ENGLISH5 QUARTER4 MODULE1 WEEK1-3 How Visual and Multimedia Elements.pptx
5. IPM Practices for Cole Crops.ppt
1. Pests of Cruciferous Vegetable
Crops, Onion &Their Management
Dr. H. P. Misra
Professor and Head
Department of Entomology
School of Agriculture
Gunupur
3. Diamond-back moth: Plutella xylostella
(Linnaeus) (Plutellidae: Lepidoptera)
Marks of identification: The moth measures about 8-12 mm in length and
is a small greyish brown moth. The forewings have three white triangular
conspicuous white spots along the inner-margin. When at rest the triangular
markings of opposite wings give diamond shape. Hind wings have a fringe
of long hairs. Full grown larvae are pale yellowish green with fine black hair
scattered all over the body. Eggs are minute yellow coloured.
Nature and symptoms of damage: First instar cause small mines on leaves
which is evidenced from the blackish excreta that appear at the mouth of
each tunnel, but in the second instar the mines become more prominent. In
the third instar the caterpillars usually feed outside the tunnels. The fourth
instar larvae feed from the underside of leaves leaving intact a parchment
like transparent cuticular layer on the dorsal surface. The larvae are very
sensitive to touch, wind or other physical disturbances and readily feign
death. Full-grown larvae bite holes in the leaves and feeds on curd.
4. Damage due to DBM
Severely damaged cabbage plant
Initial symptoms-membranous patches
Advanced symptoms on leaves
6. Cabbage borer: Hellula undalis (Fabricius)
(Crambidae: Lepidoptera)
Marks of identification: Eggs are pinkish – yellow, shiny and
oval shaped. Full grown larva is 12-25 mm long and creamy
yellow with a pinkish tinge and has seven purplish–brown
longitudinal stripes. The adult moth is slender, pale yellowish
brown, having grey wavy lines on the forewings. Its hind wings
are pale dusky.
Nature and symptoms of damage: The caterpillar first mines
into the leaves feeding the chlorophyll. Later on, they feed on the
leaf surface, sheltered within the papery structure filled with
excreta. As they grow bigger, they bore into the heads of
cauliflower and cabbage.
9. Cabbage green semilooper: Trichoplusia ni
Hubner (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera)
Marks of identification: Adult is stout, brown moth, head and
thorax grey in colour, abdomen white. Forewings of the adult are
grayish to dark brown with a silvery spot near the center;
hindwings are pale brown. The wingspan is 33-38 mm. Larvae
are light to dark green with a light longitudinal stripe on either
side of the body and two pair of abdominal prolegs. Larvae may
reach a length of 35 mm, which makes it one of the larger larvae
found on vegetable crops.
Nature and symptoms of damage: Larvae feed on mature
leaves. Older larvae consume large irregular areas of leaves,
leaving the larger leaf veins. About 90 per cent of total defoliation
occurs during the last two larval instars.
11. Tobacco caterpillar: Spodoptera litura
(Fabricius) (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera)
Marks of identification: Adult is medium sized moth with stout
body. Forewings pale grey to dark brown in colour with wavy
white markings and hind wings white with smoky margins. Larva
is velvety black with yellowish green dorsal stripes and lateral
white bands with black head. Well grown caterpillars are grey or
dark brown.
Nature and symptoms of damage: During early instar,
caterpillars scrap chlorophyll content of leaf lamina giving it a
papery white appearance. During later instars skeletonize the
leaves leaving only veins and petioles. Caterpillars damage the
leaves and heads of cabbage, cauliflower, raddish, beet root etc.
13. Cabbage butterfly: Pieris brassicae (Linnaeus)
(Pieridae: Lepidoptera)
Marks of identification: The butterflies are pale white and have a smoky
shade on the dorsal side of the body. The fore wings are pale white with a
black patch on the apical angle, black spot on the costal margin of each
hind wing. The females measure 6.5 cm across the spread wings and have
two conspicuous black circular dots on the dorsal side of each forewing.
Males are smaller than the female and have black spots on the underside of
each forewing. Full grown larva measures 40-50 mm in length. The head is
black and the dorsum is marked with black spots. The larval body is
decorated with short hairs.
Nature and symptoms of damage: The caterpillars feed gregariously
during the early instars and disperse as they approach maturity. The first
instar larvae scrap the leaf surface, whereas the subsequent instars eat up
the margins inwards, leaving intact the main veins and defoliation, often
the entire plants eaten up. Bores into the heads of cabbage.
16. Leaf webber: Crocidolomia binotalis Zeller
(Crambidae: Lepidoptera)
Marks of identification: Forewings of adult have distinct wavy
lines and prominent wavy spots. Hind wings are semi hyaline
colour. Larva is green coloured with red head and has
longitudinal red stripes on the body.
Nature and symptoms of damage: In the early stages the larvae
feed gregariously on the leave parenchyma. As they grow, they
spread out and start webbing the leaves and feeding on them.
They also feed on flower buds and bore into pods.
18. Mustard saw fly: Athalia lugens proxima (Klug)
(Tenthredinidae: Hymenoptera)
Marks of identification: Adult is orange coloured with black
head, thorax and translucent smoky wings with black veins. The
female has a saw like ovipositor hence it has given the popular
name sawfly. The young larvae are light green in colour but
gradually turn dark, as fully grown they become greenish black
with five lateral stripes. They look and behave like caterpillars
but have 8 pairs of prolegs. On touch, they feign death.
Nature and symptoms of damage: On hatching the larvae
nibble the margins of tender leaves but later on bite holes in the
leaves. Larvae are diurnal in habit and feed generally during early
morning and evening hours.
20. Cabbage aphid: Brevicoryne brassicae
(Aphididae: Hemiptera)
Marks of identification: Small greyish-green insects but, a waxy
covering gives them greyish-white to powdery-blue appearance.
Nature and symptoms of damage: When infestation occurs on
seedlings, they lose their vigour, get distorted and become unfit
for transplanting. The honeydew produced by the aphid favours
the growth of sooty mould, as a result a black coating is formed
on affected plant parts and head/curd reducing its market value.
22. Painted bug: Bagrada hilaris (Burmeister)
(Pentatomidae: Hemiptera)
Marks of identification: Nymphs are beautifully patterned with
a mixture of black, white and orange colour. Adults are also black
and orange colour bugs similar in colour pattern as nymphs –
that’s why they have earned the common name of painted bugs.
Males are 6 - 7 mm long and females 7 - 8 mm.
Nature and symptoms of damage: Both nymphs and adults
suck cell sap from tender plant parts causing yellowing of leaves
which gradually dry up and ultimately fall down exposing the
plants to secondary invasion of bacteria and fungi. The plants wilt
and wither affecting adversely the yield both quantitatively and
qualitatively.
23. IPM in Cole Crops (Cultural)
• Deep ploughing to destroy the pupae of Helicoverpa,
Spodoptera, mustard sawfly etc.
• Planting of two rows of mustard in every 25 rows of cabbage
attract the DBM to lay eggs in mustard. By close monitoring
mustard crop the larvae may be destroyed by NSKE or
chemical insecticides.
• Planting of bitter gourd, watermelon, sweet potato and mung
bean as intercrop in cabbage reduces attack of leaf Webber
in main crop.
• Clean cultivation and removal of weeds and alternate hosts
will help check pest multiplication.
• Destruction of crop remnants, if previous crop is a Cole crop,
is important.
25. IPM in Cole Crops (Mechanical)
• Setting up of light trap to attract and kill Helicoverpa,
Spodoptera, Trichoplusia adults etc.
• Setting up of bird perches help reducing pest load from
main field. (8-10/ac)
• Regular monitoring the crop field for appearance of crop
pests. Mechanical collection and destruction of
lepidopteran larvae and aphid infested leaves is helpful.
• Setting up of pheromone traps for Helicoverpa (Hellilure)
and Spodoptera (Spodolure, Litlure) for monitoring
and/or mass trapping and killing. Monitoring – 2/ac,
Mass trapping & Killing 10/ac.
26. (Biological and Bio-pesticidal)
• Conservation of native natural enemies by avoiding synthetic
chemical sprays. In nature several coccinellids and syrphids
are found predating on aphids. If the pest:defender ratio is 2:1
then don’t spray.
• Spraying Bt formulations @ 1Kg/ha at 10 days intervals
during evening hours control major lepidopteran pests.
• Spraying of Ha NPV or Sl NPV @ 250LE/ha during evening
hours mixed with jaggery and sandovit controls Helicoverpa
and Spodoptera.
• Spraying of NSKE 5% or neem oil 0.5% at 7-10 days intervals
from planting till harvest reduces all pest load on crop. The
crop be harvested after 5 days.
• Spraying of naturalyte Spinosad 45SC (Tracer) @ 125ml/ha
control major lepidopteran pests.
29. IPM in Cole Crops (Biorational)
• Spraying of chitin synthesis inhibitors like
diflubenzuron/flufenoxuron/novaluron etc.
@ 500ml/ha controls all kinds of
lepidopteran larvae.
30. IPM in Cole Crops (Chemical)
• Spraying of fipronil 5%SP or chlorfenapyr 10%SC @ 1Kg or
lit/ha or cartap hydrochloride 500g/ha or Spinosad 45% SC or
Flubendiamide 39.35% SC or chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC or
Emamectin benzoate 5% SG @ 60-80 g/ac on need base
reduces lepidopteran pest load.
• In severe aphid infestation spraying of imidacloprid 17.8SL @
125ml/ha or Thiamethoxam 25% WG or Acetamiprid 20% SP
@ 100 g/ha is helpful.
• Observe minimum waiting period of 7 days after spraying of
chemicals.
• Spray chemicals only when pests cross ETL.
31. ETL of Some pest of the Cole Crops
• DBM (Plutella xyllostella) 0.5 larva/plant
• Leaf webber (Crocidolomia binotalis)
0.3 egg mass/plant
32. Onion Thrips & its Damage
Symptoms
Adult
Adult
Ist instar
larva
2nd instar
larva
Thrips on leaves
Damage symptoms
33. Onion Thrips Management
• Spraying of imidacloprid @ 125ml/ha.
• Raw leaves or inflorescence may be eaten after
observing safe waiting periods.
• Alternately spray bio-pesticides like abamectin
@ 500ml/ha or neem based pesticides (300ppm)
@ 2500ml/ha at 7-10 days intervals.
• Intermittent hoeing and weeding destroy pupae
in soil.
