Storm Water Drainage – Catches

62. Storm Water Drainage-Methods

63. Status of Ahmedabad about Storm water drainage service
Parameters Ahmedabad
Area Coverage of Storm water drainage
network
69%
Length of total storm water drain
(March-2012)
710 kms
No of water logging area 19 spots water
logged area
Indices of Water logging/flooding
*(Aggregate number of incidents of
water logging reported in year )
214
* Source – AMC / GUDM

64. Solid Waste Management

65. SWM – Importance
Presence or absence of garbage on streets, around water bodies and open
spaces - how well does the SWM system of the city works

66. SWM – Importance
 Civic sense of citizens
 Overall impression of the city – quality of life
 Control pollution
 Critical for public health
 Reflects effectiveness of governance

67. SW – Generation & Characteristics
Generation points Waste type Share*
Households Domestic Waste
71.5%
Construction & demolition Construction Waste
22%
Shops & specialized markets Commercial Waste
4.5%
Hospitals & health facilities Bio-medical Waste
1%
Hotels & restaurants Hotel Waste
1%
Computers, electrical appliances,
electronics devices
E-waste
--
* Source – AMC City Development Plan

68. Typical SWM System
Transfer
station
Primary
Collection
Secondary
Collection
Processing &
Disposal
Waste
Segregation
Rag-pickers

69. Status of Ahmedabad about SWM
Parameters Ahmedabad
Daily collection of waste 3500 MT (Metric tonnes)
No of sweepers More than 12000
No of Vehicles deployed per day (including
vehicles of private contractor)
1010
Door/Gate to Dum site coverage of SWM
services
100%
No of secondary storage & containers 686+874=1560
Efficiency in collection of municipal solid
waste
98%
Treatment Capacity in MLD by 4 companies 2300 MT
Land fill site capacity
11.50 Lac Metric Tonne-
12.88 Hectare land

70. Street lights

71. Street light – Importance
 Road lighting provides visual conditions for safe, quick and
comfortable movement of Road users
 Prevention of accidents and increase in safety
 A street light, lamppost, street lamp, light standard, or lamp
standard is a raised source of light on the edge of a road or
walkway, which is turned on or lit at a certain time every night.
 Modern lamps may also have light-sensitive photocells to turn
them on at dusk, off at dawn, or activate automatically in dark
weather

72. Street lights – Types

73. • Steel I-sections
• Mild Steel poles:
 Tubular poles (swaged);
 Hexagonal poles;
 Modular poles
• CI Pole : Tube poles ; Decorative
poles
Street lights – Poles & Fixtures
Timer system
• Automatic timer
• Solar based time
• Lunar calendar based timer
• GPS/ GPRS based timer system
• Alternative switching off circuit
• Full moon saving system
• Tube lights
• Central Mercury vapour lighting
• Central sodium vapour lighting
• High Mast lighting

74. Education

75. • As per BMPC act Primary education is mandatory function of AMC
• Management and Maintenance of Municipal School Buildings by
AMC
• As per the Right to Education (RTE) Optimal student teacher ratio of
30:1 for all Indian Schools.
• Grants and Schemes:
• Sarva ShikshaAbhiyan(SSA)
• Computer Aided Learning Programme(CALP)
• National Programme for Education for Girls at Elementary
Level(NPEGEL)
• Urban Development Plans Formation Implementation norms for
planning
Importance of educational infrastructure facilities

76. Education facilities – Types
 Pre-primary schools
 Primary schools
 Secondary schools
 Higher secondary schools
 Colleges (higher education institutes)
 Run by Municipal Corporation, private institutions and State and Central
Government

77. Status of Ahmedabad about Education facilities

78. Status of Ahmedabad about Education facilities

79. Health
• Importance
• Diagram - Typical System
• Status of service delivery – AMC

80. Health Care – Importance

81. Health Care – Importance

82. Health Care – Typical System
 Family Welfare Centres
 Dispensaries
 Maternity homes
 Referral hospitals
 Multi-speciality Hospitals

83. Health Care – Medical Systems in AMC
Source: CDP Ahmedabad, 2005

84. Open spaces/Gardens

85. Open space/Gardens – Typical System
 Open spaces
 Garden
 Playground
 Green belts
 Recreational Area
 129 ha are under open spaces in the entire city
 Private agencies like Mother Dairy, Amul and Dairy Den
work on leasehold basis with the Corporation for the
development and maintenance of these parks.

86. Open space/Garden – AMC
Source: CDP Ahmedabad, 2005

87. CLASS EXERCISE
 Sub-group task
 Group task

88. Sub-groups
 Water supply – 2 students
 Sewerage & Drainage – 2 students
 Solid Waste Management – 2 students
 Streetlights, open space, gardens – 2 students
 Health facilities (public & private) – 2 students
 Education facilities (public & private) – 2 students

89. Sub-group tasks
1. Understanding Infrastructure provision and its performance within your Ward
(Ward Engineer)
1. Diagrammatic representation of utility
2. Mapping
3. Service delivery & Level of Service
4. Demand-Supply gap (Coverage Mapping, estimates)
5. Efficiency (comparison with MOUD benchmarks)
6. Identification of factors responsible for demand-supply gap
2. Summarize relevant issues (related to all utilities) within your Ward
3.1 General observations (e.g. nuisance points related to your utilities etc.)
3.2Technical observations (e.g. lack of water allocation to your ward or inadequate
machinery for transfering SW)
3.3 Observations based on social aspects (e.g. slums and informal sectors)
3. People’s opinion on various discussion points
 Sample size – minimum 20 people

90. Group task
1. Work out ‘Ward Performance Index’
1. Compare each service with benchmarks proposed by MoUD
2. Create a rating system
3.Evaluate your ward performance
(use the given template)
2. Create a ranking system for improvement of all services based on the need
assessment (e.g. water supply as first priority area, solid waste management as
second priority area etc.)
 Quick public opinion survey
3. Outline strategies/projects to improve the performance index of your ward
(service-wise).

91. CLASS EXERCISE – Water Supply Template

92. Diagrammatic representation of utility

93. Detailed Mapping of the systems
 Source
 Storage tank
 Distribution Pipe network
 Community standpost / supply through tankers
 Location of hand pumps

94. Coverage
No
Supply
Covered under
water supply
Covered under public
stand-post

95. Level of Services – Indicators
Adequacy Reliability Affordability Accessibility Accountability Sustainability
• Population
coverage
• Area
coverage
• Pipeline
length to
road
length
• 135 lpcd
• Daily supply
• Hours of
supply (if
possible 24 x 7)
• Quality
(potable water
standards)
• Water
charges
(Tariff )
• Public
opinion
• No. of
connection
s to total
households
• Connection
– public
stand
posts/
tankers
• Coverage
under
slums
• Service
delivery
mechanism
• Complain-
redressal
mechanism
• Dependence
on ground
water
• Rain water
harvesting
• Recycle of
waste water

96. 1
• Coverage of water supply connections 100%
2
• Per capita water supply 135 lpcd
3
• Extent of metering of water connections 100%
4
• Continuity of water supply 24 x 7
5
• Quality of water supplied (through public opinion) potable
Efficiency - Service level benchmarks

97. Factors affecting Supply & Demand
Supply-side factors Demand-side factors
• Primary & backup water source(s)
- Type
- Capacity/volume
- Climate influences
- Other water users
• Consumer population
• Network design & distributional
inefficiency
• Limited supply duration (more water
storage)
• Storage capacity • Per capita demand
• Pumping capacity • Connection types
• Flow/pipe capacity • Water pricing
• Inadequate coverage • UCW, theft, illegal connections
• System losses
• Problems related to O&M
- Water contamination
- Leakage
- Pipe bursting etc.

98. Discussion points
1. 24 x 7 Water supply
2. Metering Vs. Non-metering
3. User charges paid and willingness to pay (connection, annual)? Are they enough?
4. Need to restrict private borewells (ground water depletion, rate of ground water
depletion, quality etc.)
5. Scenario in slums (connections, standposts, issues they face)
6. Private operators

99. CLASS EXERCISE – Sewerage Template

100. Diagrammatic representation - Typical System

101. Detailed Mapping of the systems
 Pipe network
 Location of pumping station
 Sewerage outlets in water bodies / public nuisance

102. Level of Services – Indicators
Adequacy Reliability Affordability Accessibility Accountability Sustainability
• Population
coverage
• Area
coverage
• Pipeline
length to
road
length
• Breakage of
sewerage pipe
• Overflow
sewerage line
or septic tank
• User
charges
(Tariff )
• Public
opinion
• Individual
connection
/septic
tank/none
• Individual
toilets/pub
lic toilets in
slums
• No. of
persons/se
at in case
of public
toilets
• Open
defecation
• Service
delivery
mechanism
• Complain-
redressal
mechanism
• Recycle of
waste water
• Pollution in
water
bodies

103. Efficiency – Service Level Benchmarks
1
• Coverage of toilets 100%
2
• Coverage of Sewerage network services 100%
3
• Collection efficiency of Sewerage network services 100%

104. Coverage
Not
covered
Covered
Partially covered
(open gutter, septic
tank etc.)

105. What factors affects system?
Supply-side factors Demand-side factors
• Types of sewerage system
- Open gutter
- Pipe gutter
- Individual/ combined sewerage
system
• Consumer population
• Network design & distributional
inefficiency
• Connection types
• HH with sewerage
• Individual Toilet
• Pumping capacity/efficiency • Drainage tax/ charge
• Flow/pipe capacity • Illegal connections, industrial and
commercial connection
• Inadequate coverage
• Sewage Treatment Plant (STPP • Drainage tax/ charge
• Quality of discharge
• Problems related to O&M
- Mixing of sewerage with water
- Overflowing/Chocked line
- Repairs – Man hole ,Pipe, machinery

106. Discussion points
1. Decentralized or centralized treatment
2. Combined with storm water or not
3. Sewerage disposal in water bodies – allowed or no?
4. Scenario in slums (individual/common toilets or no toilets, network, connections,
issues they face, health effects, hygiene conditions)

107. CLASS EXERCISE – Drainage Template

108. Diagrammatic representation – Typical System

109. Network diagram - System
 Combined with sewerage or not
 Pipe network / open channels / closed channels
 Rain water harvesting (ponds, percolation wells, government buildings
etc.)
 Location of discharge points (water bodies, river, etc. )
 Water logging areas

110. Level of Services – Indicators
Adequacy Reliability Affordability Accessibility Accountability Sustainability
• Area
coverage
• Pipeline
length to
road
length
• Breakage of
storm water
pipe
• Water logging
incidences
• N.A. • N.A • Service
delivery
mechanism
• Complain-
redressal
mechanism
• Rainwater
harvesting
• Ground
water
recharge

111. Efficiency – Service Level Benchmarks
1
• Coverage (storm water drainage network to road length) 100%
2
• Water logging 0%

112. Coverage
No
Supply
Covered under
piped network
Covered under
open/closed channels

113. What factors affects system?
Supply-side factors Demand-side factors
• Types of system
- Open gutter
- Pipe gutter
- Individual/ combined sewerage
system
• Water logging due human activities (fill
up of ponds, encroached in water
course etc.)
• Network design & distributional
inefficiency
• Sludge water line illegally connected to
storm water line
• Flow/pipe capacity • Closing storm water outlets
• Inadequate coverage • Less awareness of RWH or GWR systems
• Rain water harvesting/GW recharge
• Problems related to O&M
- Mixing of sewerage with water
- Repairs

114. Discussion points
1. Water logging in your ward (area, depth, frequency of occurrence, last major
flooding)
2. Alternate ways to collect storm water that should be encouraged within your
Ward
3. Combined with storm water or no
4. Storm water disposal in water bodies – good or bad
5. Scenario in slums (water logging no toilets, network, issues they face, health
effects, hygiene conditions)

115. CLASS EXERCISE – SWM Template

116. Diagrammatic representation – Typical System
Transfer
station
Primary
Collection
Secondary
Collection
Processing &
Disposal

117. Network diagram - System
 Door-to-door collection system – yes or no
 Secondary collection points – designated /undesignated
(container/bins/open sites etc.)
 Transportation (routes, frequency, capacity etc.)
 Disposal points – official / unofficial (openspaces, drainage channels,
water bodies etc.)

118. Level of Services – Indicators
Adequacy Reliability Affordability Accessibility Accountability Sustainability
• Population
coverage
• Area
coverage
• Pipeline
length to
road
length
• Waste
generated
/
capita/day
• Collection
Efficiency:
- Total SW
generated
- Total SW
collected
- Estimated
Gap in
collection
- Collected
SW/Generat
ed SW
• User
charges
(Tariff )
• Public
opinion
• Coverage
under
primary
collection/
door to
door
system
• Coverage
under
slums
• Service
delivery
mechanism
• Complain-
redressal
mechanism
• Waste
segregation
• Disposal in
environmet
nally
sensitive
areas
• Treatment
• landfilling

119. MoUD - Service level benchmarks
1
• Household level coverage of Solid Waste Management services 100%
2
• Efficiency of collection of municipal solid waste 100%
3
• Extent of segregation of municipal solid waste 100%
4
• Extent of municipal solid waste recovered 80%

120. Coverage
No
Supply
Covered under
piped network
Covered under
open/closed channels

121. What factors affects SWM system?
Supply-side factors Demand-side factors
SWM - System design
• Handling capacity/volume
• Inadequate allocation of manpower
and other resources
• Consumer population
• Inefficient collection system (lack of
door-to-door collection)
• Per capita waste generation
• Improper route planning • Type of waste
• Unpaved or open dumping sites • Un-segregated waste
• Storage and handling capacity • Irresponsible behaviour
• Financial constraints • Indiscriminate dumping of other
waste (construction & demolition,
hotel, medical waste etc.)
• Unscientific disposal of waste

122. Discussion points
1. Door-to-door collection – should be encouraged or not?
2. Waste segregation – should be encouraged or not? What level?
3. Informal rag-picking activity. Should it be formalized?
4. Decentralized vs. centralized treatement facility and landfilling?
5. User charges paid (connection, annual)? Are they enough?
6. Scenario in slums (collection, frequency, dump sites around slums, issues they
face, health effects, hygiene conditions)

123. CLASS EXERCISE – STREET LIGHTS Template

124. CLASS EXERCISE – EDUCATION / HEALTH/ OPEN-
SPACE Template

125. Mapping
 Location of facilities
 Categorization of facilities

126. Level of Services – Indicators
Adequacy Reliability Affordability Accessibility Accountability Sustainability
• Check with
UDPFI
guidelines
• Public
opinion
• Maintained/no
n-maintained
• To use the
facility
(Public
opinion)
• Low
income
groups/slu
ms –
inclusive
• Within
Pedestrian
zone
• Developed
or non-
developed
• N.A

127. Diagrammatic representation - Typical System
Proposed
(as per DP/TPS)
Existing
(survey based)
No. Area) No. Area) Present use
Family
Welfare
centres
Dispensaries
Maternity
homes
Referral
hospitals
Multi-
speciality
hospitals
Other
Total

128. Diagrammatic representation - Typical System
Proposed
(as per DP/TPS)
Existing
(survey based)
No. Area) No. Area) Present use
Pre-primary
school
Primary
schools
Secondary
schools
Higher
secondary
schools
Colleges
Other
Total

129. Diagrammatic representation - Typical System
Proposed
(as per DP/TPS)
Existing
(survey based)
No. Area) No. Area) Present use
Open spaces
Garden
Playground
Green belts
Recreation
Total

130. Discussion points
1. Adequacy and distribution within an area
2. Public vs. private
3. Operation & Maintenance issue
4. Minimum affordable user charges

131. Thank You !
Questions are welcome…..