This is useful to both medical and veterinary professionals

1. Prof. R. N. Sreenivas Gowda
Founder Vice Chancellor, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal And Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar.
Former Director Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Bangalore.
Professor and University Head, Dept. of Veterinary Pathology, UAS-Bangalore
E.Mail drrns.gowdaa@gmail.com

2. • Introduction
• Occurrence of pandemics
• Emerging zoonotic diseases
• Understanding Corona Virus
• Comparative studies between Alph- and -
Gamma corona Virus
• Clinical features
• Diagnosis
• Prevention and control
• Vaccines
• Conclusion

3. Chicken -preferred source of animal protein

4. Chicken model has aided in our
understanding of human disease.
• The chicken model has advanced the areas of
developmental biology, virology, immunology,
oncology, epigenetic regulation of gene
expression, conservation biology, and genomics
of domestication.
• Chicken as an Experimental Animal Model to
Study Atherosclerosis and Ovarian Cancer.
• Application of Chicken Eggs and Chicks Embryos
in Virology and Pharmaceutical Industry.

5. 10 Facts of use of Chicken
1. Peyton Rous (1911) won the Nobel prize for discovering that viral infection of chicken
could induce sarcoma
2. Chickens are useful models for studying craniofacial development and disease.
3. The molecular basis of limb development was found in chicken.
4. Chickens used for the study of the development of nervous system-how cells migrate
and differentiate.
5. Chicken offers a model system for several human inherited diseases, both single gene-
based and complex traits.
6. Chicken embryos are used to model the heart arterial septal defects and
atherosclerosis.
7. Chicken highlighted the importance Immunosuppression.
8. Influenza vaccine is produced in the Embryonated eggs
9. Infectious bursal disease virus an Immunosuppressive virus has been used as a
therapeutic agent without any toxicity in clinical trials with patients suffering from
acute and chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections.
10. The chicken anemia virus (CAV) protein apoptin is known to induce tumor cell-specific
death when expressed Apoptin has attracted considerable interest due to its ability to
mediate cell death selectively in cells that have undergone an oncogenic
transformation.

6. “To better understand the challenges
associated with the CoVID-19 disease in
humans, poultry health professionals
can draw on their many years of
experience attempting to control avian
coronavirus
- infectious bronchitis (IBV) in poultry”.
……….Mark W. Jackwood a molecular poultry virologist, University of Georgia
(2020)

7. “The poultry industry has been living
with an avian coronavirus since
1930s, and what we know about
that virus can tell us a lot about how
to tackle SARS-CoV-2 and future
human coronaviruses”
.….. Professor Amir Hadjinoormohammadi, University of
Melbourne(2021) Werribee, Victoria, Australia.

8. • To Understand Human-Animal-Environment health risks,
• At least 75% of Emerging infectious diseases are Zoonotic
and originate from wildlife.
• Mutilation of Ecosystem is the cause of Emerging or
re-emerging of zoonotic diseases and are complex in
nature.
• The ecosystem is disturbed by multiple factors, such as
genetic evolution, demographic changes, environmental
conditions, or climate changes.
• In May, 2018, three major international organisations,
WHO, FAO and OIE joined together to combat human-
animal-environment health risks and strengthening
their joint action.
• Called as “ONE HEALTH” Concept.
WHO
FAO OIE
ONE
HEALTH
2018
HUMAN ANIMAL
ENVIONMENT

9. -Human
-Animal
-Environment
health risks
In recent decades, several new diseases have emerged in different geographical
areas, with pathogens including Ebola virus, Zika virus, Nipah virus, and
coronaviruses (CoVs).

10. • 1852 to 1860, Cholera pandemic caused
death of one million human population.
• 1918 and 1920, Flu pandemic, claimed lives of
around 20 to 50 million people across the world..
• Between 2005 and 2012, HIV/AIDS Pandemic
has killed more than 36 million people
worldwide.
• From Dec 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic,
or Coronavirus pandemic, is an
ongoing Global Pandemic killing more than
4 Million. (4,049,353)
Occurrence of Pandemics are not new !

11. • The Novel Corona Viral pandemic has
attracted Global attention because of its
extremely high infection rate and for
large number of human deaths.
• Millions of people suffering physically,
emotionally and financially.
• A great impact on human beings from
infection in terms of morbidity
(17,66,43,863) and mortality (38,22,865)

12. The , has attracted
Global attention in the present
century because of:
One of the deadliest pandemics in
history.
Extremely infectious nature of virus.
Rapidly mutating virus.
Absence of cure.
Large number of human deaths.
Fear of economic instability in this
century.
Alarming Vaccine situation.

13. On ongoing CoVid- 19 pandemic disease, many questions remain unanswered:
When this pandemic ends?
How does it affect people differently?
Do we fully understand the mechanisms of transmission?
What about future Coronaviruses?
Can new viral variants keep emerging?
For how long will a Vaccine be effective?
How effective will vaccines be against new strains?
How optimal can we make future vaccines?
What future research will reveal about the virus?
In the hunt for answers it would be wise to take a close look at chicken
infection.

14. Poultry and its products are widely used in
the field of biotechnology, medical research
and pharmaceutical industry to study and
treatment of many human diseases.

15. • The first coronavirus discovered (back in the 1930s)
was the avian coronavirus known as
-“Infectious Bronchitis Virus, or IBV”.
• The disease causes a highly contagious respiratory
disease, can also affect the Urinary and
reproductive organs, which leads to a decrease in
egg production and egg quality, thus making it a
major cause of economic losses within the poultry
industry world over.
• Due to its ubiquitous and highly contagious nature,
almost all commercial chickens around the world
are Vaccinated against IBV, since 60 years.

16. • WHO first learned of this new virus on
31 December 2019, following a report of a
cluster of cases of ‘Viral pneumonia’ in
Wuhan, People’s Republic of China.
• Corona viruses are Zoonotic Pathogens
originating in animals and transmitted to
humans through direct contact or through
unknown intermediate hosts in the Wuhan
seafood market, China.

17. The first recorded cases were reported in
December 2019 in Wuhan, China.

18. .
• All CoVs that caused
epidemics (including
COVID-19) are believed to
be originated in bats.
• Bats are hosts of many
coronaviruses.

19. • Coronaviruses are found in all
Mammalian and Avian species.
• Therefore these viruses are important
both in Human and Veterinary Practice
Worldwide.

20. Some non-human
mammals that can
be infected by
coronaviruses
Animal Variety of Corona Virus
Cattle Bovine corona virus(BCoV) -severe enteritis in calves
Cats Feline corona virus(FCoV) -mild enteritis and severe feline
infectious peritonitis.
Dogs Canine corona virus(CCoV) -enteritis and respiratory disease
Ferrets Ferret enteric corona virus-epizootic catarrhal enteritis;
Ferret systemic corona virus-a syndrome similar to feline
infectious peritonitis.
Hedge Hogs Hedge hog corona virus 1
Mink Mink corona virus 1
Pigs Porcine corona virus HKU15 -gastroenteritis;
Porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus(PED or PEDV)
Rabbits Rabbit enteric corona virus - acute gastroenteritis and
diarrhoea
Rats Lucheng Rn rat corona virus
Whales Beluga whale corona virus SW1

21. • In Poultry it cause Respiratory tract
infection and unique lesions in
different organs.
• In cows and pigs they cause diarrhea,
• In mice it cause hepatitis and
Encephalomyelitis.
• The virus resemble each other in
morphology and chemical structure:
for example, the coronaviruses of
humans and cattle are antigenically
related.

22. • These are a group of related RNA viruses that
cause diseases in mammals and birds.
• In humans and birds, they cause respiratory tract
infections that can range from mild to lethal.
• Mild illnesses in humans include some cases of
the common cold (which is also caused by
other viruses, predominantly rhinoviruses),
while more lethal varieties can
cause SARS, MERS, and now CoVid-19.

23. • Corona Virus

24. • The name “Coronavirus" is derived from
Latin corona, meaning “Crown “ or “Wreath“.
• Greek κορώνη korṓnē, "garland, wreath“.
'corolla' or 'flower petals‘.
Hence the name “CORONA”

25. • The WHO first learned of this new virus on 31 December 2019,
following a report of a cluster of cases of ‘Viral pneumonia’ in Wuhan,
People’s Republic of China and named the new disease Co-Vi-d-19, in
which “Co” stands for corona, “Vi” stands for virus, “d” stands for
disease, and “-19” stands for the year 2019.
• 11th February 2020 the International Committee on Taxonomy of
Viruses (ICTV) announced the name “Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome Coronavirus- 2 (SARS-CoV-2)” as the name of the new
virus.
• This name was chosen because the virus is genetically related to the
coronavirus responsible for the earlier SARS outbreak of 2003.

26. CLASSIFICATION OF CORONAVIRUS
Avian corona virus infect birds

27. •Avian infectious
bronchitis virus
•Turkey coronavirus
•Pheasant coronavirus
•Duck coronavirus
•Goose coronavirus
•Pigeon coronavirus

28. Avian Corona Virus
• The earliest reports of a coronavirus infection in animals
occurred in the late 1920s, when an acute respiratory
infection of domesticated chickens emerged in North
America.
• Arthur Schalk and M.C. Hawn in 1931 made the first detailed
report which described a new respiratory infection of
chickens in North Dakota.
• Leland David Bushnell and Carl Alfred Brandley isolated the
virus that caused the infection in 1933 called as Infectious
Bronchitis Virus, or IBV.
• Charles D. Hudson and Fred Robert Baudette cultivated the
virus for the first time in 1937.
• In 1941 the first vaccine was invented and developed by
Roeckel that lead to well-known Roekel M41 stain of vaccine
called later as Massachusetts strain.
• in 1960s, it was reported that IBV caused high mortalities
due to nephritis.
• In the 1990s, molecular IBV diagnostic testing was
developed, and it revolutionized the way we diagnose and
control infectious bronchitis.
Human Corona Virus
• Human coronaviruses were discovered in the
1960s
• IN 1961 E.C. Kendall, Malcolm Bynoe, and David
Tyrrell working at the Common Cold Unit of
the British Medical Research Council collected a
unique common cold virus designated B814.
• In 1965, Tyrrell and Bynoe successfully cultivated
the novel virus by serially passing it through organ
culture of human embryonic trachea.
• 1968 Researcher June Almeda who first imaged the
coronavirus
• 2002 –SARS, in South China
• 2012 -MERS CoV in Camels- Saudi Arabia.
• 2019 -SARS -CoV-2 in Wuhan city, China

29. • They are enveloped viruses with
a positive-sense single-
stranded RNA genome and
a nucleocapsid of helical
symmetry.
• The genome size of coronaviruses
ranges from approximately 26 to
32 kilo bases, one of the largest
among RNA viruses.
• They have characteristic club-
shaped spikes that project from
their surface, which in electron
micrographs create an image.

30. • The morphology is formed by the viral
spike (S) peplomers, which are type 1
glycoproteins that populate the surface
of the virus.
• These determine host tropisms, and
other structures like the Membrane
(M), a protein that spans the
membrane three times and envelope
protein (E), a highly hydrophobic
protein and the nucleocapsid.
Electron micrograph of Infectious Bronchitis virus particles Cook, J.K.A. (1983).
Isolation of a new serotype of infectious bronchitis‐like virus from chickens in England.
Veterinary Record, 112, 104‐105

31. Structures of SARS-CoV-2's spike protein (left), main protease
(middle), and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (right)
• The genome - consists of four
structural proteins, called -
Spike glycol protein(S),
Membrane protein(M),
Nucleoprotein (N), and
Envelope (E) proteins

32. • Spike proteins play a role in the
pathogenesis by inducing neutralizing
antibodies and mediating viral fusion of the
cell envelope with the host cell membrane.
• IBV and SARS-CoV-2 both have the typical
club-shaped projections on their surface.
• Their chemical composition, genome
structure and how they replicate are also
highly comparable.
Spikes on the surface induce
neutralizing antibodies and are
different for each serotype.

33. How Corona Virus attacks Cells?
• SARS-CoV-2 is an RNA virus that has a specific spike protein that allows it to bind itself to the host
cell 10x faster than the original virus.
• The Furin enzyme in the human body allows the virus to attack pivotal organs in the body including
the liver, lungs, and small intestines.

34. Why Poultry Don’t Spread Corona to humans?
• The spikes works as lock and key
mechanism of spike protein
• The specific receptors function differently
to different corona viruses.
• SARS-CoV-2 attaches to their human
select cells throughout angiotensin
converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors,
that are notably reported in the lung and
kidney.
• IBV uses alpha 2,3 linked sialic acids-
dependent manner for bind to the avian
tissues which is notably reported in the
lung and kidney.
Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)
Transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) :Facilitates attachment and entry

35. Schematic diagram of genomic organization of SARS-
CoV, MERS-CoV, and 2019-nCoV.
• The genomic regions or open-reading frames
(ORFs) are compared.
• Structural proteins, including spike (S), envelope
(E), membrane (M) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins,
as well as non-structural proteins translated from
ORF 1a and ORF 1b and accessory proteins,
including 3a, 3b, 6, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, and 9b (for SARS-
CoV), 3, 4a, 4b, 5, and 8b (for MERS-CoV), and 3a,
6, 7a, 7b, 8, and 10 (for 2019-nCoV) are indicated.
• 5′-UTR and 3′-UTR, untranslated regions at the N-
and C-terminal regions, respectively. Kb, kilo base
pair.
Spike (S), Envelope (E), Membrane (M) and Nucleocapsid
(N) proteins,

36. • The RNA viruses are constantly undergoing genetic
change because of the replication mechanism they use.
• Recycling of virus—a so-called “rolling reaction”—is likely
to occur a long-term persistence might allow virus
mutation.
There are two mechanisms involved in genetic change.
• The first is the generation of mutations that accumulate
over time, resulting in genetic drift.
• This occurs because the polymerase enzyme makes
mistakes as it replicates the viral RNA genome to create a
new virus particle.

37. …..Cont
• Not only does the polymerase enzyme make
mistakes at a high rate, it has limited ability to
go back and fix those mistakes, resulting in
rapid evolution of the virus.
• When the mistakes introduced into the
genome provide a selective advantage for the
virus, that “genetic variant” becomes the new
virus emerging to cause disease.

38. Genetic Recombination
• The second mechanism introducing change in
the genome of is called “Recombination”.
• Recombination can occur when two different
IBV types infect the same cell.
• During virus replication, the polymerase
enzyme begins copying the genome of one virus
then switches to the other virus, creating an
offspring virus containing portions of each
parent’s genome.
• For example, when two vaccine viruses
recombine with an outcome of a virus that is
still attenuated for chickens.

39. The structural protein genes are also interspaced by genes coding for
nonstructural and accessory proteins, arranged in the order of 5′ to 3′
directions as UTR-1a/1ab-S3a-3b-E-M5a-5b-N-3′-UTR-poly(A).
Of the structural protein genes, the S1 and N proteins contain epitopes
responsible for host immune response

40. 1930s
• Classical IB first Reported in US
1940s • Nephropathogenic strains in Australia
1950s
• Uterotropic IBV strains Asian countries
1960s
• Enterotropic IBV strains China , India
1990s
• Deep muscle myopathy
• Proventriculitis- pathogenic IBV strains
2000
2010
• QX IBV strains -Water belly / Ascites syndrome in Layers
At least 50 different lineages in IB identified so far.

41. Continent Prevalent strains
America Mass, Conn, Clark333,Arkansas,GAV, MX-97-8147Gray, Holte,
Iowa,CA557/03,CA706/04,CA1737,PA/Wolgmmuth/98,PA/1220/98
Latin
America
Mass, Conn,
Ark4/91,D274,SIN6,UAD,Cuba/La,Habana/CB19/2009,50/96-Bazil,
Chile14,22/97-Handuras
Europe Mass, Itally02,QX(D388), H120,739B(4/91)D207,D212,D2138D1466,
D3896,D274,D1466;
Africa Mass, H120,IBADAN,TN20/00,TN335/01,TN295/07 TN
556/07TN557/07,Egypt/Beni-Suf/01
Asia Mass, H120, Ark99,Gray, CU-T2,DE-072,JMK,D274,IS/229/96 QX,
THA,PDRC-Pune,RF,GX,DY07…..
Australia 25 Strains NI?62, VicS, Q3/88,VI/99,A,B,C,D
Avian Coronaviruses:
turkey (TCoV),
pheasant (PhCoV),
goose (GCoV),
duck (DCoV), and
pigeon (PCoV)
In recent years, IBV variants
presenting novel genotypes,
serotypes or pathogenicity have been
identified in
China (Chen et al., 2017; Gao et
al., 2016; Zhong et al., 2016; Zhou et
al., 2017),
Korea (Hong, Kwon, Kim, Mo, &
Kim, 2012),
Egypt (Zanaty et al., 2016) and
Australia (Hewson et al., 2014).
These variants caused different
degrees of mortality in chickens in
experimental inoculation
“Geographic separation tends to result in genetically distinct variants,”

42. “We know about the evolution of
IBV, we need to assume that
further new SARS-CoV-2 strains
may emerge in future that would
potentially be more virulent, have
different transmissibility or can
infect different cells of the body”.
IBV

43. Common human coronaviruses
1.229E (alpha coronavirus)
2.NL63 (alpha coronavirus)
3.OC43 (beta coronavirus)
4.HKU1 (beta coronavirus
Cause Usually mild respiratory illness

44. 1. 2012 : MERS-CoV (the beta coronavirus that causes Middle East
Respiratory Syndrome, or MERS in Saudi Arabia.
2. 2002: SARS-CoV (the beta coronavirus that causes a severe acute
respiratory syndrome, or SARS in South China
3. 2019: New SARS-CoV-2 -in wuhan city, China
- ----mutations with higher transmissibility have emerged in the Uk
and India….Variant –delta+, Delta++, and now Lambda Variant.

46. • A typical SARS-CoV-2 virus accumulates 1-2 single-
nucleotide mutations in its genome per month, which is ½ the rate of
influenza and ¼ of the rate of HIV.
• Part of the reason that SARS-CoV-2 appears to be mutating more
slowly is that, unlike most RNA viruses, coronaviruses have a novel
exoribonuclease (ExoN) encoded in their genomes, which researchers
suspect is correcting many of the errors that occur during replication.

47. SARS-2
VARIANTS

48. • A new "double mutant" variant of the coronavirus has
been detected from samples collected in India.
• The double mutation in India is a variant carrying both the
L452R and E484Q mutations.
• the variant, where two mutations come together in the
same virus, may be more infectious or less affected by
vaccines.
• Both of these are able to evade detection by the immune
system.
• The Delta variant (B.1.617.2) of which more than 12,000
cases have been seen in across the UK’, and now in India.
Very strong and spreads fast.
• “Geographic separation tends to result in genetically
distinct variants,”
Alfa- b1.17 –Britain
Beta-B1.135-South Africa
Gama-(P.1) -Brazil
DeltaB1.1.671.2- India, UK
L452R
E 484Q
Double mutation
Delta Strain-
Variants of interest(VOI)
Variants of concern(VOC)

49. Delta Variant
• Delta is 40-60% more transmissible than
Alpha and almost twice as transmissible as the
original Wuhan strain of SARS-CoV-2.
• Significantly more viral particles have been found
in the airways of patients infected
with the Delta variant.
• Viral loads in Delta infections were ~1,000 times
higher than those in infections caused by other
variants.

50. Symptoms of CoVid 19: Delta variant

51. • As long as the virus that caused the pandemic keeps infecting people,
new variants will emerge.
• With more than half of the world still not vaccinated, the virus likely
to finding new people to infect and replicating inside several months
or years.
• The same virus can make copy of itself a small mutation could occur
leading to new variant.
• Vaccine formulations need to be updated periodically.

52. Gamma Corona virus of birds cause very similar
infection of human Corona infection.
• Avian infectious bronchitis virus(IBV)
• Turkey coronavirus (TCoV)
• Pheasant coronavirus
• Duck coronavirus
• Goose coronavirus
• Pigeon coronavirus
• Sparrow corona virus

53. Infectious bronchitis: 80 years of control efforts to
combat a Coronavirus infection in poultry

54. Upper respiratory tract infection
Urogenital manifestations- Nephritis nephrosis syndrome and Gout
Reproductive Problem -Atresia of the oviduct is a result of the early
IB infection “false layers” ’ drop in egg production , loss of
pigmentation and watery albumin.
The accumulation of albumen and retained ova lead to a massive
swelling of the lower abdomen that manifests in a penguin-like
posture of affected hens
Neonatal infection of chickens with respiratory distress.

55. Infectious bronchitis CoVid - 19- SARS-2

56. • Bats are widely accepted as the reservoir for mammalian coronaviruses.
• There are about 1,240 different bat species harboring as many or more different coronavirus types.
• SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV came from a bat reservoir, infected an intermediate host then jumped to humans.
• Bats are hosts of many coronaviruses.
Infectious bronchitis(IBV) CoVid - 19- SARS-2

57. Competing theories on the
origin of SARS-CoV-2.
A. The virus evolved from
SARS-like CoV within the
Malayan pangolins
(Manis javanica).
B. It evolved from SARS-
like CoV within the
Chinese horseshoe bat
Rhinolopus sinicus.
C. SARS-like CoV was
transmitted from bat
and evolved into SARS-
CoV-2 in humans.

58. • Many molecular characteristics of these
viruses were Comparable including
structure, transcription, replication,
protein synthesis, virions assembly,
mutation rates, recombination and viral
genetic diversity, infectivity and
epidemiology.
• Whole genetic material and comparative
genomic analysis exhibited that IBV and
SARSCoV-2 have particularly same
genomic structures and characteristics.

59. • A short incubation period of 18-36 h is
observed after IBV infection and thereafter
clinical signs develop.
• Transmission from farm to farm is related to
movement of contaminated people,
equipment and vehicles.
• In young chickens, severe respiratory
distress may occur, respiratory signs including
gasping, coughing, sneezing, tracheal rales,
and nasal discharge.
• In layers, respiratory distress, nephritis,
decrease in egg production, and loss of
internal (watery egg white) and external
(fragile, soft, irregular or rough shells, shell-
less) egg quality are reported
SARS-CoV-2
• The incubation period for the
novel coronavirus is somewhere between
2 to 14 days after exposure.
• Most people who are infected with the
SARS-CoV-2 virus have respiratory
symptoms.
• They start to feel a little bit unwell, they
will have a fever, they may have a cough
or a sore throat or sneeze.
• In some individuals, they may have
gastrointestinal symptoms.
• Others may lose the sense of smell or the
sense of taste.

60. • Like SARS-CoV-2, Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV)
primarily causes a respiratory disease.
• Also similarly to SARS-CoV-2, IBV infection can extend to
other parts of the body.
• Recent evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 can affect
the cardiovascular system leading to cardiac arrest,
sometimes in the absence of respiratory illness.
• Also, renal (kidney) failure has been recognised as one
of the consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
• Similarly, some strains of IBV may induce severe renal
disease with or without respiratory involvement.

61. • Respiratory system: IBV could be detected in the nasal epithelium, trachea, lung,
spleen, myocardial vasculature, liver, gastrointestinal tract, kidney, skin, sclera of
the eye, spinal cord, as well as in brain neurons.
• Enteric : QX genotype of IBV variant in China associated with proventriculitis,
nephritis and drop in egg production.
• The Urinary system: historically a consistent characteristic of IBVs in Australia,
• Female reproductive tract:(first described in the 1970s) using real-time RT-PCR,
that some strains can persist in oviduct tissue for longer than was first thought
and cause cystic oviduct. In affected flocks, and eggs laid subsequently had weak,
cracked or misshapen shells with watery albumen.
• Male reproductive tract: In Brazil detected IBV in the testes of cockerels in flocks
where male infertility was suspected Whether all IBVs have a tropism for the cells
in the testis that produce spermatozoa remains to be determined.

62. CoV-2 survive several hours on various types
of surfaces:
Copper: 4 hours
Cardboard: up to 24 hours
Plastic or stainless steel:> 2 to 3 days
Soil and water: up to 126 hours
Cotton gauge: 12 hours
Contaminated Surface: 2 to 9 hours
In litter: >56 days (Cavanagh & Gelb, 2008)

63. • The virus is transmitted via the respiratory
secretions, as well as faecal droplets from
infected poultry.
• Contaminated objects and utensils may aid
transmission and spread of the virus from
one flock to another.
• Evidence of virus was shown in trachea,
kidney, and Bursa of Fabricius 24 hrs
following aerosol transmission

64. Aerosol or Faeco -oral
Horizontal spread by
aerosol transmission
(sneezing), through
contaminated
organic material,
drinking water and
equipment.
surface
contamination of
eggs
• Vaccine and field strains of
IBV may persists in the
caecal tonsils of the
intestinal tract and be
excreted in faeces for
weeks or longer in clinically
normal chicken(Alexander
et al 1978)
• IBV could persist and be
shed in the trachea and
cloaca of chickens for as
long as 77 days.
• The possible way by which
the virus can be spread in
Hatcheries or Egg Packing
materials/ cartoon boxexes.

65. • SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted through the respiratory system and virus
particles have been found in the faeces of patients.
• However in contrast to IBV, there is no evidence so far to suggest that
the detected viral particles in human faeces are infective.
• The fact that IBV can be spread through alimentary excretion should
be a warning about the potential for a human coronavirus to be
similarly transmissible.
• It is a possibility we need to be prepared for and know how to handle.

67. Pathogenesis……Lungs…Inflammatory Lesion
IB
• Infectious bronchitis virus
initially infects and replicates
in the upper‐respiratory
tract causing the loss of
protective cells lining the
sinuses and trachea.
• The respiratory replication
will result in loss of ciliary
activity, mucus
accumulation, necrosis and
desquamation, causing
respiratory distress, râles
and asphyxia.
SARS CoV-2
• Coronaviruses invade the
respiratory tract via the nose.
• After an incubation period of
about 3 days, they cause the
symptoms of a common cold,
including nasal obstruction,
sneezing, runny nose, and
occasionally cough
• The disease resolves in a few
days, during which virus is shed
in nasal secretions.
• There is some evidence that the
respiratory coronaviruses can
cause disease of the lower
airways but it is unlikely that this
is due to direct invasion.

68. -Respiratory signs and swollen Head
• In addition to the existence of different serotypes, variants
can also be found. …… “Facial swelling…. Swollen Head”
• These variants are specific to each geographical location and
depending on their variability, their control and prevention
usually difficult.

69. IB-Respiratory lesions
• Congested tracheal
epithelial mucosa.
• There is excess mucus
with or without fibrinous
exudate
Typical gross finding in larynx and upper trachea

70. Gross & Histopathological lesions in IB
Gross lesions observed in the
respiratory organs are:
• Presence of mucoid secretion,
congestion, and hyperaemia in
the trachea (a); mild focal areas
of lung consolidation (b).
Histopathological changes in the
trachea :
• Note: the marked infiltration of
lymphocytes within the
epithelia (black arrow (b) and
evidence of mucosal secretions
of goblet cells (yellow arrow).

71. IB-Kidney Lesions
Swollen and corrugated kidneys with urate deposits.
Ureters filled with urates

72. a)Normal Oviduct b)Shortening oviduct and C. Cystic oviduct
Shortening of oviduct
- False Layers,
- Cystic oviduct,
- Internal Laying,
- Penguin posture
- Peritonitis and death
A C

73. • In egg laying hens, IBV can cause a severe
drop in egg production and reduce the
quality of the eggshell and albumen (egg
white).
• If chicks become infected at an early age, IBV
may cause permanent damage to the
reproductive tract leading to infertility at the
later stage of life leading to “False Layers”
• We need to be alert then to the potential
for similar effects from SARS-CoV-2 and
future human coronaviruses.
A . Normal and B. Shortening of oviduct

74. Chinese QX-like
infectious bronchitis virus strain
Lung Congestion
Proventriculitis
Hypertrophy of pancreas
Swollen kidneys and
Bursal Congestion

75. Penguin posture
Some chickens infected with IB variant D388
(QX) show a penguin like stance with a
pendulous abdomen, Ascites
Drop in egg production during IBV infection, starting
from 32 weeks, compared to standard curve.

76. IB virus strain SD, Changes in ovum and
ovary
C &D, Normal Oviduct
G. dilatation and suffusion of the oviduct.
H. deformation and atrophy of the ovarian
follicles.
Cystic Oviduct
(Black arrows indicate lesions detected in the tissue).

77. Changes in Eggs
a) Thin shelled eggs
b) Change in the pigmentation of egg
shell’
watery albumin
Small Misshapen and Corrugated

78. Dwarfing
and curling
of embryos
Normal
chick
Stunted &curved

79. Effect on Chicken Embryo and human womb
Stunting and curling of embryos

80. Reproductive System…………?
IBV
• If chicks become infected at an early
age, IBV may cause permanent defects
in the reproductive tract leading to
infertility at the later stage of life…
“False Layers”.
• In the hens, the viremia IBV will also
reach the oviduct, causing lesions in
the magnum (the egg-white gland)
and in the uterus (the egg-shell
gland), leading to a sharp decline of
egg production, shell-less, fragile or
roughened shells eggs (uterus lesion)
with watery whites (magnum lesion).
SARS-CoV-2
• SARS-CoV-2 is more severe in
pregnant women, with an
increased risk of
hospitalization and death.
• The female reproductive
system is potentially at a
high risk of SARS-CoV-2
infection.
• Spermatogonia, Sertoli, and
Leydig cells are
predominantly enriched in
ACE2.
• SARS-CoV-2 use ACE2
receptors to gain entry into
host cells and cause
damage.

81. Most common symptoms:
• fever
• dry cough
• tiredness
Less common symptoms:
• aches and pains
• sore throat
• diarrhoea
• conjunctivitis
• headache
• loss of taste or smell
• a rash on skin, or
discolouration of fingers or
toes
Serious symptoms:
• difficulty breathing or
shortness of breath
• chest pain or pressure
• loss of speech or movement

83. Pathophysiology of Lung in CoVid 19
1. Death of patients mainly due to
refractory respiratory failure directly
due to SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia .

84. Pathogenesis…..Kidneys
IB-Kidney
• Through viremia, some
nephrotropic strains
(most of high virulence)
could infect the kidney
epithelium in tubules
and nephron, causing
kidney failure.
• At gross examination,
kidneys may appear
swollen and pale in color
and with urates
in ureters
SARS CoV-2
• 19 % of the patients
had elevated serum
creatinine, 27 % had
elevated urea nitrogen,
and 63 % had urine
protein (+ to ++).
• 3 %–10 % of the
patients show renal
insufficiency, and 7 %
show acute kidney
injury.

85. • Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy of
childhood.(A-Ne)
• A condition, called Multisystem
Inflammatory Syndrome in Children
(MIS-C), typically emerges two to six
weeks after a COVID infection, often one
that produces only mild symptoms or
none at all.
• Some COVID-19 patients have shown
neurological symptoms, including headaches,
confusion, and ischemic stroke.
• It is currently unclear what exactly causes
neurological symptoms of COVID-19—whether
symptoms are caused by the virus infiltrating the
brain, by immune response-driven inflammation,
or something else.

86. Tissue Tropism in
CoVid-19
affecting
the multiple organs
Death is due to formation of
microvascular thrombi in different
organs

87. • The level of mortality caused by IBV in a population of chickens is highly
dependent on the strain of the virus and the healthiness of the birds’
immune system, but it can reach up to 30 per cent.
• Mortality due to SARS-CoV-2 infection can be as high as 8 per cent in some
countries which is still lower than that of IBV, but this may be due to a
higher level of care and medication provided to humans infected with
SARS-CoV-2.
• IBV is one of the very few infectious agents of poultry that can infect 100
per cent of the population in a very short period of time, often just 24
hours.
• This feature is paralleled in SARS-CoV-2 where infection can spread
through a large population in an incredibly short period of time.

88. Epidemiology and Waves of SARS-CoV-2 Infection
• Waves of infection pass through communities during the winter
months, and often cause small outbreaks in families, schools, etc.
• Immunity does not persist, and subjects may be re-infected,
sometimes within a year.
First wave………. Older people with comorbidities
Second Wave…. Young adult group
Third wave……… Most younger …Oct Nov. SBI… Aug Delta+.
• The rate of transmission of coronavirus infections has not been
studied in detail.

89. • Regular surveillance,
Effective screening using
RT-PCR enables quick and
efficient diagnosis.
• Gene sequencing
Diagnosis Covid19 SARS-2

90. IBV
• Kidneys, cecal tonsils, and cloaca
are sampled preferably when
there are Chronic infections and
vaccinated chickens, such as
layers and breeders, in which
small amounts of virus are
expected in the respiratory tract.
Specimens as per the WHO
recommendation: SARS-CoV-2
• Respiratory materials including
Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal
swabs, sputum and/or endotracheal
aspirate or Broncho alveolar lavage in
patients with more severe respiratory
disease.
• Tissue from biopsies or autopsy including
those from the lungs
• Whole blood
• Urine samples
• Serum for serological testing, acute
sample and convalescent sample (2-4
weeks after acute phase)

92. Requirement Suitable assay Sampling time Suitable samples
Disease suspected Viral Isolation Upon occurrence of
disease- up to 10days
Fresh pooled samples
tracheal, kidney &
oviduct
Confirmation of
suspected infection
Molecular Assays
RTPCR
As early as possible Pooled samples
Individual samples
Trachea, Cloacal Kidney ,
Oviduct
Serology- ELISA,VN,HI,
AGP
From 7 days PI Sera
Surveillance Molecular assays
RT-PCR, Serology, ELISA
Sera
Immunological response
to Vaccination
Serology- ELISA,VN,HI,
AGP
Sera
Vaccine coverage Molecular assays
RTPCR,
From 7days Post
Vaccination
Individual samples
Tracheal/cloacal samples
• Viral Isolation
• Serology: ELISA,
VN,HI, AGP
• Embryonated
Chicken Egg
• Molecular assays:
RT-PCR, restricted
fragment length
polymorphisms
(RFLP) and qRT-PCR
that enable rapid
genotyping and
identification of new
IBV strains.

93. Sequence and Phylogenetic Analyses of IBV
• S1 gene usually is amplified
using RT-PCR and sequenced
• The isolates are characterized
through bioinformatics
analyses based on their
phylogenetic relatedness
with reference sequences
available in sequence
databases.

94. Virus genome
sequencing is a
vital and rapidly-
developing tool in
the diagnosis of
COVID-19 and in
understanding the
spread and
control of the
new coronavirus.
The gene sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 is crucial in order to see
precisely what makes it so contagious.

95. • Epidemiological evidences confirmed the circulation of several IBV
serotypes in different parts of the world, (currently over 50 variants) thus
making IB control and prevention a global challenge.
• The continuous emergence of new IBV genotypes and lack of cross
protection among different IBV genotypes have been an important
challenge.
• Live attenuated IB vaccines remarkably induce potent immune response,
the potential risk of reversion to virulence, neutralization by the maternal
antibodies, and recombination and mutation events are important concern
on their usage.
• Changes in geographical distribution and tissue tropism have been
observed in QX-like strains that initially emerged in China and spread to
cause great economic loss to poultry farmers in Asia

96. No specific drugs are available but symptomatic and antivirals are
useful
• Remidesvir
• Ivermectin
• Chloroquine, hydroxyl chloroquine
• Azithromycin
• Lopinvir
• Nitazoxamide
• Malnupiravir

97. Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV)
• The best strategy for
IBV control is the use of live,
attenuated vaccines
in broilers coupled with a
combination of live followed by
killed vaccines in breeders and
layers.
• However many producers also
know — complete protection is
difficult to establish because
different IBV types don't cross
protect.
• Protect with Good Farm
Biosecurity.
CoVid-19 (SARS-CoV-2)
• Maintaining basic hand and
respiratory hygiene.
• Avoid close contact, with anyone
showing symptoms such as coughing
and sneezing. Keep distance
• Avoid contact with farm or wild
animals such as bats.
• The consumption of raw or
undercooked animal products
should be avoided.
• People can stay at home if they are
sick.
• Cleaning and disinfecting frequently
touched objects and surfaces.

98. • Vaccines, mainly live attenuated vaccines, have been used for almost 80
years.
• The availability of advanced molecular techniques is currently opening up
new opportunities to develop new generation vaccines and respond to
newly emerging strains more quickly compared to traditional approaches.
• It is important that these new vaccine candidates stimulate the necessary
immune mechanisms to provide protection at the main virus entrance site,
the respiratory tract.
• Therefore, they should induce mucosal immunity including humoral as well
as cell mediated reactions.
• The practicability for mass vaccination has to be ensured to be able to use
these new vaccines in poultry production.

99. Method of IB Vaccine administration
1.Spray Vaccine at day old
2.Intra nasal
3.Intra ocular
4.Injection in the breast
muscle or thigh muscle
The most extensively used routes for the delivery of poultry
DNA vaccines include IM (55%), oral (23%), in ovo (IO)
(11%), eye drop (ED) (4%) and intranasal (IN) (3%)

100. Avian Vaccine model for the effective control and
prevention of human coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.
Avian
• Correct vaccine application is
the key to better protection
against infectious bronchitis,
• An IBV vaccine is most
commonly applied in the
hatchery by spraying soon after
chicks hatch and before they are
transported to the growing
farms where early exposure to
the virus is expected.
Vaccine spray unit
Vaccine spray on chicks

101. SARS-CoV-2
• It is becoming increasingly evident
that humans will need to live with
SARS-CoV-2 and vaccines will be a
key to this.
• Given the anticipated emergence
of new SARS-CoV-2 strains in
future, it will be important that
vaccine companies have the
capacity to develop alternative
vaccines for new variants if and
when needed.
IBV
• The more we learn about SARS-
CoV-2 the more parallels are
emerging with IBV, emphasising
the value of “One health”– the
knowledge developed for
treating a disease in a fellow
animal can guide research,
vaccine development and
disease management for our
own species.

102. Vaccines
IBV
• It is applied by spraying chicks in the
hatchery to ensure it reaches the
chicken’s nasal mucosa.
• These vaccines usually are
administered by injection to layers
and breeders at 13 to 18 weeks of
age
SARS-CoV-2
• Similar issues should be
anticipated in the ongoing
development of vaccines for
human coronaviruses.

103. Major IB vaccines used and important
limitations associated with the vaccine types.

104. IB Vaccines
used in India

105. Moderna and Pfizer vaccines are developed using mRNA (messenger RNA).
 WHOLE VIRUS,
 PROTEIN SUBUNIT,
 VIRAL VECTOR and
 NUCLEIC ACID (RNA and DNA). Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine

106. • Vaccines for SARS CoV -2 and range of vaccine strategies
including inactivated whole virus vaccines, spike-subunit
vaccines, DNA vaccines and vectored vaccines have all been tried in
experimental animal models, with some providing evidence of
efficacy.
• It has been established that antibody to the spike protein is the key
correlate of protection in animal models.

107. Will vaccines remain protective against the
Delta variant?
• Studies show that 2 doses of vaccines are effective at preventing
hospitalization and death, but neutralization levels of vaccinated sera
are lower against the Delta variant compared to the original strain.
• The study, which was conducted in the U.K., reported an 88% efficacy
against Delta after 2 doses of mRNA vaccine, but only 30.7% efficacy
after 1 dose, which is below the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration (FDA)’s 50% efficacy threshold for COVID-19 vaccines.

108. Vaccines against CoVid-19- SARSCoV-2

110. Wild life- feline
family, bears,
tigers, avian
species, ferrets,
primates, pigs,
minks are under
threat

111. • Poultry infection with IBV has a significant influence on poultry
industry.
• This represented by decreases in poultry meat quality and egg
production.
• In addition, the eggs from infected chickens can't be hatched due to
low hatchability ratio as a result of watery albumen of egg.
• The main economic loss in layer flocks comes from high morbidity
reach up to 100% accompanied by secondary bacterial infection all
these lead to decrease or failure in response to vaccination

112. • Both IB and SARS-2 are extremely infectious and contagious.
• Both belongs to same family Coronaviridae
• The virus is believed to have originated from bats and spread to humans
via an ill-defined intermediate host.
• Rapidly mutating RNA Virus.
• Although IB and SARS-CoV-2 mainly cause respiratory disease, lesions may
also develop in kidneys, liver, intestine, spleen, and brain.
• Available knowledge regarding SARS-2 virus transmission, evolution, and
immunopathogenesis is still lacking to provide a concrete basis for
establishing proper and effective control strategies.
• Prevention is by vaccines only.

113. • IB is difficult to control with vaccination because Mutation of the
virus, which do not cross protect, and continue to emerge in
commercial poultry.
• Using a vaccine that has an S glycoprotein identical to the pathogenic
virus causing disease in the field is the best approach for controlling
IBV.
• But since we don’t have vaccines against all of the circulating IBV
types, a combination of different IBV types in the same vaccination
multiple times can sometimes provide enough cross protection to
prevent transmission and replication, thus diminishing the chances of
new IBV types emerging.

114. Key Nutrients for Boosting Immunity
• Zinc
• Vitamin C
• Omega 3; Fatty Acids
• Magnesium, Vitamin D
• Chicken and turkey meat, is high
in Vitamin B-6.

116. Thanks
For
Your
Time