Recommended
More Related Content
What's hot
What's hot (20)
Similar to Development Powerpoint
Similar to Development Powerpoint (20)
More from jmclaugh813
More from jmclaugh813 (20)
Recently uploaded
Recently uploaded (20)
Development Powerpoint
- 1. PSYCHOLOGY Katherine P. Minter • William J. Elmhorst • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Copyright © Pearson Education 2012
- 2. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Links to Learning Objectives 11.2 What are some major research issues in developmental psychology? 12.1How do humans develop from conception through birth? 12.2 What reflexes and abilities do newborns have? 12.3 What kinds of physical changes take place in infancy and childhood? 12.4 How do infants and children develop cognitive skills? 12.5 What are the stages of language development? 12.6 How do babies begin to develop relationships with others? 12.7 How do children develop socially and emotionally? 13 .1 What physical changes happen during adolescence? 13 .2 How do reasoning and morality develop during adolescence? 13 .3 How do adolescents form their identities? 13 .5 What social and cognitive changes occur during adulthood? 13 .7 How do scientists explain why aging occurs? 13 .8 What are the stages of death and dying?
- 3. Issues in Studying Human Development
- 4. Copyright © Human Pearson Education 2012 Study of changes in people from conception until death evelopment
- 5. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Research Designs 11.2 What are some major research issues in developmental psychology? LONGITUDINAL STUDY Armando Garcia 1. Cognitive 2. Social 3 . Moral 4. Physical 122900901000
- 6. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Research Designs Cross-Sectional Study All groups 2010 1. Cognitive 2. Social 3 . Moral 4. Physical 1. Cognitive 2. Social 3 . Moral 4. Physical 1. Cognitive 2. Social 3 . Moral 4. Physical GROUP 1 GROUP 2 GROUP 3
- 8. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Fertilization, the Zygote, and Twinning 12.1 How do humans develop from conception through birth? • Ovum: Egg • Fertilization: Uniting of egg and sperm • Zygote: Cell resulting from egg-cell union • Zygote divides into many cells, eventually forming baby
- 9. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Fertilization, the Zygote, and Twinning • Identical twins • Fraternal twins
- 10. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Periods of Pregnancy Germinal stage: First 2 weeks after fertilization, during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining. The fetal stage: The time from about 8 weeks after conception until the birth of the baby Embryonic stage: The period from 2 to 8 weeks after fertilization, during which the major organs and structures of the organism develop
- 11. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Common Teratogens
- 12. Infancy and Childhood Development
- 13. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Physical Development: Reflexes 12.2 What reflexes and abilities do newborns have? Five reflexes for survival: • Stepping • Grasping • Moro (startle) • Sucking • Rooting Nervous system and healthy reflexes
- 14. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Click here to watch video footage on newborn reflexes on mypsychlab.com.
- 15. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Physical Development: Sensory Development Touch, taste, smell: Well developed Hearing: Functional but not fully developed Vision: Least developed; rods are functional, cones take about 6 months to fully develop
- 16. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Click here to watch classic footage of the visual cliff experiment on mypsychlab.
- 17. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Physical Development: Motor Milestones 12.3 What kinds of physical changes take place in infancy and childhood? Some of the major physical milestones of infancy: 2 to 4 months: Raising head and chest 6 to 7 months: Sitting up without support 7 to 8 months: Crawling 8 to 18 months: Walking
- 18. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Cognitive Development: Piaget’s Stage Theory 12.4 How do infants and children develop cognitive skills? Piaget: Children are not “little adults,” but instead think quite differently about the world. • Schemes • Assimilation • Accommodation Stages: –Sensorimotor –Preoperational –Concrete operational –Formal operations
- 19. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Piaget’s Stage Theory: Sensorimotor Birth–2 years • Children explore using senses • Object permanence
- 20. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Piaget’s Stage Theory: Preoperational 2–7 years • Egocentrism • Conservation issues –Centration –Irreversibility –See next slide
- 21. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Conservation Experiment
- 22. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Click here to watch a video about conservation on mypsychlab.com.
- 23. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Piaget’s Stage Theory: Concrete Operations 7–12 years • Conservation –Decentration and reversibility • Classification • Concrete logic
- 24. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Piaget’s Stage Theory: Formal Operations 12 years to adulthood • Abstractions and analogies • Hypothesis testing –“What if…”
- 25. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Vygotsky’s Theory • Piaget: Stressed importance of child’s interaction with objects as a primary factor in cognitive development • Vygotsky: Stressed importance of social interactions with other people, typically more highly skilled children and adults – Scaffolding – Zone of proximal development
- 26. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Stages of Language Development 12.5 What are the stages of language development? Cooing Babbling One-word speech (holophrases) Telegraphic speech Whole sentences
- 27. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Psychosocial Development: Temperament 12.6 How do babies begin to develop relationships with others? Temperament: Behavioral characteristics established at birth • Easy • Difficult • Slow to warm up
- 28. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Psychosocial Development: Attachment • Attachment: Bond between infant and caregiver • Ainsworth’s “Strange Situation” • Attachment styles –Secure infants –Avoidant infants –Ambivalent infants –Disorganized-disoriented infants • Harlow’s monkeys
- 29. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Psychosocial Development: Erikson’s Theory 12.7 How do children develop socially and emotionally? Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development Stage 1 Trust vs. Mistrust Stage 2 Autonomy vs. Shame Stage 3 Initiative vs. Guilt Stage 4 Industry vs. Inferiority Stage 5 Identity vs. Role Confusion Stage 6 Intimacy vs. Isolation Stage 7 Generativity vs. Stagnation Stage 8 Ego Integrity vs. Despair
- 30. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Erikson’s Theory: Trust vs. Mistrust Birth – 1 year Basic needs consistently or inconsistently met •predictability trust
- 31. Copyright © Pearson Education 2011 Erikson’s Theory: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Stage 2 Autonomy vs. Shame 1 – 3 years Toddlers realize that they can direct their own behavior. • direction autonomy
- 32. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Erikson’s Theory: Initiative vs. Guilt 3 – 5 years Pre-schoolers challenged to control behavior • responsibility initiative
- 33. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Erikson’s Theory: Industry vs. Inferiority 5 – 12 years School-aged children have more opportunities to learn. • new skills industry
- 34. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Gender-Role Development Male/female behavior Perception of one’s gender and the behavior that is associated with that gender Gender Gender identity
- 35. Adolescence
- 36. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Physical and Cognitive Development 13.1 What physical changes happen during adolescence? Adolescence: Age 13 to early 20s Physical Puberty: Bodily changes and sexual development Primary and secondary sex characteristics Cognitive Adolescent egocentrism: Personal fable Imaginary audience
- 37. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Moral Development: Kohlberg’s Theory 13.2 How do reasoning and morality develop during adolescence? LLaawwrreennccee KKoohhllbbeerrgg • Developmental psychologist • Influenced by Piaget and others • Developed a theory of the development of moral thinking • Looked at how people of various ages responded to stories about people caught up in moral dilemmas
- 38. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Preconventional Consequences determine morality • Reward = good • Punishment = bad Conventional Conforming to society’s norms • Rules/laws Postconventional Morality decided upon by individual • May conflict with rules and/or accepted norms Kohlberg’s Levels of Morality
- 39. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Click here to watch a video of children's responses to a moral dilemma on mypsychlab.com.
- 40. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Erikson’s Theory: Identity vs. Role Confusion 13.3 How do adolescents form their identities? Stage 5 Identity vs. Role Confusion Adolescence Choices among many values in life • self confidence identity
- 41. Adulthood
- 42. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Adulthood Adulthood: begins in early 20s Divided into: young, middle, late 13.5 What social and cognitive changes occur during adulthood?
- 43. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Physical and Cognitive Development PHYSICAL COGNITIVE • Menopause: Decline in reproductive system • Andropause: Changes in the sexual hormones and reproductive system of males • Increase in health problems Reaction times slow down, but intelligence and memory remain relatively stable.
- 44. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Click here to watch a video about physical changes in middle adulthood on mypsychlab.com.
- 45. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Erikson’s Theory: Intimacy vs. Isolation Early adulthood Primary task is finding a mate • committed relationship without losing self –sharing intimacy
- 46. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Erikson’s Theory: Generativity vs. Stagnation Middle adulthood Creativity & productivity • nurturing the next generation –focus outward generativity
- 47. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Erikson’s Theory: Ego Integrity vs. Despair Late adulthood Wisdom, spirituality, tranquility • wholeness of self –acceptance integrity
- 48. Copyright © Pearson Education 2011 Theories of Physical and Psychological Aging • Cellular-clock theory • Wear-and-tear theory • Free-radical theory • Activity theory 13.7 How do scientists explain why aging occurs?
- 49. Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Stages of Death and Dying Elisabeth Kübler-Ross theorized that people go through five stages of reaction when faced with death: 1 13.8 What are the stages of death and dying? 2 3 4 5
- 51. Get together with one or two other people and develop a mnemonic to help you remember Piaget’s stages of cognitive development. Here is an example: Saundra’s psychology class is fun. RETURN TO LECTURE
- 52. The Vaccine Scandal Based on your reading about Dr. Andrew Wakefield and the vaccine scandal, how would you respond to the following questions? 1. How accountable do you believe Dr. Wakefield to be for the trend of refusing immunizations for one’s child? 2. How accountable are the parents who refuse to vaccinate their children based on this misinformation? RETURN TO LECTURE
- 53. Harlow’s Classic Study What did Harlow find out in his classic study of Rhesus monkeys? What are some possible implications for human mothers who feed their infants with bottles rather than breast-feeding? RETURN TO LECTURE
- 54. A Moral Dilemma In this activity, you will first read a story that poses a unique moral dilemma. After reading the story, you will be asked to make a moral judgment about the main character’s actions.
- 55. A woman in Europe was dying from a rare disease. Her only hope was a drug that a local druggist had discovered. The druggist was charging ten times more than it cost him to make it. Heinz, the husband of the dying woman, had desperately tried to borrow money to buy the drug, but he could borrow only half of the amount he needed. He went to the druggist, told him that his wife was dying, and asked to let him pay the druggist later or to sell the drug at a lower cost. The druggist refused, saying that he had discovered the drug and he was going to make money from it. Later, Heinz broke into the druggist's store to steal the drug for his wife (Kohlberg, 1969, p. 379). Should Heinz have done that? Why or why not? Write your answer.
- 56. Now, trade papers with your neighbor and look at his/her response to the moral dilemma. Focus particularly on the reasoning—not just the “Yes” or “No.” Then, using Kohlberg’s theory, decide which level of moral reasoning your neighbor appears to be functioning at. Discuss your insights. RETURN TO LECTURE
- 57. Acknowledgments
- 58. Cicc Slide # Image Description Image Source chapter template AAJRZNR0Portrait of Woman Masterfile chapter template AAJRZNT0Young girl (3-5 years) with pig-tails, portrait (B&W) Ron Krisel / Getty chapter template AACAHSL0Red Picture Frame C Squared StudiosGetty Images, Inc.- Photodisc./Royalty Free chapter template AAJSFXE0orange and yellow autumn leaves isolated on white Alexander Vasilyev / Shutterstock chapter template AAJSFXG0dandelions silhouettes in the wind Dan Ionut Popescu / Shutterstock chapter template AAJRFLY0Young woman's braid Trinette Reed/Blend Images/Getty Images 4 tree ©istockphoto.com/MCFISCHER 5 clock hands ©istockphoto.com/Juris Sturainis 5 alarm clock ©istockphoto.com/Eva Serrabassa 5 infant on hand ©istockphoto.com/News Features USA 5 child abt 7 missing teeth ©istockphoto.com/GreenPimp 5 teen smiling ©istockphoto.com/Dan Brandenburg 6 stage 2 toddler ©istockphoto.com/Photomoment 6 adult dark hair - stage 7 erikson ©istockphoto.com/Avid Creative, Inc. 6 happy senior - stage 8 erikson ©istockphoto.com/bo1982 6 calendar w/ weekly appointment ©istockphoto.com/Alex Slobodkin 8 human egg ©istockphoto.com/ChristianAnthony 8 human sperm ©istockphoto.com/Alexander Kozachok 9 human egg ©istockphoto.com/ChristianAnthony 9 human sperm ©istockphoto.com/Alexander Kozachok 10 pregnant woman ©istockphoto.com/Jim Jurica 10 zygote ©istockphoto.com/Dmitry Knorre 10 embryo ©istockphoto.com/LM
- 59. 10 fetus ©istockphoto.com/chrisDownie 10 newborn ©istockphoto.com/Ruslan Dashinsky 11 hand with cigarette ©istockphoto.com/RusN 11 Table 8.2 Ciccarelli, Psychology, 3/e, p. 306 13 baby with focus on the eyes ©istockphoto.com/susaro 14 laptop ©istockphoto.com/CostinT 14 spring for multimedia template istockphoto©Pei Ling Hoo 15 newborn making a face ©istockphoto.com/Bob Ingelhart 16 laptop ©istockphoto.com/CostinT 16 spring for multimedia template istockphoto©Pei Ling Hoo 17 wall with picture frames ©istockphoto.com/sefaoncul 17 baby stepping (little frame on table) ©istockphoto.com/Flashon Studio 17 baby lifting head and shoulders ©istockphoto.com/Elena Korenbaum 17 baby sitting up ©istockphoto.com/cbarnesphotogrphy 17 crawling baby ©istockphoto.com/amanalang 17 baby walking ©istockphoto.com/LugoStock 18 growing stages of flower ©istockphoto.com/Wojciech Gajda 18 icon: jigsaw puzzle Charlie Levin 19 stage 1 baby happy ©istockphoto.com/Platinum Images Photography Service 19 baby crawling ©istockphoto.com/Ranguita 20 stage 2 child w/ backpack 2-7 years ©istockphoto.com/ktaylorg 20 kid in costume ©istockphoto.com/Andrew Rich 22 laptop ©istockphoto.com/CostinT 22 spring for multimedia template istockphoto©Pei Ling Hoo 23 stage 3 child - curly locks ©istockphoto.com/Fertnig Photography 23 child pouring ©istockphoto.com/Ann Worthy 23 glass - tall ©istockphoto.com/Maria Toutoudaki 23 glass - short ©istockphoto.com/Daniel Loiselle 24 stage 4 teen ©istockphoto.com/Digital Savant LLC
- 60. 24 head with arrows ©istockphoto.com/pavle 25 parent and child ice skating ©istockphoto.com/Nikolay Suslov 26 two babies talking ©istockphoto.com/schwester 27 wall with picture frames ©istockphoto.com/sefaoncul 27 baby stepping (little frame on table) ©istockphoto.com/Flashon Studio 27 baby innocent ©istockphoto.com/Benjamin Lin Photography 27 baby happy ©istockphoto.com/Platinum Images Photography Service 27 baby angry ©istockphoto.com/Jennifer Photography & Imaging 28 icon: wanted sign Charlie Levin, adapting wooden board image from ©istockphoto.com/andynwt 28 baby cooing mother smiling ©istockphoto.com/mocker_bat 29 baby happy - stage 1 erikson ©istockphoto.com/Platinum Images Photography Service 29 toddler - stage 2 erikson ©istockphoto.com/Photomoment 29 child w/ backpack 2-7 years - stage 3 erikson ©istockphoto.com/ktaylorg 29 child curly locks - stage 4 erikson ©istockphoto.com/Fertnig Photography 29 teen dark hair - stage 5 erikson ©istockphoto.com/Digital Savant LLC 29 young adult - stage 6 erikson ©istockphoto.com/Koval Productions 29 middle-aged person - stage 7 erikson ©istockphoto.com/Christine Glade 29 happy senior - stage 8 erikson ©istockphoto.com/bo1982 30 baby happy - stage 1 erikson ©istockphoto.com/Platinum Images Photography Service 30 happy parents/baby ©istockphoto.com/toos 31 toddler - stage 2 erikson ©istockphoto.com/Photomoment 31 toddler w/ toys ©istockphoto.com/BlueOrange Studio 32 child w/ backpack 2-7 years - stage 3 erikson ©istockphoto.com/ktaylorg 32 putting on rollerblades ©istockphoto.com/somethingway 33 child curly locks - stage 4 erikson ©istockphoto.com/Fertnig Photography 33 soccer players ©istockphoto.com/Joshua Hodge Photography
- 61. 38 handing money ©istockphoto.com/Youra Pechkin 38 person w/ stop sign ©istockphoto.com/LisaFX Photographic Designs 38 person looking up ©istockphoto.com/4x6 39 laptop ©istockphoto.com/CostinT 39 spring for multimedia template istockphoto©Pei Ling Hoo 40 teen dark hair - stage 5 erikson ©istockphoto.com/Digital Savant LLC 40 punk teen ©istockphoto.com/Ginaellen 42 senior woman ©istockphoto.com/SilviaJansen 42 middle aged woman ©istockphoto.com/Igor Stepovik 42 young adult ©istockphoto.com/Koval Productions 42 digital notepad ©istockphoto.com/Randy Plett Photographs 44 laptop ©istockphoto.com/CostinT 44 spring for multimedia template istockphoto©Pei Ling Hoo 45 young adult - stage 6 erikson ©istockphoto.com/Koval Productions 45 couple reading paper together ©istockphoto.com/tomazl 46 middle-aged person - stage 7 erikson ©istockphoto.com/Christine Glade 46 parent with arm around teen child ©istockphoto.com/Golden Pixels LLC 47 happy senior - stage 8 erikson ©istockphoto.com/bo1982 47 happy/tranquil senior ©istockphoto.com/azndc 48 sihouettes - elderly ©istockphoto.com/william schultz 48 medical clipboard ©istockphoto.com/Anastasia Pelikh 49 dying ©istockphoto.com/Sean_Warren 51 topbar: jigsaw pieces animation Charlie Levin 51 topbar: jigsaw bk ©istockphoto.com/Felix Möckel 52 topbar: cactus ©istockphoto.com/Lee Daniels 52 topbar: wooden board ©istockphoto.com/andynwt 53 topbar: cactus ©istockphoto.com/Lee Daniels 53 topbar: wooden board ©istockphoto.com/andynwt 54 topbar: classic studies car ©istockphoto.com/Brian Sullivan 54 topbar: chrome & license plate ©istockphoto.com/Grafissimo 54 topbar:red shiny car background ©istockphoto.com/Jon Helgason 56 gavel ©istockphoto.com/MBPHOTO, INC.
Editor's Notes
- Three special methods used in developmental research are the longitudinal design, the cross-sectional design, and the cross-sequential design.
- The cross-sequential design is a research design in which participants are first studied by means of a cross-sectional design but are also followed and assessed longitudinally.
- Monozygotic twins are formed when the zygote splits into two separate masses of cells, each of which will develop into a baby identical to the other. When the two masses do not fully separate, conjoined twins occur. Dizygotic twins are formed when the mother’s body releases multiple eggs and at least two are fertilized, or when another ovulation occurs even though the mother has already become pregnant.
- The germinal period is the first 2 weeks of pregnancy in which the dividing mass of cells (blastocyst) moves down the fallopian tube into the uterus. The vital organs and structures of the baby form during the embryonic period, making it a critical one for teratogens to adversely affect the development of those developing organs and structures. During the fetal period, tremendous growth occurs, length and weight increase, and organs continue to become fully functional.
- Four critical areas of adjustment for the newborn are respiration, digestion, circulation, and temperature regulation. Infants are born with reflexes that help the infant survive until more complex learning is possible.
- NOTE TO INSTRUCTORS: You must be logged in to your MyPsychLab account in order to view this video. Description of video: Both the survival and non-survival primitive reflexes are discussed and are demonstrated by Andrea, a newborn. The narrator also discusses the difficulty experienced by pre-term babies because their reflexes may not be well developed, especially with respect to breathing reflexes, temperature regulation, and feeding and swallowing. (Note: This segment includes some scenes of female nudity.)
- NOTE TO INSTRUCTORS: You must be logged in to your MyPsychLab account in order to view this video. Description of video: This is a video about infant vision, including distance and depth perception using the visual cliff.
- Gross- and fine motor skills develop at a fast pace during infancy and early childhood. The motor milestones develop as the infant gains greater voluntary control over the muscles in its body, typically from the top of the body downward. This pattern is seen in the early control of the neck muscles and the much later development of control of the legs and feet.
- Piaget believed that children form mental concepts or schemes as they experience new situations and events. Piaget also believed that children first try to understand new things in terms of schemes they already possess, a process called assimilation. The process of altering or adjusting old schemes to fit new information and experiences is accommodation. Piaget’s stages include the sensorimotor stage of sensory and physical interaction with the world, preoperational thought in which language becomes a tool of exploration, concrete operations in which logical thought becomes possible, and formal operations in which abstract concepts are understood and hypothetical thinking develops.
- Children explore the world using their senses and ability to move. They develop object permanence and the understanding that concepts and mental images represent objects, people, and events.
- Young children can mentally represent and refer to objects and events with words or pictures and they can pretend. However, they can’t conserve, logically reason, or simultaneously consider many characteristics of an object.
- A typical conservation task consists of pouring equal amounts of water into two glasses of the same size and shape. When the water from one of these glasses is poured into a taller, narrower glass, children who cannot yet conserve tend to focus (centrate) on the height of the water in the second glass, assuming that the second glass now has more water than the first one. In the second example, pennies are laid out in two equal lines. When the pennies in the top line are spaced out, the child who cannot yet conserve will centrate on the top line and assume that there are actually more pennies in that line.
- NOTE TO INSTRUCTORS: You must be logged in to your MyPsychLab account in order to view this video. Description of video: An experiment illustrating Piaget’s conservation tasks. Children of different ages demonstrate preoperational thinking with conservation of liquids. Conservation of numbers and practical applications of conservation are also shown using quarters and crackers.
- Children at this stage are able to conserve, reverse their thinking, and classify objects in terms of their many characteristics. They can also think logically and understand analogies but only about concrete events.
- People at this stage can use abstract reasoning about hypothetical events or situations, think about logical possibilities, use abstract analogies, and systematically examine and test hypotheses. Not everyone can eventually reason in all these ways.
- Vygotsky believed that children learn best when being helped by a more highly skilled peer or adult in a process called scaffolding. The zone of proximal development is the difference between the mental age of tasks the child performs without help and those the child can perform with help.
- Although some language is learned through imitation and reinforcement, infants may possess a language acquisition device that governs the learning of language during infancy and early childhood.
- The three basic infant temperaments are easy (regular, adaptable, and happy), difficult (irregular, nonadaptable, and irritable), and slow to warm up (need to adjust gradually to change).
- The four types of attachment are secure, avoidant (unattached), ambivalent (insecurely attached), and disorganized–disoriented (insecurely attached and sometimes abused or neglected). Harlow’s classic research with infant rhesus monkeys demonstrated the importance of contact comfort in the attachment process, contradicting the earlier view that attachment was merely a function of associating the mother with the delivery of food.
- Erikson believed that development occurred in a series of eight stages, with the first four of these stages occurring in infancy and childhood Each of Erikson’s stages is an emotional crisis, or a kind of turning point, in personality, and the crisis in each stage must be successfully met for normal, healthy psychological development.
- In trust versus mistrust, the infant must gain a sense of predictability and trust in caregivers or risk developing a mistrustful nature.
- In autonomy versus shame and doubt the toddler needs to become physically independent.
- In initiative versus guilt, the preschool child is developing emotional and psychological independence.
- In industry versus inferiority, school-age children are gaining competence and developing self-esteem.
- Puberty is a period of about 4 years during which the sexual organs and systems fully mature and during which secondary sex characteristics such as body hair, breasts, menstruation, deepening voices, and the growth spurt occur. The personal fable is a type of thought common to adolescents in which young people believe themselves to be unique and protected from harm. The imaginary audience is a type of thought common to adolescents in which young people believe that other people are just as concerned about the adolescent’s thoughts and characteristics as they themselves are.
- Gilligan suggested that Kohlberg’s ideas applied more to males.
- NOTE TO INSTRUCTORS: You must be logged in to your MyPsychLab account in order to view this video. Description of video: Children respond to a hypothetical moral dilemma
- In Erikson’s identity versus role confusion crisis, the job of the adolescent is to achieve a consistent sense of self from among all the roles, values, and futures open to him or her.
- The 20s are the peak of physical health; in the 30s the signs of aging become more visible, and in the 40s visual problems may occur, weight may increase, strength may decrease, and height begins to decrease. Women experience a physical decline in the reproductive system called the climacteric, ending at about age 50 with menopause, when a woman’s estrogen levels are at zero and her reproductive capabilities are at an end. Men go through andropause, a less dramatic change in testosterone and other male hormones, beginning in the 40s. Many health problems such as high blood pressure, skin cancers, and arthritis begin in middle age, with the most common causes of death in middle age being heart disease, cancer, and stroke.
- NOTE TO INSTRUCTORS: You must be logged in to your MyPsychLab account in order to view this video. Description of video: A wife and husband both in their early 40s are interviewed about the physical changes they have experienced as they have entered the stage of middle adulthood. They discuss changes in physical health and stamina, the need to prepare better for physical exercise, the physical symptoms they experience that are associated with aging, the changes they observe in their appearance, and their general attitudes about maintaining physical health during the middle adult years.
- Erikson’s crisis of young adulthood is intimacy versus isolation, in which the young adult must establish an intimate relationship, usually with a mate.
- The crisis of middle adulthood is generativity versus stagnation, in which the task of the middle-aged adult is to help the next generation through its crises, either by parenting, mentoring, or a career that leaves some legacy to the next generation.
- Erikson’s final crisis is ego integrity versus despair, in which an older adult must come to terms with mortality.
- Research strongly indicates that remaining active and involved results in the most positive adjustment to aging. The cellular-clock theory is based on the idea that cells only have so many times that they can reproduce; once that limit is reached, damaged cells begin to accumulate. The wear-and-tear theory of physical aging states that as time goes by, repeated use and abuse of the body’s tissues cause it to be unable to repair all the damage. The free-radical theory states that oxygen molecules with an unstable electron move around the cell, damaging cell structures as they go.