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Number System.pdf

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Sweta Kumari Barnwal
Sweta Kumari Barnwal

Number System, Conversion, Decimal to Binary, Decimal to Octal, Decimal to Binary, Decimal to HexaDecimal, Binary to Decimal, Octal to Decimal, Hexadecimal to Decimal, Binary to Octal, Binary to Hexadecimal, Octal to Hexadecimal, BCD, Binary Addition

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1 SWETA KUMARI BARNWAL NUMBER SYSTEM The language we use to communicate with each other is comprised of words and characters. We understand numbers, characters and words. But this type of data is not suitable for computers. Computers only understand the numbers. So, when we enter data, the data is converted into electronic pulse. Each pulse is identified as code and the code is converted into numeric format by ASCII. It gives each number, character and symbol a numeric value (number) that a computer understands. So, to understand the language of computers, one must be familiar with the number systems. The Number Systems used in computers are: o Binary number system o Octal number system o Decimal number system o Hexadecimal number system BASE/RADIX: The base value in a numbering system. For example, β€’ In the decimal numbering system, the radix is 10. β€’ In the hexadecimal numbering system, the radix is 16. β€’ In the octal numbering system, the radix is 8. β€’ In the binary numbering system, the radix is 2. Decimal (10 Symbols) (0, 1, 2, 3…9) Octal (8 ) (0, 1, 2, 3…7) HexaDecimal (16 Symbols) (0, 1, 2, 3…9, A,B,C,D,E,F) Binary (2 Symbols) (0 & 1) Number System
2 SWETA KUMARI BARNWAL Bits & Bytes: β€’ a "bit" is atomic: the smallest unit of storage β€’ A bit store just a 0 or 1 β€’ "In the computer it's all 0's and 1's" ... bits β€’ Anything with two separate states can store 1 bit β€’ In a chip: electric charge = 0/1 β€’ In a hard drive: spots of North/South magnetism = 0/1 β€’ A bit is too small to be much use β€’ Group of 8 bits together to make 1 byte β€’ Everything in a computer is 0's and 1's. The bit stores just a 0 or 1: it's the smallest building block of storage. ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) β€’ ASCII is an encoding representing each typed character by a number β€’ Each number is stored in one byte (so the number is in 0 to 255) β€’ A is 65 β€’ B is 66 β€’ a is 96 β€’ space is 32 ASCII stands for the "American Standard Code for Information Interchange". It was designed in the early 60's, as a standard character set for computers and electronic devices. ASCII is a 7-bit character set containing 128 characters. It contains the numbers from 0-9, the upper- and lower-case English letters from A to Z, and some special characters. The character sets used in modern computers, in HTML, and on the Internet, are all based on ASCII. The following tables list the 128 ASCII characters and their equivalent number.
3 SWETA KUMARI BARNWAL
4 SWETA KUMARI BARNWAL Decimal to Binary (951.205)10 β†’ (951.205)10 β†’ (1110110111.0011)2 Binary to Decimal (110101.110)2 β†’ ( )10
5 SWETA KUMARI BARNWAL (110101.110)2 β†’ (53.75)10 Decimal to Octal (98.56)10 β†’ (142.4365)8 Octal to Decimal (41.56)8 β†’ ( 33.7187)10
6 SWETA KUMARI BARNWAL Decimal to Hexadecimal (935.126)10 β†’ (3A7.204F)16 Hexadecimal to Decimal (3A7.204F)16 β†’ (935.1261)10 (2) (1) (0) (-1) (-2) (-3) (-4) οƒŸ Position 3 A 7 . 2 0 4 F x x x x x x x 162 161 160 16-1 16-2 16-3 16-4 768 + 160 + 7 . (.125) + (0) + (0.0009)+(0.0002)
7 SWETA KUMARI BARNWAL Binary to/from Octal a) Binary β†’ Decimal β†’ Octal (1010101)2 β†’ (85)10 β†’ (125)8 (110011.110) β†’ (51.75) β†’ (63.6) b) Octal β†’ Decimal β†’ Binary (125) β†’ (85) β†’ (1010101) (1010101) (721.25) β†’ (465.3281) β†’ (111010001.0101) If no of bits = n Number represented by that bits (N) = 2n – 1 Ex: Octal System (8 symbols: 0 to 7) N = 7 N = 2n – 1 = 7 n = 3 When we will convert Octal to Binary, we have required 3 bits for 1 digit. Decimal to Binary Binary to Decimal 2(n-1) ……… 22 21 20 32 16 8 4 2 1 No ABC οƒŸ 4 2 1 0 0 0 0
8 SWETA KUMARI BARNWAL 1 0 0 1 2 0 1 0 3 0 1 1 4 1 0 0 5 1 0 1 6 1 1 0 7 1 1 1 (125)8 = (001 010 101) (1010101) 721.25 β†’ (111 010 001. 010 101) (110 011 . 110) β†’ 63.6 (001 110 010 101 . 110 100)2 β†’ (1625.64) (56.54) β†’ (000056.540000) (5600.00054) Exercise: Octal to Binary (128.777) (765.154) (5564.721) (254.631) (435.61) Exercise: Binary to Octal (110111011.111101) (101110100.011101) (11100011.010101) (1010101010.1101001)
9 SWETA KUMARI BARNWAL Hexadecimal to/from Binary a) Hexadecimal β†’ Decimal β†’ Binary (A5.9D) β†’ (165.6132) β†’ (10100101.1001) (FB1.C4) β†’ (4017.7656) β†’ (111110110001.1100) b) Binary β†’ Decimal β†’ Hexadecimal (11110011010.10110) β†’ (1946.6875) β†’ (79A.B0) Hexadecimal System (16 symbols: 0 to 9 & A B C D E F) N = 15 N = 2n – 1 = 15 n = 4 When we will convert Octal to Binary, we have required 3 bits for 1 digit. Decimal to Binary Binary to Decimal 2(n-1) ……… 22 21 20 32 16 8 4 2 1
10 SWETA KUMARI BARNWAL No ABCD οƒŸ 8 4 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 1 1 4 0 1 0 0 5 0 1 0 1 6 0 1 1 0 7 0 1 1 1 8 1 0 0 0 9 1 0 0 1 A 1 0 1 0 B 1 0 1 1 C 1 1 0 0 D 1 1 0 1 E 1 1 1 0 F 1 1 1 1 a) Hexadecimal β†’ Binary (A5.9D) β†’ (1010 0101 . 1001 1101) β†’ (1010 0101.1001) (FB1.C4) β†’ (1111 1011 0001 . 1100 0100) β†’ (1111 1011 0001.1100) (1FB1.C4) β†’ (0001 1111 1011 0001 . 1100 0100) b) Binary β†’ Hexadecimal (0111 1001 1010 . 1011 0) β†’ (79A.B0) β†’ (79A.B0) Q. How many bits are required to represent a number system having 128 symbols? (N 0 to 127) N = 127 N = 2n -1 n = 7
11 SWETA KUMARI BARNWAL Q. How many bits are required to represent a number system having 156 symbols? N = 155 2n -1 > = N n >= 7 n = 8 Q. How many bits are required to represent a number system having 394 symbols? 2n -1 > = N = 394 Let n = 8, condition is not true Let n = 9, condition is true n = 9 Ans.: 9 Q. How many symbols can be represented by using 10 bits? Ans.: 1024 Q. Find the Maximum Number that can be represented by using 10 bits? Ans.: 1023 Q. How many symbols can be represented by using 12 bits? Ans.: 4096 Q. Find the Maximum Number that can be represented by using 9 bits? Ans.: 511 Q. Hexadecimal to Binary (BC5.982) (A712.0056) (5D8.234) (98FE.BAF)
12 SWETA KUMARI BARNWAL Exercise: Binary to Hexadecimal (110111011.111101) (101110100.011101) (11100011.010101) (1010101010.1101001) We have already Covered: Number System & Conversion between a) Decimal to/from (Binary, Octal & Hexadecimal) b) Binary to/from Octal & Hexadecimal OCTAL TO/FROM HEXADECIMAL Octal β†’ Binary β†’ Hexadecimal (27.65)8 β†’ (00010 111 . 110 10100) β†’ (17.D4)16 (7765.6271)8 β†’ (111 111 110 101 . 110 010 111 001) β†’ (F F 5. C B 9) B (11) (8421) (1011) Hexadecimal β†’ Binary β†’ Octal (FD90.5C7) β†’ (001111 1101 1001 0000 . 0101 1100 0111) β†’ (176620.2707)8 Ex: (12FD.97C) (9532.4471) (10DE4.10B) (7AB.F9EB) (710.554) (5517.346) (7712.354) (1275.2606) BCD (Binary Coded Decimal) Another process for converting decimal numbers into their binary equivalents. β€’ It is a form of binary encoding where each digit in a decimal number is represented in the form of bits. β€’ This encoding can be done in either 4-bit or 8-bit (usually 4-bit is preferred).
13 SWETA KUMARI BARNWAL β€’ It is a fast and efficient system that converts the decimal numbers into binary numbers as compared to the existing binary system. β€’ These are generally used in digital displays where is the manipulation of data is quite a task. β€’ Thus, BCD plays an important role here because the manipulation is done treating each digit as a separate single sub-circuit. In the BCD numbering system, the given decimal number is segregated into chunks of four bits for each decimal digit within the number. Each decimal digit is converted into its direct binary form (usually represented in 4-bits). DECIMAL NUMBER BCD 0 0000 1 0001 2 0010 3 0011 4 0100 5 0101 6 0110 7 0111 8 1000 9 1001 (852.371)10 β†’ (1000 0101 0010 . 0011 0111 0001)BCD 8 β†’ 1000 5 β†’ 0101 2 β†’ 0010 3 β†’ 0011 7 β†’ 0111 1 β†’ 0001
14 SWETA KUMARI BARNWAL Arithmetic System a) Addition 1+0 = 1 0+0 = 0 1+1 = 10 β†’ {(1*21 ) + (0*20 ) = 2} 1+1+1 = 11 β†’ {(1*21 ) + (1*20 ) = 3} 1+1+1+1 = 100 β†’ {(1*22 ) + (0*21 ) + (0*20 ) = 4} 1100 +1011 10111 11111 +11111 111110 12 12 24 99 99 198
15 SWETA KUMARI BARNWAL Ex: 1011+1111+1100+1001 1111+1111+1111+1111 = 111100 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 95 98 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1100+0011 10101111+10001111 = 111111110, 100111110 10101111 10001111 11000011 + 1111100 8 4 2 1 0 1 0β†’ 2, 011/11 β†’ 3, 100
16 SWETA KUMARI BARNWAL 1+ 1 = 2, 1+1+1 = 3, 1+1+1+1=4 1+1 = 10, 1+1+1 = 11, 1+1+1+1=100 Ex: a) 1011101110 +1111000110 b) 1111100001+11000110010+10001110101+1011011111= 1000101100111 01111100001 11000110010 10001110101 01011011111 b) Subtraction: (9-5 = 4, 5-9 = -4) A B Difference Borrow 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 4 +5 9 -5 4 1+1 = 10 -1= 1 1+1=2-1=1 1+1=10-1= 1
17 SWETA KUMARI BARNWAL 10 -1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 5000 1925 100 β†’ 4 2n-1 ………..21 , 20 11111111100000 β†’ 16352 10000111000011 β†’ 08643 07709 (213 *0)+ (212 *1)+ (211 *1)+ (210 *1)+ (29 *1)+ (28 *0)+ (27 *0)+ (26 *0)+ (25 *0)+ (24 *1)+ (23 *1)+ (22 *1)+ (21 *0)+ (20 *1) = 0+4096+2048+1024+512+0+0+0+16+8+4+0+1=7709 Ex: a) 110011101 – 100101011 b) 101010101-010101010 c) 111111000-111000111
18 SWETA KUMARI BARNWAL d) 11001100-10101011 c) Multiplication: 1001 1000 1111 1111 11000001 (11100001) Ex: i) 11010*11100 ii) 11101*11111 iii) 111111*101010 iv) 101010*1010101 v) 111111*101 d) Division: 1001/1000 1000
19 SWETA KUMARI BARNWAL Ex: i) 11111/1100 ii) 101010/111 iii) 1110011/1010 iv) 1111010/1100 1876β†’ 10 762 β†’ 8 1011 β†’ 2 98Aβ†’ 16 1’s Complement:- A binary no system used to write the -ve no. Method to write this no.- transforming the 0 bit to 1 and the 1 bit to 0 Ex:- 1010111110 β†’ 0101000001 = 1111111111 9 β†’ 1001 (-9) β†’ 0110 (in 1’s complement) 129 β†’ 10000001 (2048 1024 512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1) Write (-129) β†’ using 1’s complement β†’ 01111110 Write 148 in 1’s complement β†’ (10010100) β†’ 01101011 (-148)
20 SWETA KUMARI BARNWAL NOTE: If we take complement of any no in two times, then we will get the original no. Write in 1’s Complement: (HW) a) 1110001010 β†’ 0001110101 b) 11111000011 c) 10101010101 d) 1001111000 e) 256 β†’ 011111111 β†’ (100000000) f) -412 β†’ (412β†’110011100) β†’ (-412 β†’ 001100011) g) 98 h) -567 2’s Complement 101010111 β†’ (1’s Complement) 010101000 +1 β†’(2’s Complement) 010101001 010101001 β†’ 101010110+1 β†’ 101010111 10110110 β†’ 01001001 β†’ 10110110 256 β†’ (100000000) (Binary) -256 β†’ (011111111) (in 1’s Complement) -256 β†’ (011111111+1 β†’ 100000000) (in 2’s Complement) 011111111 1 -412 (412β†’110011100 β†’ Binary) β†’ (-412 β†’ 001100011 β†’ 1’s Complement) β†’ (-412 β†’ 001100100 β†’ 2’s complement) 001100100 β†’ 110011011+1 β†’ 110011100
21 SWETA KUMARI BARNWAL Ex: a) 298 β†’ 100101010 β†’ (-298 β†’ 011010101 β†’ 1’s) (-298 β†’ 011010110 β†’ 2’s) b) -298 β†’ 011010110 (011011000) c) 97 d) -492 e) 187 f) -299 g) 100011101 h) 111001111 i) 100000010 Sign Representation -355 β†’ (355) +355 β†’ (355) (28 β†’ 000011100) (-28 β†’ 100011100) 28 0 Sign 00011100 (Magnitude -28 1 Sign 00011100 (Magnitude (No. of bits: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16…….) 5 (+5) β†’ 0101 β†’ 0 0101 -5 β†’ 0101 (5) β†’ 1 0101 37 β†’ 00100101 (2n no of bits) 32 16 8 4 2 1
22 SWETA KUMARI BARNWAL 54 β†’ 110110 (00110110) (1101 0110) 129 β†’ 10000001 37 β†’ 0 00100101 000100101 -37 β†’ 1 00100101 100100101 453 β†’ 111000101 β†’ 0000000111000101 0 0000000111000101 00000000111000101 -453 1 0000000111000101 10000000111000101 Ex: (HW) Write these numbers in 1’s, 2’s Compliment & Sign Representation a) 137 & -137 b) 98 & -98 c) 266 & -266 d) 32 & -32 e) 78 & -78 The given binary no is in sign representation. Find the magnitude & Sign. a) 1 1001 = (-9)
23 SWETA KUMARI BARNWAL b) 0 1101 (+13) c) 0 00111010 (+58) d) 1 00111111 (-63) e) 1 11111111 (-255) The given binary no (10010) is in sign representation. Find the magnitude & Sign. Ans: (-2) Overflow: 1111 +1111 11110 10111 0111 11110 2n β†’ No of symbols 2n -1 β†’ Maximum no represented by n bits. n β†’ bits number n = 1 No of symbols = 21 = 2 ( 0, 1) Maximum no represented by 1 bits = 21 -1 = 1 n = 2 No of symbols = 22 = 4 ( 00, 01,10, 11) Maximum no represented by 2 bits = 22 -1 = 3 n = 5 No of symbols = 25 = 32 ( 00000, 00001, 00010……… 11111) Maximum no represented by 5 bits = 25 -1 = 31

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Number System.pdf

  • 1. 1 SWETA KUMARI BARNWAL NUMBER SYSTEM The language we use to communicate with each other is comprised of words and characters. We understand numbers, characters and words. But this type of data is not suitable for computers. Computers only understand the numbers. So, when we enter data, the data is converted into electronic pulse. Each pulse is identified as code and the code is converted into numeric format by ASCII. It gives each number, character and symbol a numeric value (number) that a computer understands. So, to understand the language of computers, one must be familiar with the number systems. The Number Systems used in computers are: o Binary number system o Octal number system o Decimal number system o Hexadecimal number system BASE/RADIX: The base value in a numbering system. For example, β€’ In the decimal numbering system, the radix is 10. β€’ In the hexadecimal numbering system, the radix is 16. β€’ In the octal numbering system, the radix is 8. β€’ In the binary numbering system, the radix is 2. Decimal (10 Symbols) (0, 1, 2, 3…9) Octal (8 ) (0, 1, 2, 3…7) HexaDecimal (16 Symbols) (0, 1, 2, 3…9, A,B,C,D,E,F) Binary (2 Symbols) (0 & 1) Number System
  • 2. 2 SWETA KUMARI BARNWAL Bits & Bytes: β€’ a "bit" is atomic: the smallest unit of storage β€’ A bit store just a 0 or 1 β€’ "In the computer it's all 0's and 1's" ... bits β€’ Anything with two separate states can store 1 bit β€’ In a chip: electric charge = 0/1 β€’ In a hard drive: spots of North/South magnetism = 0/1 β€’ A bit is too small to be much use β€’ Group of 8 bits together to make 1 byte β€’ Everything in a computer is 0's and 1's. The bit stores just a 0 or 1: it's the smallest building block of storage. ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) β€’ ASCII is an encoding representing each typed character by a number β€’ Each number is stored in one byte (so the number is in 0 to 255) β€’ A is 65 β€’ B is 66 β€’ a is 96 β€’ space is 32 ASCII stands for the "American Standard Code for Information Interchange". It was designed in the early 60's, as a standard character set for computers and electronic devices. ASCII is a 7-bit character set containing 128 characters. It contains the numbers from 0-9, the upper- and lower-case English letters from A to Z, and some special characters. The character sets used in modern computers, in HTML, and on the Internet, are all based on ASCII. The following tables list the 128 ASCII characters and their equivalent number.
  • 4. 4 SWETA KUMARI BARNWAL Decimal to Binary (951.205)10 β†’ (951.205)10 β†’ (1110110111.0011)2 Binary to Decimal (110101.110)2 β†’ ( )10
  • 5. 5 SWETA KUMARI BARNWAL (110101.110)2 β†’ (53.75)10 Decimal to Octal (98.56)10 β†’ (142.4365)8 Octal to Decimal (41.56)8 β†’ ( 33.7187)10
  • 6. 6 SWETA KUMARI BARNWAL Decimal to Hexadecimal (935.126)10 β†’ (3A7.204F)16 Hexadecimal to Decimal (3A7.204F)16 β†’ (935.1261)10 (2) (1) (0) (-1) (-2) (-3) (-4) οƒŸ Position 3 A 7 . 2 0 4 F x x x x x x x 162 161 160 16-1 16-2 16-3 16-4 768 + 160 + 7 . (.125) + (0) + (0.0009)+(0.0002)
  • 7. 7 SWETA KUMARI BARNWAL Binary to/from Octal a) Binary β†’ Decimal β†’ Octal (1010101)2 β†’ (85)10 β†’ (125)8 (110011.110) β†’ (51.75) β†’ (63.6) b) Octal β†’ Decimal β†’ Binary (125) β†’ (85) β†’ (1010101) (1010101) (721.25) β†’ (465.3281) β†’ (111010001.0101) If no of bits = n Number represented by that bits (N) = 2n – 1 Ex: Octal System (8 symbols: 0 to 7) N = 7 N = 2n – 1 = 7 n = 3 When we will convert Octal to Binary, we have required 3 bits for 1 digit. Decimal to Binary Binary to Decimal 2(n-1) ……… 22 21 20 32 16 8 4 2 1 No ABC οƒŸ 4 2 1 0 0 0 0
  • 8. 8 SWETA KUMARI BARNWAL 1 0 0 1 2 0 1 0 3 0 1 1 4 1 0 0 5 1 0 1 6 1 1 0 7 1 1 1 (125)8 = (001 010 101) (1010101) 721.25 β†’ (111 010 001. 010 101) (110 011 . 110) β†’ 63.6 (001 110 010 101 . 110 100)2 β†’ (1625.64) (56.54) β†’ (000056.540000) (5600.00054) Exercise: Octal to Binary (128.777) (765.154) (5564.721) (254.631) (435.61) Exercise: Binary to Octal (110111011.111101) (101110100.011101) (11100011.010101) (1010101010.1101001)
  • 9. 9 SWETA KUMARI BARNWAL Hexadecimal to/from Binary a) Hexadecimal β†’ Decimal β†’ Binary (A5.9D) β†’ (165.6132) β†’ (10100101.1001) (FB1.C4) β†’ (4017.7656) β†’ (111110110001.1100) b) Binary β†’ Decimal β†’ Hexadecimal (11110011010.10110) β†’ (1946.6875) β†’ (79A.B0) Hexadecimal System (16 symbols: 0 to 9 & A B C D E F) N = 15 N = 2n – 1 = 15 n = 4 When we will convert Octal to Binary, we have required 3 bits for 1 digit. Decimal to Binary Binary to Decimal 2(n-1) ……… 22 21 20 32 16 8 4 2 1
  • 10. 10 SWETA KUMARI BARNWAL No ABCD οƒŸ 8 4 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 1 1 4 0 1 0 0 5 0 1 0 1 6 0 1 1 0 7 0 1 1 1 8 1 0 0 0 9 1 0 0 1 A 1 0 1 0 B 1 0 1 1 C 1 1 0 0 D 1 1 0 1 E 1 1 1 0 F 1 1 1 1 a) Hexadecimal β†’ Binary (A5.9D) β†’ (1010 0101 . 1001 1101) β†’ (1010 0101.1001) (FB1.C4) β†’ (1111 1011 0001 . 1100 0100) β†’ (1111 1011 0001.1100) (1FB1.C4) β†’ (0001 1111 1011 0001 . 1100 0100) b) Binary β†’ Hexadecimal (0111 1001 1010 . 1011 0) β†’ (79A.B0) β†’ (79A.B0) Q. How many bits are required to represent a number system having 128 symbols? (N 0 to 127) N = 127 N = 2n -1 n = 7
  • 11. 11 SWETA KUMARI BARNWAL Q. How many bits are required to represent a number system having 156 symbols? N = 155 2n -1 > = N n >= 7 n = 8 Q. How many bits are required to represent a number system having 394 symbols? 2n -1 > = N = 394 Let n = 8, condition is not true Let n = 9, condition is true n = 9 Ans.: 9 Q. How many symbols can be represented by using 10 bits? Ans.: 1024 Q. Find the Maximum Number that can be represented by using 10 bits? Ans.: 1023 Q. How many symbols can be represented by using 12 bits? Ans.: 4096 Q. Find the Maximum Number that can be represented by using 9 bits? Ans.: 511 Q. Hexadecimal to Binary (BC5.982) (A712.0056) (5D8.234) (98FE.BAF)
  • 12. 12 SWETA KUMARI BARNWAL Exercise: Binary to Hexadecimal (110111011.111101) (101110100.011101) (11100011.010101) (1010101010.1101001) We have already Covered: Number System & Conversion between a) Decimal to/from (Binary, Octal & Hexadecimal) b) Binary to/from Octal & Hexadecimal OCTAL TO/FROM HEXADECIMAL Octal β†’ Binary β†’ Hexadecimal (27.65)8 β†’ (00010 111 . 110 10100) β†’ (17.D4)16 (7765.6271)8 β†’ (111 111 110 101 . 110 010 111 001) β†’ (F F 5. C B 9) B (11) (8421) (1011) Hexadecimal β†’ Binary β†’ Octal (FD90.5C7) β†’ (001111 1101 1001 0000 . 0101 1100 0111) β†’ (176620.2707)8 Ex: (12FD.97C) (9532.4471) (10DE4.10B) (7AB.F9EB) (710.554) (5517.346) (7712.354) (1275.2606) BCD (Binary Coded Decimal) Another process for converting decimal numbers into their binary equivalents. β€’ It is a form of binary encoding where each digit in a decimal number is represented in the form of bits. β€’ This encoding can be done in either 4-bit or 8-bit (usually 4-bit is preferred).
  • 13. 13 SWETA KUMARI BARNWAL β€’ It is a fast and efficient system that converts the decimal numbers into binary numbers as compared to the existing binary system. β€’ These are generally used in digital displays where is the manipulation of data is quite a task. β€’ Thus, BCD plays an important role here because the manipulation is done treating each digit as a separate single sub-circuit. In the BCD numbering system, the given decimal number is segregated into chunks of four bits for each decimal digit within the number. Each decimal digit is converted into its direct binary form (usually represented in 4-bits). DECIMAL NUMBER BCD 0 0000 1 0001 2 0010 3 0011 4 0100 5 0101 6 0110 7 0111 8 1000 9 1001 (852.371)10 β†’ (1000 0101 0010 . 0011 0111 0001)BCD 8 β†’ 1000 5 β†’ 0101 2 β†’ 0010 3 β†’ 0011 7 β†’ 0111 1 β†’ 0001
  • 14. 14 SWETA KUMARI BARNWAL Arithmetic System a) Addition 1+0 = 1 0+0 = 0 1+1 = 10 β†’ {(1*21 ) + (0*20 ) = 2} 1+1+1 = 11 β†’ {(1*21 ) + (1*20 ) = 3} 1+1+1+1 = 100 β†’ {(1*22 ) + (0*21 ) + (0*20 ) = 4} 1100 +1011 10111 11111 +11111 111110 12 12 24 99 99 198
  • 15. 15 SWETA KUMARI BARNWAL Ex: 1011+1111+1100+1001 1111+1111+1111+1111 = 111100 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 95 98 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1100+0011 10101111+10001111 = 111111110, 100111110 10101111 10001111 11000011 + 1111100 8 4 2 1 0 1 0β†’ 2, 011/11 β†’ 3, 100
  • 16. 16 SWETA KUMARI BARNWAL 1+ 1 = 2, 1+1+1 = 3, 1+1+1+1=4 1+1 = 10, 1+1+1 = 11, 1+1+1+1=100 Ex: a) 1011101110 +1111000110 b) 1111100001+11000110010+10001110101+1011011111= 1000101100111 01111100001 11000110010 10001110101 01011011111 b) Subtraction: (9-5 = 4, 5-9 = -4) A B Difference Borrow 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 4 +5 9 -5 4 1+1 = 10 -1= 1 1+1=2-1=1 1+1=10-1= 1
  • 17. 17 SWETA KUMARI BARNWAL 10 -1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 5000 1925 100 β†’ 4 2n-1 ………..21 , 20 11111111100000 β†’ 16352 10000111000011 β†’ 08643 07709 (213 *0)+ (212 *1)+ (211 *1)+ (210 *1)+ (29 *1)+ (28 *0)+ (27 *0)+ (26 *0)+ (25 *0)+ (24 *1)+ (23 *1)+ (22 *1)+ (21 *0)+ (20 *1) = 0+4096+2048+1024+512+0+0+0+16+8+4+0+1=7709 Ex: a) 110011101 – 100101011 b) 101010101-010101010 c) 111111000-111000111
  • 18. 18 SWETA KUMARI BARNWAL d) 11001100-10101011 c) Multiplication: 1001 1000 1111 1111 11000001 (11100001) Ex: i) 11010*11100 ii) 11101*11111 iii) 111111*101010 iv) 101010*1010101 v) 111111*101 d) Division: 1001/1000 1000
  • 19. 19 SWETA KUMARI BARNWAL Ex: i) 11111/1100 ii) 101010/111 iii) 1110011/1010 iv) 1111010/1100 1876β†’ 10 762 β†’ 8 1011 β†’ 2 98Aβ†’ 16 1’s Complement:- A binary no system used to write the -ve no. Method to write this no.- transforming the 0 bit to 1 and the 1 bit to 0 Ex:- 1010111110 β†’ 0101000001 = 1111111111 9 β†’ 1001 (-9) β†’ 0110 (in 1’s complement) 129 β†’ 10000001 (2048 1024 512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1) Write (-129) β†’ using 1’s complement β†’ 01111110 Write 148 in 1’s complement β†’ (10010100) β†’ 01101011 (-148)
  • 20. 20 SWETA KUMARI BARNWAL NOTE: If we take complement of any no in two times, then we will get the original no. Write in 1’s Complement: (HW) a) 1110001010 β†’ 0001110101 b) 11111000011 c) 10101010101 d) 1001111000 e) 256 β†’ 011111111 β†’ (100000000) f) -412 β†’ (412β†’110011100) β†’ (-412 β†’ 001100011) g) 98 h) -567 2’s Complement 101010111 β†’ (1’s Complement) 010101000 +1 β†’(2’s Complement) 010101001 010101001 β†’ 101010110+1 β†’ 101010111 10110110 β†’ 01001001 β†’ 10110110 256 β†’ (100000000) (Binary) -256 β†’ (011111111) (in 1’s Complement) -256 β†’ (011111111+1 β†’ 100000000) (in 2’s Complement) 011111111 1 -412 (412β†’110011100 β†’ Binary) β†’ (-412 β†’ 001100011 β†’ 1’s Complement) β†’ (-412 β†’ 001100100 β†’ 2’s complement) 001100100 β†’ 110011011+1 β†’ 110011100
  • 21. 21 SWETA KUMARI BARNWAL Ex: a) 298 β†’ 100101010 β†’ (-298 β†’ 011010101 β†’ 1’s) (-298 β†’ 011010110 β†’ 2’s) b) -298 β†’ 011010110 (011011000) c) 97 d) -492 e) 187 f) -299 g) 100011101 h) 111001111 i) 100000010 Sign Representation -355 β†’ (355) +355 β†’ (355) (28 β†’ 000011100) (-28 β†’ 100011100) 28 0 Sign 00011100 (Magnitude -28 1 Sign 00011100 (Magnitude (No. of bits: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16…….) 5 (+5) β†’ 0101 β†’ 0 0101 -5 β†’ 0101 (5) β†’ 1 0101 37 β†’ 00100101 (2n no of bits) 32 16 8 4 2 1
  • 22. 22 SWETA KUMARI BARNWAL 54 β†’ 110110 (00110110) (1101 0110) 129 β†’ 10000001 37 β†’ 0 00100101 000100101 -37 β†’ 1 00100101 100100101 453 β†’ 111000101 β†’ 0000000111000101 0 0000000111000101 00000000111000101 -453 1 0000000111000101 10000000111000101 Ex: (HW) Write these numbers in 1’s, 2’s Compliment & Sign Representation a) 137 & -137 b) 98 & -98 c) 266 & -266 d) 32 & -32 e) 78 & -78 The given binary no is in sign representation. Find the magnitude & Sign. a) 1 1001 = (-9)
  • 23. 23 SWETA KUMARI BARNWAL b) 0 1101 (+13) c) 0 00111010 (+58) d) 1 00111111 (-63) e) 1 11111111 (-255) The given binary no (10010) is in sign representation. Find the magnitude & Sign. Ans: (-2) Overflow: 1111 +1111 11110 10111 0111 11110 2n β†’ No of symbols 2n -1 β†’ Maximum no represented by n bits. n β†’ bits number n = 1 No of symbols = 21 = 2 ( 0, 1) Maximum no represented by 1 bits = 21 -1 = 1 n = 2 No of symbols = 22 = 4 ( 00, 01,10, 11) Maximum no represented by 2 bits = 22 -1 = 3 n = 5 No of symbols = 25 = 32 ( 00000, 00001, 00010……… 11111) Maximum no represented by 5 bits = 25 -1 = 31