ANIMAL NUTRITION LAB REPORT vitex pubescens.pdf

1
FACULTY OF RESOURCE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY
STH2153 ANIMAL NUTRITION
 DETERMINATION OF ASH AND ORGANIC MATTER
 DETERMINATION OF PHOSPHORUS
 DETERMINATION OF CRUDE PROTEIN
 DETERMINATION OF CRUDE FIBRE
 DETERMINATION OF CRUDE FAT (ETHER EXTRACT)
SAMPLE: Vitex pubescens
GROUP MEMBERS AND
MATRIC NUMBERS :
NUR ASMA BT ABDUL TAIB
FADZIRAH IZRAHNI BINTI MOHD USTAR
FATIN IZATI IZNI BINTI AZAMI
NORAINI BT AHMAD LATIF
NURKHUZAIMAH BINTI ROSLAN
SITI NOR BINTI MAHMMOD
50255
50486
51769
52985
53378
53876
LECTURER NAMES : PROF DR. ANDREW ALEK TUEN
MR BADIOZAMAN BIN SULAIMAN
LAB DEMONSTRATOR : MS PANG SING TYAN
REPORT DUE DATE : 1 DECEMBER 2016

2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction of sample (Vitex pubescens) ..............................................................................4
Chapter 1 : Determination of organic matter and ash content of Vitex pubescens ...........5
Introduction and Objective ....................................................................................................5
Procedure................................................................................................................................5
Result and Calculation ..........................................................................................................6
Discussion and Conclusion ...................................................................................................7
Chapter 2 : Determination of phosphorus content of Vitex pubescens ..............................8
Introduction and Objective ....................................................................................................8
Procedure................................................................................................................................8
Result and Calculation ........................................................................................................10
Discussion and Conclusion .................................................................................................11
Chapter 3 : Determination of crude protein content of Vitex pubescens .........................12
Introduction and Objective ..................................................................................................12
Procedure..............................................................................................................................12
Discussion ...........................................................................................................................14
Conclusion ...........................................................................................................................15
Chapter 4 : Determination of crude fibre content of Vitex pubescens .............................16
Introduction and objective ...................................................................................................16
Procedure..............................................................................................................................16
Result ..................................................................................................................................17
Calculation ..........................................................................................................................18

3
Chapter 5 : Determination of crude fat (ether extract) content of Vitex pubescens .......19
Introduction and objective ...................................................................................................19
Procedure..............................................................................................................................19
References ..............................................................................................................................21

4
INTRODUCTION OF SAMPLE (Vitex pubescens)
Vitex pubescens the synonym is Vitex pinnata L. This plant is native to south and to south East
Asia. The morphology of the plant are the bark of the tree fissured, flaky, pale yellowish grey
to brown while the inner bark is changing from pale yellow becoming green on exposure of
sunlight . the sapwood colour ranged from soft yellow to brown. Leaves 3- or 5-foliolate.
Leaflets almost sessile, outer two usually much smaller than the others, ovate or elliptic, 3–25
cm long, 1.5–10 cm wide. The base rounded to slightly wedge-shaped. The apex is acuminate;
margin entire which is the secondary veins 10—20 pairs having Inflorescences terminal
panicles. The tree have flowers with the colour of whitish blue. Fruits 5–8 mm in diameter.
The ripening fruit colour is black or dark purple. The fruit is mostly eaten by the fruit eating
birds. The example of the fruit eater birds is pin-neck green pigeon
The V.pubescens sample is used in few of the experiment which are ashing and determination
of the organic compound in order to determine the percentage of the organic compound from
the ash that come from the sample, the phosphorus experiment which is to know the percentage
of phosphorus present in the sample, the crude protein experiment which is to determine the
percentage of the crude protein from the sample, the crude fibre experiment which is to know
the percentage of the crude fibre in the sample and finally used in the experiment of ether
extract which is to determine the percentage of the ether extract from the sample.
Figure 1 Vitex pubescens

5
Chapter 1: Determination of organic matter and ash content of Vitex pubescens
INTRODUCTION
Ash is the residue remaining after drying the sample. Organic matter is the loss of weight after
incinerating the sample in a muffle furnace at 500 celcius for a few hours. The organic matter
will burned into carbon dioxide during the ashing process and other gas escaped into the air as
smoke.
OBJECTIVE
To determine the composition of ash and organic matter in the V. pubescens sample.
PROCEDURE
1) Ash and organic matter determination were done in duplicate. 2 crucibles, 2 funnels
and filter papers and 2 volumetric flasks were used.
2) A clean dry crucible was weighed on an analytical balance and the weight was recorded.
(W1).
3) About 1-2 g of sample was added into the crucible and weighted using analytical
balance. The exact weigh was recorded (W2).
4) The crucible containing the sample was labelled and put in a furnace. The position of
the crucible was recorded with a pencil.
5) The furnace was turned on and the temperature was set to 250 ̊C for an hour. The
temperature of the furnace was then raised slowly to 500 ̊C for 4 hours. After that, the
furnace was turned off and the crucible containing ash was allowed to cool overnight.
6) The sample was taken out from the surface, the crucible was labelled again (if the
original label has disappeared.), and was cooled in a desiccator and weighted accurately
(W3).
7) The ash and organic matter content were calculated.

6
RESULT
Table 1: Result of determination of organic matter and ash
CALCULATION
Table 1.1: Calculation of determination of organic matter and ash
Replicate 1 Replicate 2
Percentage of ash (%)
=
weight of ash (g)
weight of sample (g)
×
=
0.0196 g
1.2018 g
×
= 1.6309 %
=
0.0339 g
1.2593 g
×
= 2.6920 %
Average percentage of ash (%) =
. % + . %
= 2.1615%
Percentage of organic matter (%)
= 100 - % of Ash
= 100 – 1.6309 %
= 98.3691%
= 100 – 2.6920 %
= 97.3080 %
Average percentage of organic
matter (%)
=
. % + . %
= 97.8386%
Estimated error for ash
=
difference % ash
mean % ash
×
=
.36 1% - 97.3080%
97.8386%
×
= 1.0845%
Weight of empty crucible/g (W1) 23.3533 16.6075
Weight of empty crucible + dry ground sample / g (W2) 24.5551 17.8668
Weight of sample / g (W2-W1) 1.2018 1.2593
Weight of crucible + ash / g (W3) 23.3729 16.6414
Weight of ash / g (W3-W1) 0.0196 0.0339
Percentage of ash (%) 1.6309 2.6920
Percentage of organic matter (%) 98.3691 97.3080

7
DISCUSSION
Ashing techniques are understandably used only for samples containing a significant amount
of combustible or organic material as the matrix. This technique is relatively safe and has the
ability to prepare samples containing volatile combustion elements such as sulphur, fluorine
and chlorine. Next, it lends itself to mass production. However, there were some difficulties to
handle in this technique while an experiment in process. First, the sample might losses due to
retention to the ashing container or losses due to volatilization. Also, the sample can be
contaminated from the ashing container or contaminated from the muffle furnace. Moreover,
it can physical loss of 'low density' ashes when the muffle door is opened. We need to be in
mind that formation of toxic gases in the lab poorly ventilated. Based on the experiment, we
obtained 0.0196% of ash when using 1.2018g of sample for replicate 1 and for replicate 2 we
used 1.2593g of sample and obtain 0.0339% of ash. When compare to the other group which
used the same sample, they obtain 3.0375% of ash for replicate 1 when using 1.4211g of sample
and for replicate 2 is 3.8379% of ash in 1.7727g of sample. Based on the result, the estimates
error for ash is 1.0845% means that the experiment is a success because it does not exceed 5%
of estimated error.
CONCLUSION
There are average 2.1615% of ash and 97.8386% of organic matter for both 1.2018g and
1.2593g of Vitex pubescens.

8
Chapter 2: Determination of phosphorus content of Vitex pubescens
INTRODUCTION
Phosphorus is an important nutrient that occurs widely in the environment. It is the key
elements necessary for the growth of plants and animals. Phosphorus content can be determine
by using spectrophotometer where chemical substance absorbs light by measuring the intensity
of light as a beam of light passes through sample solution. The basic principle is that each
compound absorbs or transmits light over a certain range of wavelength.
OBJECTIVE
To determine the phosphorus content in the V. pubescens by using spectrophotometer.
PROCEDURE
1) P stock solution (1000 ug/ml)
4.3935 g KH2PO4 were weighed and make it to 1 liter with distilled water. Magnetic
stirrer was used and the solution were heated to dissolve it.
2) P working standard (10 ug/ml)
The stock solution were diluted 100x with distill water. This solution was used to
prepare standard ranges of 1,2,3 and 4 ug/ml P.
3) Reagent A
25 g ammonium molybdenate (NH4Mo2∙O4) were weighed and dissolved in 400 ml of
distilled water.
4) Reagent B
1.25 g ammonium metavanadate (NH4VO3) and dissolved in hot distilled water (350
ml) plus concentrated HNO3 (250 ml), giving a total volume of 600 ml.
5) 40 ml of reagent A were mixed with 55 ml of reagent B and make it to 100 ml with
distilled water. This solution were added last to the standard and sample.

9
6) P standard ranges containing 1,2,3 and 4 ug P/ml were prepared in a test tube as follows:
Tube No. 1 2 3 4 5
Volume of 10 ug P/ml standard (ml) 0 1 2 3 4
Volume of distilled water (ml) 4 3 2 1 0
Volume of acid (ml) 4 4 4 4 4
Volume of mixture (A+B) 2 2 2 2 2
Concentration of P in tube (ug/ml) 0 1 2 3 4
7) The tube were covered with parafilm and the content were mixed well. Absorbance
were read on a spectrophotometer at wavelength of 420 after 30 minutes equilibrium
time.
8) Sample dilution
Ash was diluted to 100 ml using 0.1 M HCl. In order to bring it down to the standard
range, the sample were diluted as follows :
0.1 ml sample + 3.9 ml distilled water + 4 ml acid + 2 ml mixture (A+B)
The solutions were mixed well and read at 30 minutes after adding mixture (A+B).
9) Setting the instrument and doing the analysis
i. The power were turned on and the wavelength were set to 420 nm. The
instrument were warmed for about 30 minutes before use.
ii. The absorbance for the standards were recorded, starting from blank (Tube 1)
to the highest standard (Tube 5). A graph of absorbance against concentration
were plotted. Computer software (MS Excel) or calculator were used to
calculate the regression equation.
iii. The absorbance for each sample were recorded. The concentration of P in the
sample were calculated using the regression equation.
iv. The absorbance of the standard were checked each lot of 10 samples.
v. Between each standard or sample, the cuvette were rinsed with distilled water
and then with the next standard or sample. The cuvette were wiped clean with
tissue paper before inserting it into the spectrophotometer for reading of
absorbance.

10
RESULT AND CALCULATION
Table 2: Value of y = mx + c
Replicate y Constant value (c) Constant value (m) x
A 0.06767 0.0470 0.0390 0.5300
B 0.07467 0.0470 0.0390 0.7095
Table 2.1: Calculation of y = mx + c
Replicate A Replicate B
y = mx + c y = 0.06767
0.06767 = 0.0390x + 0.0470
x =
0.06767-0.0470
0.0390
x = 0.530
y = 0.07467
0.07467 = 0.0390x + 0.0470
x =
0.07467-0.047
0.039
x = 0.7095
Table 2.2: Result of phosphorus determination
Replicate (x)µg / ml Dilution
factor
Constant value
(100ml/L)
Sample weight
(g)
Phosphorus
(mg /g)
A 0.5300 7 0.1 1.2018 0.3087
B 0.7095 7 0.1 1.2593 0.3944
Table 2.3: Calculation of phosphorus determination
Replicate A Replicate B
Phosphorus (mg/g) =
0.5300 × 7 × 0.1
1.2018
=
0.371
1.2018
= 0.3087 mg/g
=
0.7095 × 7 × 0.1
1.2593
=
0.4967
1.2593
= 0.3944 mg/g
Average of phosphorus =
. + .
= 0.35155 mg/g

11
DISCUSSION
Based on the experiment, the spectrometric method for determination of phosphorus is based
on the ammonium molybdate reaction, followed by the reduction of the acidic medium by the
ascorbic acid, which is then catalyzed by antimony potassium tartrate which will hasten the
reaction. The purpose of the “blank” is for the spectrophotometer to know that the
concentration of the “blank” is 0 and will serve as the reference solution all throughout the
analysis. Based on the result, there is a slightly difference for the average of phosphorus with
the other group who is using the same sample. The average of phosphorus is 0.35155 mg/g
while the other group is 0.2026 mg/g. This average might be difference because of the different
weight of sample used.
CONCLUSION
There is average 0.35155 mg/g of phosphorus for both 1.2018g and 1.2593g of Vitex pubescens.
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
Absorbance
Phosphorus concentration (mg/l)
Figure 2: The graph of absorbance versus phosphorus concentration

12
Chapter 3: Determination of crude protein content of Vitex pubescens
INTRODUCTION
Determination of crude protein is by the Kjeldahl Method. It involves the determination of total
nitrogen content in the sample and converting this to crude protein by multiplying the
percentage of nitrogen by a factor of 6.25.
The reason using this factor is because it is assume that for every 100g of protein, there are 16g
of N hence the factor is 100/16=6.25. Animal protein has a different ratio of total N to protein
and different factor has to be used. For example, factor of 5.70 is used for grain,6.38 is used
for milk.
There are basically three step in crude protein determination. Step 1 is digestion, step 2 is
distillation and step 3 is titration.
The analysis should be done in duplicate.
OBJECTIVE
To determine the percentage of crude protein from the sample of V. pubescencs.
PROCEDURE
1) Digestion
i. About 1-2 g of dry sample weigh into a digestion tube. The weight was recorded.
ii. Half Kjeldahl catalyst tablet and 20 ml concentrated H2SO4 was added into the
tubes and placed in the digestion block.
iii. The fume-handling manifold was lock and connected it to the scrubber. The
scrubber was turned on and the drain hose went into the sink.
iv. The Kjeldahl digester was turned on and set heater dial to 2.
v. After about 20 minutes or when the digestion start to clear, heating was
increased by turning the dial to 4 then to 6.
vi. Digested at 400o
C for about 30 minutes, until the solution inside the tube is clear.

13
vii. The digestion was stop by turning off the heater.
viii. It was leaved to cool down for at least 1 hour.
ix. When there are no more fumes, rack of tubes from the block was removed and
cool further at room temperature for 15 minutes.
2) Distillation
i. 20 ml of boric acid plus a few drops of indicator solution was added into each
conical flask. This conical flask was placed at the end of the condenser and the
tip is immersed in the boric acid solution.
ii. A few drops of indicator solution was added into the digestion tubes and it
attached to the distillation head.
iii. The distillation unit was set to deliver 30 ml of 30% NaOH and 50 ml of water
into the digestion tube.
iv. Vigorously distilled for about 5 minutes. The colour of the boric acid changed
from red to green immediately indicating that the ammonia gas released during
distillation is dissolving in the boric acid solution.
3) Titration
i. The initial value of the standard acid (0.1N HCl) in the burette was recorded.
ii. Titrated until the indicator colour start to change from green to red.
iii. When the colour start to change, the standard acid was added very slowly (drop
by drop) while monitoring the colour change.
iv. The reading was recorded when the colour is just pink.

14
Table 3: Result and calculation of crude protein determination
Titration volume /ml 4.4 4.6
Blank volume /ml 0 0
Constant value 1 1.4007 1.4007
Constant value 2 0.1 0.1
Sample weight /g 1.4587 1.4156
Percentage of Nitrogen (%)
=
[ 4.4-0 ×0.1 ×1.4007]
1.4587
= 0.423
=
[ 4.46-0 ×0.1 ×1.4007]
1.4156
= 0.455
Protein factor 6.25 6.25
Percentage of Protein (%) 0.423 × 6.25 = 2.64 0.455 × 6.25 = 2.84
Average percentage of
protein (%)
=
. % + . %
= 2.74
DISCUSSION
The determination of crude protein is by Kjeldahl method which basically involved three steps:
digestion, distillation and titration. This method helps to determine the total nitrogen content
in the sample in which it is later converted to crude protein by multiplying the percentage of
nitrogen obtained by a factor of 6.25. Each of this analysis was then done in duplicate.
1. Digestion
During the process of digestion, the sample Vitex pubescens was weighed into a digestion tube
and later heated in the presence of sulphuric acid, H2SO4 which helps in the process of digestion
of the food and a catalyst known as selenium which functions to speed up the reaction of
digestion. This is where all the nitrogen compounds in protein are oxidized to ammonium
sulphate. The ammonia gas is not liberated in the acid solution as it is in the form of which
ammonium ion binds to sulphate ion.
Protein + H2SO4 (concentrated) → (NH4)2SO4

15
2. Distillation
During the process of distillation, the solution is the digestion flask is made alkaline with the
addition of sodium hydroxide, NaOH. The addition of NaOH will convert ammonium sulphate
to ammonia gas. A few drops of indicator solution were also added into the digestion tube in
order to indicate that the solution is in alkaline state during distillation. The colour of red
indicates acidic condition whereas the colour of green indicates an alkaline condition. Upon
the addition of sodium hydroxide, NaOH the solution will turn green indicating an alkaline
condition. The process of distillation will the lead the change in colour of the boric acid from
red to green. This means that the ammonia gas which was released during distillation was
dissolved in the boric acid solution.
(NH4)2SO4 + 2NaOH → 2NH3 + Na2SO4 + 2H2O
3. Titration
The ammonium borate which was formed at the end of the process of distillation was titrated
with a standard acid, (hydrochloric acid) with also the use of an indicator which helps to
determine the end-point of the reaction. In this way, the nitrogen content will be determined as
the concentration of hydrogen ions needed to reach the end-point of the titration will be
equivalent to the concentration of nitrogen in the sample. The indicator colour will start to
change from green to red.
H2BO3
-
+ H-
→ H3BO3
The experiment was done in duplicate in order to increase the precision and accuracy of the
result obtained. According to the result obtained, for 1.4587 gram of the sample, the percentage
of crude protein obtained in replicate 1 is 2.64%. As for replicate 2, for 1.4156 gram of the
sample, the percentage of crude protein obtained is 2.84%. The average percentage for both
replicates is 2.74%. Compare to another group who used the same sample, their average
percentage of crude protein is 5.1294% which is higher than our average percentage. This is
because their group has more heavier weight of sample than our group.
CONCLUSION
There is average 2.74 % of crude protein for both 1.4687g and 1.4156g of Vitex pubescens.

16
Chapter 4: Determination of crude fibre content of Vitex pubescens
INTRODUCTION
Crude fibre method is one of the gravimetric method that measures the organic food residue
remaining after sequential digestion with 0.255N sulphuric acid and 0.313N sodium hydroxide
solutions, followed by oven-drying at 104ºC overnight and ignition in muffle furnace 400ºC.
It is the only method for determination of fibre in animal feed product, but not suitable for
human food analysis as lignin is significant to human health.
OBJECTIVE
To determine the crude fibre content in V. pubescens using acid and alkali digestion method.
PROCEDURE
1. The fibre bag is weighted (�1 using the analytical balance. Then, the glass spacer is
inserted into the fibre bag.
2. Approximately 2g of sample is inserted into the fibre bag. Then the fibre bag is loaded
into the carousel and inserted into the beaker.
3. Then, about 360 ml of 0.13 mol /L HCl is added into the beaker and the digestion
process is ran using the Gerhardt Fibre bag system.
4. The solution and sample is mixed by rotating the corousel for about 1 minutes.
5. The beaker is placed on the hot plate.
6. The heat is set at full to make it boiled and the heat is reduced after it boiled then it is
summered for 30 minutes.
7. Then, about 360 ml 0.313 mol/L NaOH is added into the beaker and the corousel with
fibre bag is inserted gently into the beaker.
8. Step 4 to 6 is repeated.
9. The fibre bag is rinsed using the distilled water and dried by wiping with fibre-free
tissue and the sample is put into the oven for one night.

17
10. Then, the sample is inserted into the furnaces for ashing.
11. Finally, the ash is weighted and result is recorded.
RESULT
Table 4: Result of crude fibre determination
Weight of sample /g (W1) 2.0397 2.0014
Weight of fibre bag /g (W2) 0.2592 0.2602
Weight of empty crucible /g (W3) 48.4050 50.3987
Weight of crucible + fibre bag + dry residue /g (W4) 49.7293 51.6293
Weight of dry residue /g 1.0651 0.9704
weight of crucible + ash /g (W5) 48.4353 50.4277
Weight of ash (g) 0.0303 0.0290
Weight of crude fibre (g) 1.0348 0.9414
Percentage of crude fibre % 50.7330 47.0370

18
CALCULATION
Table 3.1: Calculation of crude fibre determination
Weight of dry residue
= W4 – W2 – W3
= . g − . g −
. g
= 1.0651g
= . g − . g −
. g
= 0.9704g
Weight of ash
= W5 – W3
= 48.4353g − 48.4050
= 0.0303g
= 50.4277g − 50.3987g
= 0.0290g
Weight of crude fibre
= � � −
� � �
= 1.0651g – 0.0303g
= 1.0348g
= 0.9704g − 0.0290g
= 0.9414g
Percentage of crude fibre
=
Weight of crude fibre
Weight of sample
×100%
=
1.0348g
2.0397g
×100
= 50.7330%
=
0.9414g
2.0014g
×100
= 47.0370%
Average percentage of
crude fibre
=
50.7330% + 47.0370%
2
= 48.8850%
DISCUSSION
There is a slightly differences between the percentage of crude fiber in our group and the other
group which also using the same sample. For replicate 1 we were using 2.0397g weight of
sample and the percentage for crude fiber is approximately 50.74%. While the other group get
43.19% of crude fiber because they were using 1.240 g of sample for replicate 1. Moreover,
for replicate 2 we used 2.0014g of sample and the percentage of crude fiber is approximately
47.04%. While the other group used 2.0041g of sample and they got 64.27% of crude fiber.
The reasons why our results was different between each other might be the weight of sample
or days we take to dry and grind the sample.
CONCLUSION
There is average 48.8850% of crude fibre for both 2.0397g and 2.0014g of Vitex pubescens.

19
Chapter 5: Determination of crude fat (ether extract) content in Vitex pubescens
INTRODUCTION
The determination of ether extract is done by refluxing the sample with diethyl ether with
boiling point of 35 to 38 Celsius in Soxhlet Extractor for about 6 hours.
OBJECTIVE
To determine the percentage of crude fat in the V. pubescens.
PROCEDURE
1) A clean, dried round bottom flask (250 ml capacity) was weighed and the weight (W1)
was recorded. This flask was fitted to the Soxhlet Extractor.
2) 2.0 g sample were weighed using analytical balance and put inside an extraction thimble.
The thimble’s mouth was plugged with cotton wool and put inside a Soxhlet Extraction.
3) The Soxhlet extractor was connected to the round bottom flask.
4) About 150 ml diethyl-ether were poured into the Soxhlet. The extraction chamber was
filled completely and spilled into the round bottom flask underneath. It was refluxed
for about 6 hours. The ether was checked frequently whether there is enough ether in
the flask.
5) The thimble was removed.
6) The ether was separated from the extract by refluxing it into the soxhlet and then poured
into a bottle.
7) The extract which remains in the round bottom flask was dried and weighed (W2).

20
Table 5: Result and calculation of ether extract determination
Weight of sample /g 2.0000 2.0731
Weight of round-bottom flask /g 93.1808 97.4299
Weight of round-bottom flask with fat /g 93.5657 97.5115
Weight of crude fat /g 93.5657 – 93.1808
= 0.3849
97.5115 – 97.4299
= 0.0816
Percentage of crude fat % .
×
= . 0
.
.
×
= .
Average percentage of fat % . + .
= .
DISCUSSION
Crude fat content is determined by extracting the fat from the sample using a solvent, then
determining the weight of the fat recovered. The Soxhlet method for determining crude fat
content is a lengthy process that takes 6 hours. In the experiment, the purpose of cotton wool
in plug the mouth of the thimble is to avoid the escape of material from the thimble during
extraction. The result in the experiment shows that there is a lot of difference in percentage of
crude fat between replicate 1 and replicate 2 which are 19.2450% and 3.9361% respectively.
The other group who use the same sample also have a lot of difference in percentage of crude
fat which are 5.88% in replicate 1 and 24.64% in replicate 2. This may because of big difference
in sample weight and also human error in weighing the sample accurately.
CONCLUSION
There is average 11.5906% of ether extract for both 2.0g and 2.07g of Vitex pubescens.

21
REFERENCES
Fontaine, T. (1942). Spectrophotometric determination of phosphorus. Industrial and
Engineering Chemistry Analytical Edition, 14(1), 77-78.
Neubert, A. M., Vanamburgh, F., & John, J. L. S. (1940). Determination of crude fibre.
Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Analytical Edition, 12(8), 451.
Snow, N. H., Dunn, M, & Patel, S. (1997). Determination of crude fat in food products by
supercritical fluid extraction and gravimetric analysis. Journal of Chemistry Education,
74(9), 1108

ANIMAL NUTRITION LAB REPORT vitex pubescens.pdf

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to ANIMAL NUTRITION LAB REPORT vitex pubescens.pdf

Similar to ANIMAL NUTRITION LAB REPORT vitex pubescens.pdf (20)

More from Sophia Diaz

More from Sophia Diaz (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

ANIMAL NUTRITION LAB REPORT vitex pubescens.pdf