Topic 8 animal body 1
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Tissue- Epithelium and connective
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Topic 8 animal body 1
- 1. List the levels of organization in the vertebrate body. Identify the tissue types found in vertebrate. Describe how body cavities are organized. Describe the structure and function of an epithelium. Identify the cell types found in an epithelial membrane. Explain the structure and function of different epithelia. Describe the structure and function of connective tissue Identify the different kinds of connective tissue. List the cells that make connective tissue 1
- 2. Lecture 1 Clicker question 1A Introductions Body organization Tissues Clicker Question 1B
- 3. Which of the following systems are present in animals but not in plants? A. Circulatory B. Gas exchange C. Excretory D. None of the above E. All of the above 1A Clickerquestion 3
- 4. 4 Plants relatively simple Animals eat other organism, need additional physiological systems Digestives system Excretory (get rid of excess) Animals move and hunt Muscular Skeletal Nervous system Gas Exchange Circulation
- 5. 5 General body plan of all vertebrates is essentially a tube within a tube Inner tube – digestive tract Outer tube – main vertebrate body Supported by a skeleton Outermost layer – skin and its accessories Mouth Food Feces Anus
- 6. 6 Body Body Food Mouth Stomach Intestine Anus Solid Waste “feces” Circulatory System Exchange of CO2, O2, waste etc. Urine CO2 O2 Digestive System Excretory System Respiratory System Mouth Food Feces Anus Side View Cross View
- 7. There are four levels of organization 7 210 cell types in humans Four tissue types 78 organs13 major organ systems 2 genders
- 8. 8 Cells differentiate from pluripotent stem cells to become specialized Many cells have specialized parts that allows them to perform operations no other cell type performs Groups of one particular type of cell or of a few types make up a tissue
- 9. There are four levels of organization 9 210 cell types in humans Four tissue types 78 organs13 major organ systems 2 genders
- 10. Groups of cells that are similar in structure and function In adult vertebrates, there are four primary tissues 10
- 11. There are four levels of organization 11 210 cell types in humans Four tissue types 78 organs13 major organ systems 2 genders
- 12. Combinations of different tissues that form a structural and functional unit 12
- 13. 13 3 fundamental embryonic tissues are called germ layers Endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm Each germ layer differentiates into the scores of different cell types and tissues that are characteristic of the vertebrate body
- 14. 14 In vertebrates, organs are housed in two main body cavities Dorsal body cavity Forms within skull and vertebrae Ventral body cavity Bounded by the rib cage and vertebral column
- 15. The dorsal body cavity contains the brain and the spinal cord 15 Cross section
- 16. 16 Ventral body cavity is divided by the a sheet of muscle, the diaphragm Cross section Abdominopelvic cavity – most organs, including stomach, intestine, liver, kidney and bladder Thoracic cavity – heart and lungs Cross section
- 17. There are four levels of organization 17 210 cell types in humans Four tissue types 78 organs11 major organ systems 2 genders
- 18. Groups of organs that cooperate to perform the major activities of the body Vertebrate body contains 11 principal organ systems 18
- 19. Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 19 Jump to long image description
- 20. Which of the following systems do animals have as a necessary consequence of eating other creatures (as opposed to making their own food like plants do)? A. digestive system B. excretory system C. nervous system D. None of the above E. All of the above 1B Clickerquestion 20
- 21. Lecture 1 Clicker question 1A Introductions Body organization Tissues Clicker Question 1B
- 22. There are four types of tissues 22 Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organs always consist of more than one of the four kinds of tissues
- 23. 23 Protection by coverage Bridging, support and transport Movement and locomotionControl and coordination
- 24. 24 Protection by coverage Bridging, support and transport Movement and locomotionControl and coordination
- 25. 25 An epithelial membrane, or epithelium, covers every surface of the vertebrate body Some epithelia change into glands Cells of epithelia are tightly bound together Provide a protective barrier Can come from any of the 3 germ layers (Endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm)
- 26. 26 Epithelia possess remarkable regenerative powers replacing cells throughout life Epithelial tissues attach to underlying connective tissues by a fibrous membrane Basal surface – secured side Apical surface – free side Inherent polarity important for their function Functions- 1. Protect underlying tissues from dehydration, mechanical damage 2. Provide selectively permeable barrier that facilitates/impedes passage of materials 3. Provides sensory surfaces 4. Secrete fluids
- 27. Epithelial cells can become glandular Glands of vertebrates form from invaginated epithelia 27 Exocrine glands Connected to epithelium by a duct Sweat, sebaceous, and salivary glands Endocrine glands Ductless – lost duct during development Secretions (hormones) enter blood
- 28. Some epithelial cells are ciliated Cilia project into the lumen and help move secretion or objects. E.g. in the lung 28
- 29. 29 Two general classes Simple – one layer thick Stratified – several layers thick Each class subdivided into Squamous cells – flat Cuboidal cells – about as wide as tall Columnar cells – taller than they are wide
- 31. 2 to several layers thick Named according to the features of their apical cell layers Epidermis is a stratified squamous epithelium Terrestrial vertebrates have a keratinized epithelium Contains water-resistant keratin Lips are covered with nonkeratinized, stratified squamous epithelium 31
- 32. Some glands of the body consist of highly modified epithelium that do not function as a protective covering These cells are more metabolically active than simple cells They form tubular invaginations to form glands-exocrine and endocrine They actively secrete secretions that move to the surface and away from the organ 32 Exocrine glands Connected to epithelium by a duct Sweat, sebaceous, and salivary glands Endocrine glands Ductless – lost duct during development Secretions (hormones) enter blood
- 33. 33 Protection by coverage Bridging, support and transport Movement and locomotion Control and coordination cuboidal Columnar Ciliated squamous glandular
- 34. In adult vertebrates, which of these is not one of the four principle kinds of primary tissues? A. epithelial B. connective C. supportive D. muscle E. nerve 2A Clickerquestion 34
- 35. 35 Protection by coverage Bridging, support and transport Movement and locomotion Control and coordination cuboidal Columnar Ciliated squamous Simple or Stratified
- 36. Derive from embryonic mesoderm 36 Key features Cells + Extracellular matrix Cell Matrix Extracellular matrix: Protein Fibers Ground substance
- 37. Divided into two major classes based on function and nature of ECM 37 A. Connective tissue proper: Loose or dense B. Special connective tissue: Cartilage, bone, and blood Functions- • Support • Defense • Food storage Cells are not tightly packed like epithelium and are typically suspended in extracellular matrix of fibers
- 38. 38 1. Loose Connective Tissue Cells scattered within a matrix that contains a large amount of ground substance Strengthened by protein fibers Collagen – strong and resistant to stretch e.g. skin, muscle, bone connections Elastin – can be stretched and then recoils. Found in tissues that stretch (e.g., lungs, arteries) Reticulin – helps support the network of collagen Cells: Fibroblast, Macrophages, fat cells Matrix: Protein fibers+ ground substance
- 39. 39 Adipose Tissue Adipose cells (fat cells) also occur in loose connective tissue Develop in large groups in certain areas, forming adipose tissue Cells: Adipose cells Matrix: Protein fibers+ ground substance
- 40. 40 2.Dense Connective Tissue Contains less ground substance than loose connective tissue Dense regular connective tissue Collagen fibers line up in parallel Makes up tendons and ligaments Dense irregular connective tissue Collagen fibers have different orientations Covers kidney, muscles, nerves, and bone Cells: Fibroblasts Matrix: Protein fibers+ ground substance Dense regular Dense irregular
- 41. 41
- 42. 42 1. Cartilage Ground substance made from characteristic glycoprotein (chondroitin) and collagen fibers in long, parallel arrays Firm and flexible tissue that does not stretch Found in joint surfaces and other locations Cells: Chondrocytes Matrix: Collagen fibers and chondroitin
- 43. 43 2. Bone Osteocytes (bone cells) remain alive in a matrix hardened with calcium phosphate Communicate through canaliculi Cells: Osteocytes Matrix: Calcium phosphate
- 44. 44 3. Blood Extracellular material is the fluid plasma Erythrocytes – red blood cells Leukocytes – white blood cells Thrombocytes – platelets Cells: red cells, white cells, platelets Matrix: Plasma
- 45. 45
- 46. 46 Use the information in the tables to answer the questions 1. List the types of connective tissue proper and typical locations in the body 2. List the types of special Connective tissue 3. What are the prominent cells in Cartilage? In Bone? 4. What is the extracellular matrix in Blood?
Editor's Notes
- Answer is C
- Cells are given names, sometimes according to the tissues that they make up
- The horse body plan is composed of dorsal and ventral body cavities. The dorsal cavity is divided into the cranial cavity, which contains the brain, and the vertebral cavity, which contains the spinal cord. The ventral body cavity contains the pleural cavities, which contain the lungs, the pericardial cavity, which contains the heart, and the peritoneal cavity, which contains the digestive organs.
- Divided by the diaphragm into Thoracic cavity – heart and lungs Pericardial cavity: Around the heart Pleural cavity: Around the lungs Abdominopelvic cavity – most organs Peritoneal cavity – coelomic space
- The cardiac muscle cell contains a nucleus and multiple striations. Several cardiac cells will work together to form cardiac muscle. Cardiac muscle, along with a lining of epithelial tissue forms the heart. The heart combined with blood vessels and blood form the circulatory system.
- Answer is E
- The table shows the different types of epithelial tissues, the shape of the tissue, and an example of a location where the tissue can be found. The tissues highlighted include simple squamous, simple cuboidal, and simple columnar epithelium.
- Table forty two point one shows the different types of epithelial tissues, the shape of the tissue, and an example of a location where the tissue can be found. The tissues highlighted include pseudostratified columnar and stratified squamous epithelium.
- Answer is C
- Fibroblasts produce and secrete extracellular matrix Loose connective tissue Cells scattered within a matrix that contains a large amount of ground substance Strengthened by protein fibers Collagen – supports tissue Elastin – makes tissue elastic Reticulin – helps support the network of collagen
- The table shows a picture of the tissue type, the location in which the tissues can be found, and the characteristics of the cell types. Loose connective tissue and dense connective tissues are highlighted.
- The table shows a picture of the tissue type, the location in which the tissues can be found, and the characteristics of the cell types. Cartilage, bone, and blood are highlighted.