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Animal tissues
- 6. BODY TISSUES Tissue Groups of cells with similar structure and function Four primary types Epithelial Connective Muscular Nervous
- 8. EPITHELIAL TISSUES Location Body coverings Body linings Glandular tissue
- 9. EPITHELIAL TISSUES Characteristics Cells fit closely together The lower surface is bound by a basement membrane Avascular (have no blood supply) Regenerate easily if well nourished
- 10. CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIUM Number of cell layers Simple - one layer Stratified - more than one layer
- 11. CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIUM Shape of cells Squamous - flattened Cuboidal - cube shaped Columnar - column like
- 12. SIMPLE EPITHELIUM Simple squamous Single layer of flat cells Usually forms membranes Lines body cavities Lines lungs and capillaries
- 13. SIMPLE EPITHELIUM Simple cuboidal Single layer of cube-like cells Common in glands and their ducts Forms walls of kidney tubules Covers the ovaries
- 14. SIMPLE EPITHELIUM Simple columnar Single layer of tall cells Often includes goblet cells, which produce mucus Lines digestive tract
- 15. SIMPLE EPITHELIUM Pseudostratified Single layer, but some cells are shorter than others Often looks like a double cell layer Sometimes ciliated, such as in the respiratory tract (trachea) May function in absorption or secretion
- 16. STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM Stratified squamous Cells at the free edge are flattened Found as a protective covering where friction is common Locations Skin Mouth Oesophagus Vagina
- 17. STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM Stratified cuboidal Two layers of cuboidal cells Found in mucus lining of relaxed urinary bladder
- 18. STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM Stratified columnar Surface cells are columnar, cells underneath vary in size and shape Found in uterine linings during certain hormonal phases
- 19. STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM Transitional epithelium Shape of cells depends upon the amount of stretching Lines organs of the urinary system (urinary bladder)
- 21. GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM Gland – one or more cells that secretes a particular product Two major gland types Endocrine gland Ductless Secretions are hormones Exocrine gland Empty through ducts to the epithelial surface Include sweat and oil glands
- 23. Classification Multicellular Consisting of cluster of cells GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM
- 26. CONNECTIVE TISSUE Found everywhere in the body Includes the most abundant and widely distributed tissues Functions Binds body tissues together Supports the body Provides protection
- 27. CONNECTIVE TISSUE CHARACTERISTICS Variations in blood supply Some tissue types are well vascularized Some have poor blood supply or are avascular (cartilage) Extracellular matrix Non-living material that surrounds living cells
- 28. EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX Two main elements Ground substance – mostly water along with adhesion proteins and polysaccharide molecules Fibers Produced by the cells called fibroblast Three types Collagen fibers Elastic fibers Reticular fibers
- 29. CONNECTIVE TISSUE TYPES Bone (Osseous Tissue) Composed of: Bone cells in lacunae (cavities) Hard matrix of calcium salts Large numbers of collagen fibers Used to protect and support the body
- 30. BONE (OSSEOUS TISSUE) Osteoblasts- active bone cells (bone-forming cells) Osteocytes- inactive osteoblasts (found inside lacunae) Osteoclasts- bone-destroying cells (active in bone resorption)
- 31. CONNECTIVE TISSUE TYPES Dense Connective Tissue Main matrix element is collagen fibers Cells are fibroblasts Examples Tendon – attach muscle to bone Ligaments – attach bone to bone
- 33. CONNECTIVE TISSUE TYPES Hyaline Cartilage Most common cartilage Composed of Abundant collagen fibers Rubbery matrix Entire fetal skeleton is hyaline cartilage, nose, trachea, rib ends, joint surfaces
- 34. CONNECTIVE TISSUE TYPES Elastic Cartilage Provides elasticity Examples Supports the external ear Eustachian or auditory tube Larynx Epiglottis
- 36. CONNECTIVE TISSUE TYPES Fibrocartilage Highly compressible Examples Forms cushion-like discs between vertebrae, pubic symphysis, joints subject to severe strain
- 38. CONNECTIVE TISSUE TYPES Areolar Connective Tissue Most widely distributed connective tissue Soft, pliable tissue Contains all fiber types Found in dermis, superficial fascia, subcutaneous layer, mucous membranes, around blood vessels & nerves etc.
- 39. CONNECTIVE TISSUE TYPES Adipose Tissue Matrix is an areolar tissue in which fat globules predominate Many cells contain large lipid deposits Functions Insulates the body Protects some organs Serves as a site of fuel storage
- 40. CONNECTIVE TISSUE TYPES Reticular Connective Tissue Delicate network of interwoven fibers Forms stroma (internal supporting network) of lymphoid organs Lymph nodes Spleen Bone marrow
- 41. CONNECTIVE TISSUE TYPES Blood Blood cells surrounded by fluid matrix Fibers are visible during clotting Functions as the transport vehicle for materials
- 43. TYPES OF BLOOD CELLS Red blood cells (Erythrocytes) no nucleus; bi-concave in shape transport oxygen to cells & tissues of the body life span is 120 days Platelets (Thrombocytes) fragments of megakaryocytes involved in blood-clotting mechanism
- 44. TYPES OF BLOOD CELLS White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) colorless cell that circulates in the blood and body fluids and is involved in counteracting foreign substances and disease there are several types, all amoeboid cells with a nucleus, including lymphocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, and macrophages.
- 45. TYPES OF LEUKOCYTES Granulocytes (contains granules in cytoplasm) Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Agranulocytes (no granules in cytoplasm) Monocytes Lymphocytes (B and T)
- 46. GRANULOCYTES Neutrophils – multi-lobed; phagocytosis
- 47. GRANULOCYTES Eosinophils – bi-lobed; allergic reactions & parasitic infections
- 48. GRANULOCYTES Basophils – inflammatory reactions
- 50. AGRANULOCYTES Lymphocytes (B and T) – production of antibodies
- 51. OVERALL FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD Circulates materials around the body (gases, nutrients, & hormones) Maintains homeostasis by controlling body temperature and pH of body fluids Protection through phagocytosis & antibody production
- 52. MUSCLE TISSUES
- 53. MUSCLE TISSUE Function is to produce movement Three types Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle
- 54. TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE Skeletal Muscle Can be controlled voluntarily Cells attach to connective tissue Cells are striated Cells have more than one peripherally located nucleus
- 55. TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE Cardiac Muscle Found only in the heart Function is to pump blood (involuntary) Cells attached to other cardiac muscle cells at intercalated disks Cells are striated One nucleus per cell
- 56. TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE Smooth Muscle Involuntary muscle Surrounds hollow organs Attached to other smooth muscle cells No visible striations One nucleus per cell Cells are tapering at both ends (spindle-shaped)
- 57. NERVOUS TISSUES
- 58. NERVOUS TISSUE Composed of neurons, neuroglia, & peripheral glia cells Function is to send impulses to other areas of the body (neurons), support & nourishes neurons (neuroglia) Irritability Conductivity
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