One of the tasks of military forces is to defend the country. Furthermore, Indonesia has more than 300.000 people serve as a military force like army, navy, or air force and has to be ready anytime to serve the country. On the other hand, the usage of electricity in military activity is very important. Thus, having reliable and secure sources is mandatory. In addition, one of the advantages of a microgrid are reliability, security, and also clean energy, so having a military microgrid in Indonesia also means that it will help to achieve the Indonesian government target to increase 23% of renewable energy share by 2030. This paper discusses the overview of military microgrids and also a study case with techno-economic calculation for one of the military bases in Indonesia. By Importing the solar data, load data, diesel and also Photovoltaic (PV) data, HOMER Pro search the best combination of feasible solution with constrain given. The result proposes four different architecture combination of PV, Diesel, Battery on grid and off grid. The cheapest solution with backup is system 4 where the combination is consisting of PV and battery with on grid system with LCOE USD 0.024 and serve the 1124,86GWh/year load.

1. XXX-X-XXXX-XXXX-X/XX/$XX.00 ©20XX IEEE
Military Microgrid in Indonesia
Dianing Novita Nurmala Putri
Electrical Engineering Department
Universitas Trisakti
Jakarta, Indonesia
dianingnovita@trisakti.ac.id
Tyas Kartika Sari
Electrical Engineering Department
Universitas Trisakti
Jakarta, Indonesia
tyas.kartika@trisakti.ac.id
Eddie Widiono Suwondo
Chairman
Prakarsa Jaringan Cerdas Indonesia
Jakarta, Indonesia
ewatsuka001@gmail.com
Chairul G Irianto
Electrical Engineering Department
Universitas Trisakti
Jakarta, Indonesia
chairul_irianto@trisakti.ac.id
Syamsir Abduh
Electrical Engineering Department
Universitas Trisakti
Jakarta, Indonesia
syamsir_abduh@trisakti.ac.id
Maula SukmaWidjaya
Electrical Engineering Department
Universitas Trisakti
Jakarta, Indonesia
maula@trisakti.ac.id
Abstract— One of the tasks of military forces is to defend the
country. Furthermore, Indonesia has more than 300.000 people
serve as a military force like army, navy, or air force and has to
be ready anytime to serve the country. On the other hand, the
usage of electricity in military activity is very important. Thus,
having reliable and secure sources is mandatory. In addition,
one of the advantages of a microgrid are reliability, security, and
also clean energy, so having a military microgrid in Indonesia
also means that it will help to achieve the Indonesian
government target to increase 23% of renewable energy share
by 2030. This paper discusses the overview of military
microgrids and also a study case with techno-economic
calculation for one of the military bases in Indonesia. By
Importing the solar data, load data, diesel and also Photovoltaic
(PV) data, HOMER Pro search the best combination of feasible
solution with constrain given. The result proposes four different
architecture combination of PV, Diesel, Battery on grid and off
grid. The cheapest solution with backup is system 4 where the
combination is consisting of PV and battery with on grid system
with LCOE USD 0.024 and serve the 1124,86GWh/year load.
Keywords— military microgrid, renewable energy, hybrid
I. INTRODUCTION
Indonesian National armed forces consist of Army (TNI-AD),
Navy (TNI-AL) and also Air force (TNI-AU) which has about
400.000 active member spread in In the country [1]. The main
task of the military is to eliminate threat from inside and
outside the country. Furthermore, to support this important
task, electricity becomes very Important thing. Not only for
daily activity but also when the threats occur. For example, the
needed of electricity for the communication and security. Ina
addition, the consistent power supply play important role for
training and defense testing.
Several research has been conducted in military application
like [2] where it discuss the two case in military to support
mission, also [3] that propose the nanogrid idea and study case
with several condition like terrorist attack, and [4] about the
overview of microgrid benefit like islanding when the power
grid is outage, [5] discuss for 100% PV in military base and
[6] the application of microgrid that can increase the
consistency, energy efficiency and availability during the
outages also [7] that describe about Navy yard in Philadelphia.
However, there is no discussion about the techno economic
and especially in Indonesia. Thus, this paper present four
different architecture of microgrids. Homer Pro Software is
used to determine the best combination of power sources to
meet the load. The first one is by using only PV and connect
to the grid without the battery. The second one is the
combination of PV and battery, the third one is the off-grid
system PV with battery and diesel as a backup and the last one
is combination of PV and battery with grid connection. The
result is expected to be used as a reference for military to
implement the microgrid system.
II. ELCTRICITY TARIFF FOR MILITARY BASE
According to the regulation of Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Resources (MEMR) No.28/2016 There are eight classification
of customers such as social service, household, business,
industry, government office and public street, electric trains,
bulk sales and special services [8]. As for the military base is
classified as government office which has seven types depend
on the installed capacity or power limit in VA start from 450
VA and above which can be seen in Tabel 1.
Where RM1 (40 hours x Power Installed Capacity (kVA) x
Usage Cost) and RM2 (40 hours x Power Installed Capacity
(kVA) x LWBP ) is a minimum account applied, K is
comparison factor between WBP and LWBP prices set by
PT.PLN, LWPB is the cost outside the peak load (23.00-
08.00), and WBP is peak load time.
TABLE I. GOVERNMENT OFFICE TARIFF REGULATION [8]
Tariff
Code
Power
Limit
Postpaid Prepaid
Usage Cost
(USD/kVA/
Month)
Usage Cost
(USD/kWh)
kVArh Cost
(USD/kVArh)
(USD/kWh)
P-1/TR 450 VA 1.39 0.039 0.047
P-1/TR 900 VA 1.71 0.041 0.052
P-1/TR 1300 VA RM1 0.073 0.073
P-1/TR 2200 VA -
5500VA
RM1 0.074 0.074
P-1/TR 6600VA-
200kVA
RM1 0.094 0.094
P-2/TM >200kVA RM2 WBP= Kx1.15
LWBP = 1.115
kVArh = 1.200
***)
P-3/TR - RM1 0.094 0.094
***) Charges for excess reactive power consumption (kVArh)

2. In order to know total of the cost in the one periode of time
(usually depend on the project or decided time) it is very
important to know the Net Present Cost (NPC). It can be
described as follow:
NPC = Cost – Revenues (1)
While Levelized cost of energy (LCOE) describe how much
cost to produce electricity per kWh [9] .
III. STUDY CASE
Due to the confidentiality of the military base. The
coordinate and location are not specified. The study case is for
on of navy base in Indonesia. It is assumed that the electricity
from the grid (PT.PLN) is USD 0.094. The PV cost is assumed
USD 500 per kW, the battery is USD15.600 per 100kWh, and
the Diesel generator is USD 22000 per 100kW.
A. Global Horizontal Irradiance
As one of the largest archipelago’s country, Indonesia has
a very good solar energy potential. It is shown in Figure 1 that
the average of the daily radiation reaches 6 kWh/m2
/day which
occur in September while the clearness index is reach almost
0.6 in September. While the lowest average of daily radiation
is June with 4.73 even though the clearness index reaches 0.55
Figure.1. Global Horizontal Irradiance in one of Navy base in indonesia
The daily radiation in the located study case area is range from
4.77-6.05 kWh/m2
/day and the clearness index start from 0.44
to 0.59.
B. Load
The most import things to design a power system is the
load. The main goal of the system design is to serve the load
so that the consumer has no capacity shortage or blackout. In
this study case the average of load per day is 3081.8 kWh/
average of 128 kW and peak load 232kW. The yearly load
can be seen in Figure 2 as follow:
Figure 2 Yearly Load
The hourly load is represented in Figure 3, where it can be
seen that the electricity usage is climb start from 6 o’clock
with around 130kW in the morning to 4 o’clock in the
afternoon. It also shows that the highest electricity usage
occurs in the afternoon around 10 to 12 and people tend to use
less energy from 11 in the night to 4 in the morning. Although
it shows the increasing number of electricity usage at around
one o’clock in the morning, but it tends to drop to be around
120kW after.
Figure 3 Hourly Load
The load profile represents the activities of the consumers of
using electricity. It might be different in each case depend on
the activites. For example, in this curve, at around one in the
morning the consumption increase to be around 130kW. This
might occur because of special event from the consumers.
IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
After all the parameters complete, the simulation can be
start in HOMER Pro Software. The optimization of the system
design and also electricity production can be achieve using the
software.
A. System Architecture
From the study case, four different architecture is proposed. It
is chosen after doing the simulation and optimization in
HOMER Pro software by importing all the data needed. The
four systems proposed as follow:
SA1 = PV on grid
SA2 = PV Battery Off Grid
SA3 = PV Diesel Battery Off Grid
SA4 = PV Battery on Grid
The combination of the system can be seen in Table 2 where
the highest PV proposed is 2483kW combine with diesel
250kW and 5300kWh Battery.
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,00
1,00
2,00
3,00
4,00
5,00
6,00
7,00
Clearness
Index
Daily
Radiation
(kWh/m2/day)
Daily Radiation (kWh/m2/day) Clearness Index
90
115
140
165
190
215
240
Load
(kW)
Day
0
50
100
150
200
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Load
(kW)
Hour

3. TABLE II. PROPOSED SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
System Architecture
PV
(kW)
Diesel
(kW)
Battery
(kWh)
System 1 (SA1) 1612 - -
System 2 (SA2) 1840 - 6400
System 3 (SA3) 2483 250 5300
System 4 (SA4) 1632 - 100
It also shows that the first and fourth system has slightly
different of PV number in kW.
B. Electricity Production and consumption
By having different combination of component, it caused
different number of electricity production. For example, for
system 1 where it only PV on grid without battery, it can serve
1124,86 GWh/Year consumption with total of 2442,18
GWh/Year PV production. This system also has excess
energy of 76,35 GWh/Year and sell 1702,69 GWh/year to the
grid as shown in Table III.
TABLE III. ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION
System 2 that consist of PV and Battery off grid are only can
serve 1124,21 of the loads and has unmeet load around
0,65GWh/Year. This system is not recommended because it
has capacity shortage. The other off grid system is system 3
where there is diesel available and produce around 0.17
GWh/year by having 250kW diesel and also 5300kWh
battery the system has excess electricity around 2512,90
GWh/Year. The last system is consisting of PV and battery
with on grid system and success to serve 1124,86 GWh/year
load. It also has 85,01 excess electricity and can sell 1722,71
GWh/year electricity.
C. NPC and LCOE Comparation
The result shows that the highest NPC more than 3 million
USD came from system 3 that consist of PV Diesel Battery
Off Grid system with LCOE USD0,248 while the lowest NPC
is system 1 with around 900Million USD and LCOE
USD0.024
Figure 4 NPC and LCOE Comparation of Proposed System
V. CONCLUTION
The first priority of the power system design is to meet the
load. From the four system, the only system that has capacity
shortage is system 2. The second priority is to search after the
optimized solution not also from technical point of view, but
also economical point of view. From all the system, the
cheapest solution is system 1 where the PV is work without
battery and the system is on grid. Alotough this is the best in
economical point of view, but it has no backup and the PV
only work during the day and not able to support in the night.
Thus, it cannot be used as emergency for military base. As
for the system no.3 it might have diesel and battery as a
backup, but it cost lots of money and very high LCOE. But
for system 4, it serve the load has second lowest LCOE and
NPC but also has backup energy in the battery syste, it also
has 85,01 Excess energy and can sell energy to the grid.
However, the best system is depend on the needed of
customers.
REFERENCES
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10.1109/MELE.2020.3026435.
[3] A. Kain, D. L. Van Bossuyt, and A. Pollman, “Investigation of
Nanogrids for Improved Navy Installation Energy Resilience,” Appl.
Sci., vol. 11, no. 9, Art. no. 9, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.3390/app11094298.
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[7] “Microgrid Controller Design, Implementation, and Deployment: A
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Yard | IEEE Journals & Magazine | IEEE Xplore.”
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7948835 (accessed Aug.
17, 2021).
[8] “Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Regulation No. 28 2016.”
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources.
SA1 1124,86 2442,18 - 1702,69 580,02 76,35
SA2 1124,21 2787,60 - - - -
SA3 1124,86 3761,74 0,17 - - 2512,90
SA4 1124,86 2472,48 - 1722,71 579,49 85,01
Excess
Electricity
GWh/Year
Grid
Sales
GWh/Year
Purchase
GWh/Year
SA
Production
Load Served
GWh/Year PV
GWh/Year
Diesel
GWh/Year
0
0,05
0,1
0,15
0,2
0,25
0,3
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
SYSTEM 1 SYSTEM 2 SYSTEM 3 SYSTEM 4
LCOE
(US$)
NPC
(Million
$)
NPC LCOE

4. [9] “Levelized Cost of Energy.”
https://www.homerenergy.com/products/pro/docs/latest/levelized_cos
t_of_energy.html (accessed Aug. 15, 2021).