2. Introduction
Fermentation in food processing
History
Types of fermentation
Cheese
Microbes Associated with cheese
fermentation
General cheese processing steps
Types of Cheeses
Advantages and disadvantages of Cheese
3. Fermentation, chemical process by
which molecules such as glucose are
broken down anaerobically. More
broadly, fermentation is the foaming that
occurs during the manufacture of wine and beer, a
process at least 10,000 years old.
4. converting carbohydrates to alcohol
or organic acids using
microorganisms like yeasts or bacteria
under anaerobic conditions.
Louis Pasteur in the 19th century used the
term fermentation in a narrow sense to
describe the changes brought about
by yeasts and other microorganisms growing
in the absence of air (anaerobically); he also
recognized that ethyl alcohol and carbon
dioxide are not the only products of
fermentation.
5. Fermentation:
Archaeologists have discovered that as far back as
6000 BC cheese had been made from cow's and
goat's milk and stored in tall jars. Egyptian tomb
murals of 2000 BC show butter and cheese being
made
Most authorities consider that cheese was first
made in the Middle East.
lactic acid fermentation:
1857, Louis Pasteur
7. “A food made from the pressed curds of milk,
firm and elastic or soft and semi-liquid in
texture.’’
“A food consisting of the coagulated,
compressed, and usually ripened curd of milk
separated from the whey.”
16. • Add starter culture.
• Ripen it at 32oC for 30 min.
• Thus fermentation starts.
• pH lowers.
17. • Starter culture is small amount of
bacteria ,added in milk to start
ripening by lowering the pH.
• Torula yeast brick ,
limberger cheese.
• Penicillium roqueforti blue
cheese
18. • Lactic acid produced.
• Addition of rennet.
• Rennet contain enzyme chymosin
which convert k-casien into para-k-
casien and glycomacropeptide.
• Leave it for 30 min for firm
coagulation.
19.
20. • When cheese curd is ready, remove
cheese whey.
• Presence of water and bacteria
cause decomposition of food.
• So perform partial dehydration.
21. • Temperature is raised to 39oC/
102oF.
• The curd is cut into small cubes
'scald' the curd particles.
• Cheese whey is expressed from the
particles.
22. The curds are allowed to set until they reach a
pH of about 6.4
Loaves" of curds are cut. After ten minutes, the
loaves are turned over and stacking begins
Every ten minutes when the loaves must be
turned over, they are stacked. This step uses the
weight of the loaves upon each other to help
expel additional moisture. The first time this
occurs, two loaves are stacked together. The
next time, the loaves are turned, and two stacks
of two are put together.
23. • Milled curd pieces are put back to
vat
• 0.65% salt is added. Sprinkle dry salt
on curds and mixing in salt.
• In some cheese varieties like
mozzarella, curd is cut into loaves,
which are then placed in brine(salt
solutions).
24. The salted curd pieces are placed in
cheese hoops and pressed into
blocks to form the cheese
25. The pressed blocks of cheese are either
bound with muslin-like cloth,
or waxed or vacuum packed in plastic bags to
be stored for maturation
Depending on the variety, cheese can be
aged from several months to several years.
26. • Store it in vacuum packed or
airtight plastic bag.
27. Several types on the basis of:
1. Length of aging (cheese maturation)
2. Texture
3. Making method
4. Fat content
5. Milk source
28. 1. Soft Cheese:
Soft, smooth, creamy texture
No heating and pressing
50-80% moisture content
Uses:
As a spread on bread and crackers
Usually not for cooking
29. Examples
o Unripened/Fresh
Not ripened, aged or fermented during processing
Short shelf life
Cottage, Ricotta, Mozzarella, Cream
o Ripened
Camembert, Brie, Caciotta
o Salt cured or pickled
Feta, Domiati
30. 2. Semi-soft Cheese
More firm and compact
39-50% moisture content
Can be used for cooking purposes
Examples
o Ripened by mold growth
Also known as blue or veined cheese
Network of green blue veins of molds
Molds include Penicillium roqueforti and Penicillium glaucum
Strong and salty flavor
Roquefort, Stilton, Gorgonzola, Danish blue
o Ripened by bacteria and surface microbes
Limbruger, Brick
31. 3. Firm/Semi-Hard Cheese:
Considered as “all purpose” cheese
Pressed to remove most whey during production
34-45% moisture content
Can be used for sandwiches and snacks
Cheddar, Colby, Gloucester, Edam
4. Hard Cheese:
< 39% moisture content
Long maturation period
Very long shelf life
Can last for 2 years in refrigerator
Examples
o Without Eyes, ripened by bacteria
Cheddar, Caciocavallo
o With eyes, ripened by bacteria
Emmental, Gruyere, Swiss
32. 5. Very Hard Cheese:
13-34% moisture content
Very long aging period
Can be upto 2 years
Examples
Asiago old, Parmesan, Romano, Grana
6. Processed Cheese:
Made by melting a blend of grated cheese, milk, more salt, food
coloring, flavors and seasonings
Can be used for cooking
Long shelf life
Examples
Processed cheese slices, Cheese spreads
33. Many advantages as follow
Nutritional Value:
Contains vitamins such as A, B6, C, D, E, K
Other vitamins include Thiamin, Riboflavin,
Niacin.
Dental Care:
High Calcium
Low lactose
Raise pH of plaque offers protection against
dental cavities.
34. Bone Health:
Enriched in vitamin B, A, D
Also contains calcium, magnesium, zinc
Strengthen bones and cartilage
Healthy for children and women (particularly
lactating women)
Controlling Hypertension:
low fat cheeses such as Cottage, Feta,
Ricotta are good for hypertension patients
35. Reduced Risk of Osteoporosis:
In post menopausal women
As cheese is enriched in vitamins, calcium
and protein
Omega 3 fatty acids:
Found in cheeses made from cow milk
Healthy for cardiovascular system and brain
Enhance blood formation
Strengthens liver
Facilitate absorptions of nutrients
36. Cardiovascular problems:
Cheese contains large amount of saturated
fat
High intake of saturated fats increase
Cholesterol
Results in increase risk of cardiovascular
diseases, obesity, diabetes
Allergies, intolerances, sensitivities:
Persons sensitive to casein protein develops
allergies
Fresh cheeses like mozzarella triggers
reaction in persons with lactose intolerance
37. Kidney Disorders:
Phosphorus in high quantities
Harmful for persons having kidney diseases
Prostate cancer:
High calcium causes prostate cancer
Neonatal infection and death:
Cheese promotes growth of Listeria bacteria
L.monocytogenes cause serious infections in
infants and pregnant woman