pumpkin fruit fly, water melon fruit fly, cucumber fruit fly
Naresh v k m 5713
1. CERBERA ODOLLAM
NARESH V K
M-5713
Division Of Pharmacology & Toxicology
Indian Veterinary Research Institute
2. -:CONTENTS:-
Introduction
History
Description & Localization
Ethno toxicology
Toxic principles
Mechanism of action
Traditional & Empirical Uses
Conclusion
3. Cerbera odollam is a tree belonging to the poisonous
Apocynaceae family, which includes the yellow and common
oleanders.
It is a mangrove plant, which is notorious for its “cardiac
glycoside” cardio toxicity.
(Anantaswamy, 1940; Leeuwenberg et al.,)
INTRODUCTION
4. Seeds are highly toxic contain toxic principle – Cerberin
It is used for suicide and homicide
9. Native distribution:- India, Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Srilanka.
India:- Kerala, Karnataka, Bengal, Tamilnadu.
Sandy coasts, riverbanks and near muddy river deltas of Southeast Asia.
LOCALISATION
(Tomlison, 1995)
(The Botany of Mangroves.)
11. Leaves
In some country, the leaves and bark are eaten for their
cathartic properties
In Brunei, a decoction of the leaves is added to an
aromatic bath after childbirth
12. Latex
The latex is known in India for its emetic, purgative and
irritant effects.
The latex is applied to sores and is also used to counter
stingray poisoning
(chopra et al., 1958)
13. Seeds
Contain a non-siccative oil, producing a shining flame,
with a pleasant nut like odour
The Burmese use it for lighting, as a cosmetic, or mixed
with other oils as an insecticide or insect repellent
Seed oil is rubbed on the body to treat colds, rheumatism
and scabies
(Chen et al., 1952).
14. Fruits
In Malaysia , the fresh fruits are rubbed on the legs for rheumatism
The fruits are used for manufacturing bioinsecticides and
deodorants.
(Hein et al., 1991)
15. Other uses
Seed contains a deadly heart poison and has been used to poison rats
For the manufacture of fibre. (Chopra et al., 1958)
16.
17. The first precise description was recorded in the early
19th century as an ordeal poison
The ordeal poison was responsible for the death of 2%
of population of the central province of Madagaskar
The use of ritual poison in Madagaskar was abolished in
1861 by king Radama II.
(Maleissye, 1991)
18. India
In 2004, a team led by Yvan Gaillard of the
Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology in La Voulte-sur-
Rhône, France, documented more than 500 cases of
fatal Cerbera poisoning between 1989 and 1999
in Kerala.
They given the name- “Suicide Tree”
19. On July 22, 2012, seven girls of Poruvazhi Govt HSS in
Kollam district attempted suicide by eating it.
20. Four female athletes attempt suicide over alleged
harassment in Kerala, 1 dead
Four female athletes attempt suicide over
alleged harassment in Kerala, 1 dead
Curtesy-Times of India, PTI | May 7,
2015, 11.44 AM IST
Arpitha Ramachandran
21.
Cerberin, cerberoside & odollin
(Chopra et al., 1958:Watt and breyer-Brandwijk, 1962)
Thevetin may present in latex
(Frerejacque et al., 1948)
Two other cardineloides were identified from roots as
antiproliferative and antiestrogenic agents
(Chang et al., 2000)
22. Cerberin
It is isolated by De vry (1864), from the kernal of the seeds
Synonyms:-
L-2'-O-acetylthevetosyl-Digitoxigenin
2'-acetylneriifolin- neriifolin
26. No clear, reported correlation between the dose and
mortality.
Death often occurs after 2–5 hours.
lethal dose:-
Dog @1.8 mg/kg
cat @3.1 mg/kg
(Yvan gaillard et al., 2004)
The therapeutic index ≈2
29. Symptoms:-
nausea, vomiting, intense abdominal pain and in the end
often death.
Symptoms are said to begin within just one hour, and usually
death follows after 2 to 5 hours
Other symptoms
Burning sensations in the mouth,
Dilated pupils,
irregular beating of the heart, drowsiness and coma.
30. Clinical & Pharmacological manifestations:
Suppress the impulse producing & conducting tissues of
heart
(Guruswami et al., 1970)
Sinus bradycardia
(Vasudev Iyer & Narendranath et al., 1975)
Hyperkalemia (plasma potassium above 8mmol/L)
( Narendranathan et al., 1975)
34. Correction of bradyarrhythmias by
Atropine @0.5mg, IV for 15 min interval
Intravenous infusion of isoprenaline @ 1-4µg/kg
Cardiac pacing
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/5875777
35. Hyperkalemia
Insulin & Glucose
•Dose: IV fast acting insulin (actrapid) 10-20 units.
• Glucose/dextrose 50g @25-50ml, IV
Salbutamol Dose:
Dose:-10-20mcg/min via nebulizer
36. Seeds are excessively toxic, & this poisoning is typically
fatal and can result from ingesting a single seed.
Mortality is severe mainly due to “ Cardiac toxicity”.
To the best of my knowledge no plant in southern states
is responsible for as many deaths by suicide as the
odollam tree.
CONCLUSION
37. Eddleston M, Phillips M R (2004) Self poisoning with
pesticides. BMJ 328:42-44.
Gaillard Y, Krishnamoorthy A, Bevalot F (2004) Cerbera
odollam: a 'suicide tree' and cause of death in the state of
Kerala, India. J Ethnopharmacol 95: 123-126.
REFERENCES
38. Iyer G V, Narendranath M (1975) A preliminary report on
the neurological manifestations of Cerbera odollam
poisoning. Indian J Med Res 63: 312-314.
Guruswami M N, Ganapathy M N, НampaL C K (1970) A
preliminary study of the pharmacological actions and
toxicity of "Cerbera Odollam". Indian J Med Sci 24: 82-87.
Narendranathan M, Das K V, Vijayaraghavan G (1975)
Prognostic factors in Cerbera Odollum poisoning. Indian
Heart J 27: 283-286.
