12. 12
Creamy-white eggs are laid singly or in groups on the undersides of
the leaves, on stems, flower buds, or the base of the fruit
The newly hatched larva prefers to bore directly into the fruit
When feeding is complete pupation occurs on stems, dried shoots, or
among fallen leaves
Multiple overlapping generations occur in warm climates
17. 17
Young leaves are rolled lengthwise
Rolled leaves are brown and eventually dry
In heavy infestations entire portions of plants appear brown and
leaf drop occurs
The caterpillar feeds for about 4 weeks and then pupates inside
the rolled leaf
In favorable climates there may be three to four generations
each year
25. 25
These pests infest the lower surface of the leaves
Commonly, if disturbed, they move very rapidly sideways and often hop
They are usually less than 13 mm long, with slender, tapered bodies of various
colors and legs with rows of sharp spines.
26. 26
Infested leaves curl upwards along the margins
Outer leaf areas appear yellowish or burned
Leaves are extremely small and
Show a mosaic pattern of yellowing
Fruit-set may be very low
27. 27
Insects’ nervous behavior makes them difficult to catch
In warm climates, multiple generations occur
Heavy infestations can cause yield reductions and total loss of crops
Some species transmit little-leaf disease and mosaic virus
30. 30
Insect characteristics
Modified piercing-sucking mouthparts
These insects are silver-shaped and very small, about the size of a
flea, and just visible to the naked eye
The young are either yellow or white
Adults are darker with two brownish strips down their backs
31. 31
Damage is most obvious on the underside of the lower leaves,
where areas appear brownish and dried up
In severe cases, the entire leaf dries up
Similar damage is seen along the mid-vein on the upper leaf
surface
32. 32
First look at the upper surface of the lower leaves. Along the mid-
vein notice the damage on either side
This is where you should see these tiny insects
Turn the leaf over and carefully look at the sections with healthy
tissue that border areas of brown or damage tissue
If you focus well, you will notice the tiny insects moving
33. 33
Adults lay their eggs within leaf tissues and the young hatch after
several days
Adults are excitable and fly off if disturbed
Pupation occurs in the soil usually at the base of the plant
Identification of species should be made by a trained taxonomist
34. 34
Whitefly
E.N: Bemisia tabaci
F: Aleurodidae
O: Hemiptera
The affected leaves show yellowish clumpy spots
In case of numerous insects, several clumpy spots coalesce together and the leaves
along with green midribs turn yellow
The nymphs during feeding secrete sticky honey like substance that cover-up the
upper parts of the leaves and flowers
The plants become stunted
The insect does more harm by disseminating diseases than does by feeding
37. 37
Aphids
Entomological name: Apis gossipi
Nymphs and adults suck the sap from the leaves
The affected plants turn yellow, get deformed and dry away
Aphids also secrete honeydew on which sooty mould grows,
which hampers the photosynthetic activity.