This document provides an overview of special education, disabilities, and development stages. It discusses the meaning and causes of disabilities, which can be physical, cognitive, sensory, or developmental and may be present at birth or occur later in life. The stages of prenatal development and potential prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal causes of disabilities are described. Various types of disabilities are classified, including visual and hearing impairments, intellectual disabilities, autism, and multiple disabilities. Twins are also discussed, distinguishing between identical, fraternal, and conjoined twins and their formation process.

1. SPECIAL EDUCATION
Ms R SRIDEVI
Assistant Professor of Pedagogy of Mathematics
Loyola College of Education
Chennai 34
UNIT i
INTRODUCTION TO SPL EDU
SEMESTER IV
CODE BD4SE

2. INTRODUCTION

7. Meaning of Disability
• Disability is the consequence of an
impairment that may be physical,
cognitive, mental, sensory,
emotional, developmental, or
some combination of these. A
disability may be present from
birth, or occur during a person's
lifetime.

8. Conditions causing disability are classified
by the medical community as:
• Inherited Genetically transmitted;
• Congenital, meaning caused by a mother's
infection or other disease during pregnancy,
embryonic or fetal developmental
irregularities, or by injury during or soon
after birth;
• Acquired, such as conditions caused by illness
or injury;

9. DEVELOPMENTAL
STAGES
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10. Stages of Growth and Development
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11. Stages of Prenatal Development
• Zygotic (or Germinal) Stage0-2 weeks
• Embryonic Stage 2-8 weeks
• Fetal Stage 9-40 weeks
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12. PRENAL…. (BEFORE BIRTH)
• Poor health
• Age factor
• Previous pregnant problems
• Use of drugs by the pregnant mother without
consultation of Doctor can cause mental
retardation.
• Use of alcohol by the mother
• Exposure of X – ray
• Infections
• Illness

13. PERINATAL STAGE
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14. PERINATAL (DURING BIRTH PROCESS)
• Delayed Labour – Amniotic Fluid
• Breech Delivery (Buttocks Or Feet)
• Delayed Birth Cry
• Sudden Delivery - Constipation Problem
• Baby Big – Virginal Small
• Pre Matured Baby
• Low Birth Weight

15. POSTNATAL STAGE
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16. INFANCY
Birth to 2 yrs
EARLY CHILDHOOD
2 yrs to 6 yrs
LATER CHILDHOOD
6 yrs to 12 yrs
ADOLESCENCE
13 yrs to 20 yrs
YOUNG ADULTHOOD
20 yrs to 40 yrs
MATURE ADULTHOOD
/ MIDDLE AGE
40 yrs to 60 yrs
AGED ADULTHOOD /
OLD AGE
Over 60 yrs
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17. POSTNATAL …… (AFTER BIRTH)
• Recent research has implicated smoking in increasing
the risk of mental retardation.
• Illnesses: Childhood diseases such as: chicken pox,
measles, and any disease which may lead to meningitis
can damage the brain, as can accidents such as a blow
to the head or near drowning.
• Accidents: At home, At school/college and At road etc
• Poverty and cultural deprivation - Children in poor
families may become mentally retarded because of:
– Malnutrition
– Disease-producing conditions
– Inadequate medical care
– Environmental health hazards

18. CLASSIFICATIONS OF
DISABILITIES

19. VI HI MR
LCD
LEPROCY
CURED AUTISM
MUTLIPLE
DISORDER

20. VISUALLY IMPAIRMENT

21. COMMON EYE DISEASES
• CATARACT - கண
் புரை
• GALUCOMA - அழுத்தம்
• AGE – RELATED MACULAR
DEGENERATION
• DIABETIC RETINOPATHY - நீ ைிழிவு
• CHILDHOOD BLINDNESS - குழந்ரதப்
பருவ குருட்டுத்தன
் ரம

22. HEARING IMPAIRMENT

23. Situation of the Ear

27. TWINS

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29. Types
of twins
Non-
identical
(Fraternal)
Identical
(Monozygotic)
Conjoined
(Siamese)
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30. Fraternal (Non-identical) twins
• Fraternal (Non-identical) twins are formed
when two egg cells are fertilized; each egg by
a different sperm so that two embryos are
formed. Fraternal twins can be of the same or
opposite sex and they don't have to look at all
alike.
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31. Identical twins (Monozygotic)
• Identical twins (Monozygotic) are formed
when one egg after being fertilized by one
sperm, divides into two halves. The two halves
are genetically identical. Identical twins are
usually of the same sex.
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33. Conjoined (Siamese) twins
• Conjoined (Siamese) twins are formed exactly
like identical twins, but during the split, the
embryo does not separate completely to form
two separate babies and the twins develop
attached to one another.
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