Chapter 5 National Development.pptx

MPU3173 PENGAJIAN MALAYSIA 3
CHAPTER 5
NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
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Matapelajaran Pengajian Umum (MPU)
MPU3173 PENGAJIAN
MALAYSIA 3

THE NEW ECONOMIC POLICY (NEP)
1. This policy was launched through the 2nd Malaysia plan (1971-
1975).
2. The formation of NEP was to rectify the imbalanced socio-economy
condition among the races
3. The development plan under NEP was carried out through the dual
strategies of:
 Reducing the level of poverty by making more job opportunities
available to all races
 Re-ordering the community to eliminate the identification of
races through certain economic functions
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THE NEW ECONOMIC MODEL (NEM)
1. NEM was announced by Prime Minister Dato’ Sri Mohd Najib Tun Abdul
Razak on 30 March 2010 in continuation of the previous economic
development policies
2. Among the main elements of NEM were:
 To push the country’s economy to be progressive by 2020 and to
increase the income of the people
 To overcome problems concerning income gaps and eradicating
poverty, irrespective of race
 To increase the income level of all low-income groups
 To lean on the production of sturdy economic growth, which took into
account the effects on the environment and natural resources
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NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL POLICY
1. Since independence, the government has doubled its efforts in
making Malaysia as an industrialized country
2. The government’s efforts to develop the country have not only come
by way of diversifying industrial activities, but also by creating more
work opportunities to the people
3. Other than this, this sector is also expected to become the main
national exporter and to help in providing technical skills to the
locals
4. Campaigns motivating consumers to use Malaysian-made products
have already been done. Plan to boost small and agricultural-based
industries have also been carried out
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5. Technological transfer:
 To accept the most optimal technological transfer
 Necessitates the country to strengthen its field of research and
development
 To develop the industrialized sector, the government initiated
some adaptability measures to improve the investment climate in
Malaysia
 Malaysia has become the main target of Japan and the Newly
Industrialized Countries who have moved their factory operations
to this country
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HEAVY INDUSTRIALIZED POLICY
1.The industrialization sector has contributed greatly to the economy of the
country, just as much as the agricultural sector
2. The former’s contribution in GDP has escalated from 13.4% in 1970 to
20.5% in 1980, whereas the latter’s contribution has declined from 30.8% to
22.2% in the same period
3. The same can be said about the job opportunities in the industrial sector: an
increase from 11.4% in 1970 to 15.8% in 1980, whereas in agriculture, the
percentage plunged from 50.5% to 40.6% in the same period
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4. The growth of the industrial sector in that decade was 12.5% a year,
compared to only 4.3% for the agricultural sector
5. The industrial process has experienced phases starting from the
traditional industries based on agriculture before the 1960s, to the
import replacement industry in the 1960s, and labour intensive and
export industries in the 1970s
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6. Objectives
 Importing and absorbing more sophisticated technology to improve its own
technology
 Avoiding continuous dependency on foreign items and technology
 Diversifying and strengthening Malaysian export items to outdo the existing
protection policy in developed countries towards their manufactured products
 Increasing the capabilities of small industries and support industries other
than creating new medium industries
 Providing opportunities for employees to be trained in related engineering
and skills fields
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NATIONALAGRICULTURAL POLICY
1. Initially, the plantation of food-based crops like paddy, vegetables, fruits;
and activities like fishing and livestock supplied food resources, thus
creating job opportunities and income to the local people
2. Industrial crops (rubber) was introduced in 1887, when the rubber seed was
planted in Kuala Kangsar, Perak
3. The establishment of the Rubber Institute in 1926 came at the right time,
making Malaysia the main exporter of rubber in the world until end of the
1980s
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4. Palm oil was introduced and developed in the 1960s, followed by cocoa in
the 1970s
5. The establishment of Palm Oil Research Institute in 1979 made palm oil
another strategic crop in this country’s economy
6. The establishment of the Malaysian Cocoa Authority in 1988 to conduct
research on producing, processing, storing and utilizing strengthened the
position of cocoa as a subsidiary crop in Malaysia
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7. Aims of National Agricultural Policy
 Maximizing the income of this sector so that it will contribute to
the growth of national economy
 Maximizing the income of small-time owners and farmers through
the increase of production, thus reducing rate of poverty
 Advancing the main commodities which have great potential to be
exported
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SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT POLICY:
NATIONAL EDUCATION POLICY
1. The transitional government had already realized the need to
standardize and streamline the education system
2. Rationally, the education system under the colonial government had
expanded without taking into consideration the need of development
and the priority of molding a national identity, or strengthening
national unity
3. The main objective also can be interpreted as uniting the school
children of various races to provide a workforce geared towards the
need of the economy
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NATIONAL YOUTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN
1. In the 8th Malaysia plan, the government has continued its focus on
youth development as it appreciated the role youths play, and their
contribution to national development
2. To prepare youths as future leaders for the nation, the Ministry of
Youth and Sports (Kementerian Belia dan Sukan) took the initiative to
prepare a detailed plan for consideration by the government
3. The main aim of the KBS in drafting the National Youth
Development Action Plan is to get the government to be more
committed in implementing youth development strategies
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4. The KBS hopes to consolidate and strengthen the existing strategy
and to further suggest strategies that are more relevant and appropriate
to needs of the youths of today, in line with the rapid economic changes
and globalization
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NATIONAL CULTURAL POLICY
1.Islam as the main component in the formation of a National culture
 Religion and the belief in God are important components in the
process of developing a nation and nurturing citizens with high
morals
 Islam should be an important source of input in the formulation of
the National Cultural Policy by virtue of its position as the official
religion of the country, as well as the established historical fact
that Islamic values have already been supported and accepted by
a large segment of the population in the region
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2. National Cultural Policy has three main objectives:
 To strengthen national unity through culture
 To nurture and adopt a national identity which is based on the
central principles and components of the national culture
 To enrich and enhance the quality of human life and spiritual
well-being of the people through sustained socio-economic
development
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INVITATION TO ‘OPEN HOUSE’

NATIONAL SOCIAL POLICY
1. Is a social development policy founded on the central principles of
nurturing high moral values and human capital capacity building
2. As a social development policy, it seeks to achieve unity and social
stability, strengthen national fortitude and look after the well-being
of society, as well as steer Malaysia towards becoming a developed
and strong nation
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3. The National Social Policy aims to create a Malaysian community
that is economically developed and technologically advanced with all
members of all community having equal opportunities to develop their
own potential to the fullest, and to thrive in a conducive social
environment in which its people are united, resilient, democratic, moral,
tolerant, progressive, compassionate and fair, as its consistent with goals
of Vision 2020
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NATIONAL WOMEN’S POLICY
1. Goals:
 To ensure the fair distribution of resources, information,
opportunities and benefits from development amongst men and
women
 To integrate women in all sectors of national development in
recognition of the ability and the will of the women to improve
their quality of life, eradicate poverty, eliminate ignorance and
illiteracy and to ensure the country’s safety, prosperity and peace
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2. This policy give priority to the participation and active involvement
of men and women in the development process, both at the planning
stage and at the level of implementation and impact assessment
3. This policy takes into account the potential of women who made up
half of the nation’s total population
4. The level of women’s education and knowledge should be improved
in line with the role and participation of women in a modern and
dynamic society
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Women in workforce

NATIONAL FAMILY POLICY
1. NFP provides direction and guidance to those responsible for
prioritizing the integration of family welfare policies in all
development programmes
2. NFP prioritizes the welfare of families in all development efforts
3. NFP is also aimed at developing prosperous families that are capable
of producing a generation which is noble and of the highest quality
through the support and commitment of all parties who place a
premium on the welfare of the family
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PARENTS’ ATTENTION

NATIONAL INTEGRITY PLAN
1. Is based on the spirit and principles of the Federal Constitution,
which sees Malaysia’s ethnic and religious diversity as an asset that
should be taken advantage of
2. The plan also incorporates the philosophy and principles of the
Rukun Negara, and aims at building a united, just, democratic,
liberal and progressive society
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ISLAM HADHARI
1. Was introduced as an approach to build the nation from the
perspective of Islamic civilization
2. Islam Hadhari was introduced based on the following reasons:
 Islam as the religion of the Federation
 Continuity to the Inculcation of Islamic Value Policy
 The approach of Islam Hadhari as the catalyst of Vision 2020
 Making Islam as the Liquidators for current challenges
 Realizing Islam as the religion that can give Grace to the global
environment
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10 PRINCIPLES OF ISLAM HADHARI
1. Faith and piety towards God Almighty
 Characteristics and values to be developed:
 Strong faith, devotion and religious beliefs
 Practice of collective values
 Embracing the religious community (in line with the first principle of
Rukun Negara- Believing in God)
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2. Just and trustworthy government
 Characteristics and values to be developed:
 Administration of justice for all citizens
 Effective governance, transparency, trust, sincerity, diligence and
responsibility
 Protection of people’s welfare
 Prudence in avoiding wastage
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3. freedom-thinking people
Characteristics and values to be developed:
 The spirit of self-esteem
 Being open-minded
 Not shackled by foreign pressure
 Creative and innovative
 Competitiveness
 Viability
 Independence
 Ability to accept changes
 No longer obsessed with the old culture, which can be weakening
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4. Knowledge mastery
 People who love science
 Become a nation of pioneers in science
 Learn all the Fardhu Ain (for Muslims)
 Master all fields of Fardu Kifayah
 Abandon negative knowledge that can damage the faith
 Build a community through a scientific approach
 Strengthen the integration of knowledge through double specification
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5. Balanced and comprehensive economic development
 People who care to claim fardu kifayah in the economic field
 People who excel in the economy
 A developed country as a blessing
 Avoiding unproductive economic activities
 Giving priority to the needy
 Developing countries based on a legitimate economy
 Economic balance between rural and urban areas
 Conducive to cooperation between public and private sectors
 Giving priority to the economy which is related to the fundamental needs of the people
 Preventing the suppression of viable economic activities
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6. Quality of life
 Worshipping as a basic quality of life
 Comfortable living
 A safe environment
 Healthy living
 A harmonious family
 Nutritional quality
 A caring society
 Infrastructure that is complete and perfect
 Paying attention to the disabled
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7. Protection of the rights of minority groups and women
 Paying attention to ethnic and minority groups
 Justice and rights due to women
 Paying attention to single mothers
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8. Cultural and moral integrity
Strengthening and maintaining a culture based on values and
principles of the Rukun Negara
Building a moral society based on religious teachings
Effective management of negative culture
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9. Nature conservation
Awareness and responsibility of man as the Caliph
Effective nature conservation
Development of natural resources for the good of society
Avoiding wastage of natural resources
Preserving natural beauty, water resources and air quality
Protecting the habitat of flora and fauna
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10. The strength of defence
 Building spiritual and physical endurance through human capital
 Fostering patriotism
 Having the best defence system and be respected
 Improving information systems and protecting its confidentiality
 Developing a technology-based defence force
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1MALAYSIA
1. this policy serves to complement the existing approaches for the
purpose of solidifying unity and ensuring stability, towards
achieving progress and higher development for the people and the
country as a whole
2. In other words, 1Malaysia is proposed as a formula which helps to
ascertain national aspiration (vision 2020) and this can be inculcated
and put to practice in every strata of the society
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The Main Aspect of 1Malaysia
 The concept of 1Malaysia proposed will be materialized within two
prime aspects:
 The first aspect – The Inculcation of the cores of unity (Acceptance,
Citizenship, social justice)
 The Second aspect – The Inculcation of Values of aspiration (High
performance, Accuracy, knowledge, integrity, perseverance, loyalty,
wisdom and innovation)
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The first aspect – The Inculcation of the cores of unity (The Main principles)
1.Acceptance
1Malaysia stresses on the attitude of acceptance among the multiple races, whereby a
race would accept the sense of uniqueness beheld by others in so far as we are able to
live together, respecting one another as the people in one country
2. Citizenship
This principle is to ensure that the implementation of 1Malaysia and is based on:
Federal Constitution
The Rukun Negara
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3. Social justice
 Every Malaysian will be considered and none is to be abandoned
 This sense of justice must take into account the progress of the
races which is at varying stages
 Therefore, the policies of the government and constitutional
provisions, which offer defence to the people in need, will
continue to be executed
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The Second aspect – The Inculcation of Values of Aspiration
1.High performance
The attitude of nonchalance and being too ‘easy-going’ cannot exist in a progressive
community
2.Accuracy
 Malaysian must know their accuracy, including being punctual and
prioritizing efficacy in performing all duties and obligations
 The accuracy of measurement, delivery schedule and quality are inextricably
linked in determining excellence and accomplishment
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3. Knowledge
 A country can really be established and successful when its people have a
high level of knowledge
 The culture of knowledge seeks to educate the people to always be inclined
to keep up-to-date with the latest knowledge and always be prepared to gain
knowledge throughout their lives
4. Integrity
 Embodies the virtues of being trustworthy, clean and efficacious in carrying
out duties and responsibilities
 Every failed or wrong attempt or action must be rectified to obtain better
results or outcomes
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5. Perseverance
 Must be instilled in situations when the people have to face brave challenges or
problems
 Should not easily give up, and in turn must possess a high level of self-
confidence and a strong fighting spirit in whatever field they undertake
6. Loyalty
 Total loyalty to the country and the readiness to serve and sacrifice for the
benefit of the beloved country
 The loyalty to the King and the Country, the second principle of the Rukun
Negara must be undividedly upheld by every citizen
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7. Wisdom
This guides the people on ways to face problems with strength and discipline so
there will be no offensive issues concerning other parties
8. innovation/ acceptance
 Readiness for us as Malaysians to try new things and be innovative in
whatever fields that we undertake
 We should be bold enough to change for good
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ISLAMIC VALUES INTEGRATION
1. The policy was formulated by the government in order to infuse positive
work attitudes, which will produce efficient and effective administration ,
thus enhance its services
2. One of the main objective is to produce quality of services
3. Strategically, to instill these values in civil servants, top management must
conduct regular briefings and explanations about the policies and motivated
them to give their best to the public
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FOREIGN POLICY
1. The relationship between Malaysia and foreign countries started
even before independence, in the era of the Melaka Sultanate when
Melaka practiced active foreign policies with countries like India,
Siam, China, Parsi, Arab, Japan and countries around the Malay
archipelago
2. After independence, Malaysia continued with the tradition, playing
an effective role in the international political system
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3. The Malaysian foreign policy formulated since independence has
gone through 4 stages and different leaders
4. During the time of Tunku Abdul Rahman (1957-1970), Malaysia’s
foreign policy was more pro-West and anti-communism. This was due to
the fact that the country had just gained its independence and the threat
from the communists was still strong
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MPU3173 PENGAJIAN
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THE FIRST PM: TUNKU ABDUL
RAHMAN PUTRA AL-HAJ

5. When Tun Abdul Razak Hussein (1970-
1975) became PM, the foreign policy of
Malaysia prioritized development and
social integration by holding more
diplomatic relations with all countries,
irrespective of their political ideologies.
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MPU3173 PENGAJIAN
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THE 2ND PM: TUN ABDUL RAZAK
HUSSEIN

6. In the administration of Tun Hussein Onn (1975-
1981), the focus of the foreign policy centred on the
cooperation for defence and security of this country
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THE 3RD PM:
TUN HUSSEIN ONN

7. During the administration of the Tun Dr Mahathir
Mohamad, the foreign policy put some weight on economic
relations and sustained previous policies. Apart from that,
the issues of peace and justice among international
communities were also a significant agenda
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THE 4TH & 7Th PM:
TUN MAHATHIR MOHAMAD

Social development policies formulated by the government are important
guidelines in the formation of an enlightened human being, as well as
keeping the unity of the nation. These policies are formulated so that each
citizen is giving equal opportunities and fair treatment. A unified nation that
puts country and other above self, at the same time constantly
moving forward is one that is immediately seen progressive, dynamic and
humane.
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Summary

All lecturer notes are taken from;
• Andaya, B.W. and Andaya, L.Y. (1981), A History of Malaysia, Hong
Kong: Macmilla Asian Histories series.
• Chai Hon Chan. (1967). The development of British Malaya 1896-1909,
Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
• Mardiana Nordin dan Hasnah Husin. (2014). Malaysian Studies.
Shah Alam: Oxford Fajar.
53
REFERENCES

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