Physics Investigatory project on verification of newtons second law

1. VERIFICATION OF
NEWTONS SECOND LAW
F=MA

2. 1. NEWTON'S FIRST LAW OF MOTION PREDICTS THE BEHAVIOR OF OBJECTS FOR
WHICH ALL EXISTING FORCES ARE BALANCED. THE FIRST LAW - SOMETIMES
REFERRED TO AS THE LAW OF INERTIA - STATES THAT IF THE FORCES ACTING UPON
AN OBJECT ARE BALANCED, THEN THE ACCELERATION OF THAT OBJECT WILL BE 0
M/S. OBJECTS AT EQUILIBRIUM (THE CONDITION IN WHICH ALL FORCES BALANCE)
WILL NOT ACCELERATE.
1. ACCORDING TO NEWTON, AN OBJECT WILL ONLY ACCELERATE IF THERE IS A NET OR
UNBALANCED FORCE ACTING UPON IT. THE PRESENCE OF AN UNBALANCED FORCE
WILL ACCELERATE AN OBJECT - CHANGING ITS SPEED, ITS DIRECTION, OR BOTH ITS
SPEED AND DIRECTION.

3. 3. NEWTON'S SECOND LAW OF MOTION PERTAINS TO THE BEHAVIOR OF OBJECTS FOR WHICH ALL EXISTING
FORCES ARE NOT BALANCED. THE SECOND LAW STATES THAT THE ACCELERATION OF AN OBJECT IS
DEPENDENT UPON TWO VARIABLES - THE NET FORCE ACTING UPON THE OBJECT AND THE MASS OF THE
OBJECT.
4. THE ACCELERATION OF AN OBJECT DEPENDS DIRECTLY UPON THE NET FORCE ACTING UPON THE OBJECT,
AND INVERSELY UPON THE MASS OF THE OBJECT. AS THE FORCE ACTING UPON AN OBJECT IS INCREASED,
THE ACCELERATION OF THE OBJECT IS INCREASED. AS THE MASS OF AN OBJECT IS INCREASED, THE
ACCELERATION OF THE OBJECT IS DECREASED.

4. THEORY
CAN YOU DEFINE NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION?
NEWTON'S SECOND LAW OF MOTION STATES THAT "FORCE IS EQUAL TO THE CHANGE IN
MOMENTUM PER CHANGE IN TIME. FOR A CONSTANT MASS, FORCE EQUALS MASS TIMES ACCELERATION."
FOR CONSTANT MASS, THIS EXPRESSION BECOMES I.E, F = MA
WHERE F IS THE FORCE APPLIED, M IS THE MASS OF THE BODY, AND A, THE
ACCELERATION PRODUCED.

5. •
•

6. • THEREFORE, NEWTON'S SECOND LAW ALSO STATES THAT THE
NET FORCE ACTING ON A BODY IS EQUAL TO THE RATE OF
CHANGE OF MOMENTUM OF THE BODY.

7. HOW DOES MOMENTUM AFFECT THE NET
FORCE?
• THE FIRST LAW OF MOTION INDICATES THAT WHEN AN UNBALANCED EXTERNAL FORCE ACTS ON AN
OBJECT, ITS VELOCITY CHANGES, I.E.., THE OBJECT IS ACCELERATED. NOW, LET’S STUDY HOW THE
ACCELERATION OF AN OBJECT DEPENDS ON THE FORCE APPLIED.
• CONSIDER THE EXAMPLE. A CAR AT REST DOES NOT REQUIRE MUCH ATTENTION WHEN PARKED
ALONG A ROADSIDE. BUT THE MOVING CAR, EVEN AT A LOW SPEED, MAY KILL A PERSON STANDING IN
ITS PATH. A SMALL MASS, SUCH AS A BULLET MAY KILL A PERSON WHEN FIRED FROM A GUN.
• FROM THESE EXAMPLES IT IS CLEAR THAT THE IMPACT PRODUCED BY THE OBJECTS DEPENDS ON
THEIR MASS AND VELOCITY. WHEN WE COMBINE THE MASS AND VELOCITY OF AN OBJECT, WE GET
ANOTHER QUANTITY CALLED MOMENTUM, WHICH WAS INTRODUCED BY NEWTON.

8. MOMENTUM:
• WHEN AN UNBALANCED FORCE IS APPLIED ON AN OBJECT, IT CHANGES THE
VELOCITY OF AN OBJECT, WHICH IN TURN CHANGES ITS MOMENTUM.
• MOMENTUM HAS BOTH DIRECTION AND MAGNITUDE. ITS DIRECTION IS THE SAME AS
THAT OF VELOCITY.
• SO, IT IS CONCLUDED THAT THE FORCE NECESSARY TO CHANGE THE MOMENTUM
OF AN OBJECT DEPENDS ON THE TIME RATE AT WHICH THE MOMENTUM IS CHANGED.
THE ACCELERATION OF A

9. •

10. MATERIALS
REQUIRED
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

11. •
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

12. OBSERVATIONS:
• VERTICAL MASS, M2 (G) CART MASS, M1 (G) DISTANCE TRAVELLED BY THE CART, S (CM)
TIME, T (S) ACCELERATION OF THE OBJECT, A= 2S/T2 (M/S2)
• CALCULATION:
• F= M2G
• M2=……………………..G
• M2= ……………………….KG
• =…………………KG M/S2
• F= (M1+M2)A
• (M1+M2) =………………….G
• (M1+M2) =………………….KG

13. RESULT:
• CALCULATE M2G AND (M1+M2)A. IT IS FOUND TO BE SAME.
HENCE NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION IS VERIFIED.

14. REFERENCES
• BOOKS
MANUAL OF SECONDARY SCIENCE KIT FOR CLASSES IX AND X - PUBLISHED BY NCERT
CLASS XI – PHYSICS TEXTBOOK
• WEBSITES
• HTTP://EPATHSHALA.NIC.IN/WP-CONTENT/DOC/BOOK/FLIPBOOK/CLASS%20IX/0964-
SCIENCE/CHAP%2012/INDEX.HTML
• HTTPS://WWW.SCIENCEDIRECT.COM/TOPICS/EARTH-AND-PLANETARY-SCIENCES/NEWTON-
SECOND-LAW
• HTTPS://WWW.LIVESCIENCE.COM/46560-NEWTON-SECOND-LAW.HTML