Not mine by pdst

1. Mineral ElementsMineral Elements
Inorganic nutrientsInorganic nutrients
© PDST Home Economics

2. MineralsMinerals
 The human body needs 20 mineral elements in smallThe human body needs 20 mineral elements in small
amounts to protect us from diseasesamounts to protect us from diseases
Major mineral elementsMajor mineral elements Trace mineral elementsTrace mineral elements
Calcium Ca Iron FeCalcium Ca Iron Fe
Phosphorus P Zinc ZnPhosphorus P Zinc Zn
Sodium Na Iodine ISodium Na Iodine I
Potassium K Copper CuPotassium K Copper Cu
Magnesium MgMagnesium Mg
Chloride ClChloride Cl

3. CalciumCalcium
 Found in bone & teeth (99%) and rest in blood,Found in bone & teeth (99%) and rest in blood,
muscles and nerves.muscles and nerves.
 Calcification is the word for the hardening of theCalcification is the word for the hardening of the
bonesbones
 They harden by absorbing Calcium and PhosphorusThey harden by absorbing Calcium and Phosphorus
(Calcium phosphate)(Calcium phosphate)

4. SourcesSources
 Milk (103mg/100g)Milk (103mg/100g)
 Cheese (800mg/100g)Cheese (800mg/100g)
 Yoghurt.Yoghurt.
 Tinned Fish e.g. Sardines 550mg/100gTinned Fish e.g. Sardines 550mg/100g
 Leafy green veg. e.g. Spinach 70mg/100gLeafy green veg. e.g. Spinach 70mg/100g
 Fortified flourFortified flour
 Hard waterHard water
 White Bread 100mg/100gWhite Bread 100mg/100g

5. RDARDA
 ChildrenChildren 800mg800mg
 AdolescentsAdolescents 1200mg1200mg
 AdultsAdults 800mg800mg
 Preg/LacPreg/Lac 1200mg1200mg

6. FunctionsFunctions
 Making strong bones and teethMaking strong bones and teeth
 Blood ClottingBlood Clotting
 Muscle contractions e.g. regular heartbeatMuscle contractions e.g. regular heartbeat
 Normal nerve functionNormal nerve function

7. Calcium DeficiencyCalcium Deficiency
 Rickets in childrenRickets in children
 OsteomalaciaOsteomalacia
 Tooth decayTooth decay
 Poor blood clottingPoor blood clotting
 Irregular muscular contractionsIrregular muscular contractions
 Malfunction of nerve cellsMalfunction of nerve cells

8. AbsorptionAbsorption
 Only 20-30% of the calcium we eat is absorbed.Only 20-30% of the calcium we eat is absorbed.
 Certain things help or hinder absorptionCertain things help or hinder absorption
Assisting absorptionAssisting absorption Hindering absorptionHindering absorption
 Vitamin DVitamin D
 ParathormoneParathormone
 PhosphorusPhosphorus
 AcidAcid environment e.g. eatenvironment e.g. eat
vit.C with calciumvit.C with calcium
 ProteinProtein –calcium has to–calcium has to
bonds to protein to bebonds to protein to be
absorbedabsorbed
PhytatesPhytates
OxalatesOxalates
Excess fatExcess fat
Excess proteinExcess protein
Wrong calcium / phosphorusWrong calcium / phosphorus
ratio.ratio.
Too many soft drinksToo many soft drinks

9. IRONIRON
 50% of the iron in the human body is in the blood50% of the iron in the human body is in the blood
 The rest is in the liver, spleen and bone marrow.The rest is in the liver, spleen and bone marrow.
 Small amount in muscle protein and cell enzymes.Small amount in muscle protein and cell enzymes.

10. Sources of IronSources of Iron
Haem iron sourcesHaem iron sources Non-haem iron sourcesNon-haem iron sources
Offal e.g.Offal e.g.
liver(11mg/100g)liver(11mg/100g)
MeatMeat
Meat productsMeat products
ChickenChicken
Eggs (2mg/100g)Eggs (2mg/100g)
Whole cereals e.g.Whole cereals e.g.
Wholegrain flour (4mg/100g)Wholegrain flour (4mg/100g)
Dark green veg e.g.Dark green veg e.g.
Spinach (4mg/100g)Spinach (4mg/100g)
FishFish

11. RDA for IronRDA for Iron
 ChildrenChildren 8mg8mg
 AdolescentsAdolescents 14mg14mg
 AdultsAdults 10mg10mg
 Pregnancy/LactationPregnancy/Lactation 15mg15mg

12. Functions of IronFunctions of Iron
 Needed to make haemoglobin in the red blood cellsNeeded to make haemoglobin in the red blood cells
which is needed to carry oxygen from the lungs towhich is needed to carry oxygen from the lungs to
the body cells.the body cells.
 Needed to make myoglobin which carries oxygen toNeeded to make myoglobin which carries oxygen to
muscle.muscle.
 Needed to make certain enzymes.Needed to make certain enzymes.

13. Iron deficiencyIron deficiency
 TirednessTiredness
 Muscles tire easilyMuscles tire easily
 PalenessPaleness
 BreathlessnessBreathlessness
 AnaemiaAnaemia

14. AnaemiaAnaemia
 Caused by shortage of haemoglobin due to lack of ironCaused by shortage of haemoglobin due to lack of iron
in diet or failure to absorb the ironin diet or failure to absorb the iron
 More common in females – menstruationMore common in females – menstruation
 Symptoms: tiredness, dizziness, headaches, paleness,Symptoms: tiredness, dizziness, headaches, paleness,
breathlessness, loss of appetitebreathlessness, loss of appetite

15. Absorption of IronAbsorption of Iron
 Only 15% of the iron you eat is absorbed.Only 15% of the iron you eat is absorbed.
Things that help iron absorption:Things that help iron absorption:
 Source: haem iron is easier to absorbSource: haem iron is easier to absorb
 Vit C changes ferric iron to the ferrous state which isVit C changes ferric iron to the ferrous state which is
easier to absorb.easier to absorb.
 If haem and non-haem iron are eaten togetherIf haem and non-haem iron are eaten together
Things that hinder absorption:Things that hinder absorption:
 Excess FibreExcess Fibre
 TanninsTannins
 Source: non-haemSource: non-haem
 Phytates (in wholegrains), Oxalates (in dark green veg.)Phytates (in wholegrains), Oxalates (in dark green veg.)

16. Retaining vitamins & minerals inRetaining vitamins & minerals in
foodfood
 Choose fresh foodChoose fresh food
 Don’t store for too longDon’t store for too long
 Store in cool dry darkStore in cool dry dark
placeplace
 Eat raw if possibleEat raw if possible
 Avoid peelingAvoid peeling
 PrepPrep justjust before usebefore use
 Avoid steepingAvoid steeping
 Sharp knife reducesSharp knife reduces
oxidase damageoxidase damage
 Use pre boiling saltedUse pre boiling salted
waterwater
 Cook for shortest possibleCook for shortest possible
timetime
 Use as little liquid asUse as little liquid as
possiblepossible
 Cover cooking potCover cooking pot
 Use cooking liquid in sauceUse cooking liquid in sauce
or gravyor gravy
 Don’t add bread soda toDon’t add bread soda to
greensgreens
 Serve immediately afterServe immediately after
cooking.cooking.
 Avoid reheatingAvoid reheating

17. Potassium (K)Potassium (K)
SourcesSources FunctionsFunctions DeficiencyDeficiency
PulsesPulses
Green leafy veg.Green leafy veg.
BananaBanana
OrangesOranges
MeatMeat
MilkMilk
Fruit juiceFruit juice
NutsNuts
Fluid balance inFluid balance in
body tissuebody tissue
Healthy nervesHealthy nerves
Normal muscleNormal muscle
activityactivity
RareRare
Mental confusionMental confusion
Cardiac arrestCardiac arrest
Weak musclesWeak muscles
RDA:0.8-3.1gRDA:0.8-3.1g

18. Sodium (Na)Sodium (Na)
SourcesSources FunctionFunction DeficiencyDeficiency
SaltSalt
Processed foodProcessed food
Smoked foodSmoked food
Cured foodCured food
Meat productsMeat products
CheeseCheese
Snack foodsSnack foods
Fluid balance inFluid balance in
body tissuesbody tissues
Healthy nervesHealthy nerves
Normal muscleNormal muscle
activityactivity
Muscle weaknessMuscle weakness
Muscle crampMuscle cramp
Low blood pressureLow blood pressure
Loss of appetiteLoss of appetite
RDA:1.6gRDA:1.6g

19. Zinc (Zn)Zinc (Zn)
SourcesSources FunctionFunction DeficiencyDeficiency
MeatMeat
Meat productsMeat products
CerealsCereals
OystersOysters
LegumesLegumes
RDARDA
7-12mg7-12mg
Enzyme activityEnzyme activity
Protein & carb.Protein & carb.
metabolismmetabolism
Hormone activityHormone activity
Healthy hairHealthy hair
Healthy skinHealthy skin
Frequent infectionFrequent infection
Reduced appetiteReduced appetite
Delayed healingDelayed healing
Dry skinDry skin

20. IodineIodine
SourcesSources FunctionsFunctions DeficiencyDeficiency
SeafoodSeafood
Cod liver oilCod liver oil
Iodised saltIodised salt
Veg. grown inVeg. grown in
iodine rich soiliodine rich soil
RDA:RDA:
70-16070-160μμgg
Making the thyroidMaking the thyroid
hormone thyroxinehormone thyroxine
Regulates growth &Regulates growth &
developmentdevelopment
RegulatesRegulates
metabolismmetabolism
GoitreGoitre
Retarded mentalRetarded mental
developmentdevelopment
LethargyLethargy